Membrane trafficking in protozoa: Snare proteins, H+-ATPase, actin, and other key players in ciliates

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology

Volumn 280, Issue C, 2010, Pages 79-184

  Plattner, Helmut ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KONSTANZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Actin; Ciliate; Membrane; Paramecium; SNAREs Tetrahymena; Trafficking

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLATION FACTOR; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE INHIBITOR; BREFELDIN A; CALCIUM BINDING PROTEIN; CHAPERONE; F ACTIN; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; LIPOCORTIN 2; N ETHYLMALEIMIDE SENSITIVE FACTOR; PHALLOIDIN; PROTEINASE; PROTON TRANSPORTING ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; SNARE PROTEIN; SYNAPTOTAGMIN;

AUTOPHAGY; BOOK; CALCIUM BINDING; CALCIUM SIGNALING; CELL VACUOLE; CILIATE; CYTOKINESIS; ENDOCYTOSIS; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; EUKARYOTE; EXOCYTOSIS; GENE SILENCING; GOLGI COMPLEX; MEMBRANE MODEL; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT; MICROTUBULE; MUTANT; NONHUMAN; PARAMECIUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN TARGETING; PROTOZOON; TETRAHYMENA;

CILIOPHORA; EUKARYOTA; PARAMECIUM; PROTOZOA; TETRAHYMENA;

EID: 77957946461     PISSN: 19376448     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1937-6448(10)80003-6     Document Type: Article

References (515)

1. Adolfsen, B., Saraswati, S., Yoshihara, M., Littleton, J.T., 2004. Synaptotagmins are trafficked to distinct subcellular domains including the postsynaptic compartment. J. Cell Biol. 166, 249-260.
2. Adoutte, A., Delgado, P., Fleury, A., Levilliers, N., Lainé, M.-C., Marty, M.-C., et al., 1991. Microtubule diversity in ciliated cells: evidence for its generation by post-translational modification in the axonemes of Paramecium and quail oviduct cells. Biol. Cell 71, 227-245.
3. Ahras, M., Otto, G.P., Tooze, S.A., 2006. Synaptotagmin IV is necessary for the maturation of secretory granules in PC12 cells. J. Cell Biol. 173, 241-251.
4. Allen, R.D., 1988. Cytology. In: Görtz, H.-D. (Ed.), Paramecium. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 4-40.
5. Allen, R.D., 2000. The contractile vacuole system and its membrane dynamics. Bioessays 22, 1035-1042.
6. Allen, R.D., Fok, A.K., 1980. Membrane recycling and endocytosis in Paramecium confirmed by horseradish peroxidase pulse-chase studies. J. Cell Sci. 45, 131-145.
7. Allen, R.D., Fok, A.K., 1983a. Nonlysosomal vesicles (acidosomes) are involved in phagosome acidification in Paramecium. J. Cell Biol. 97, 566-570.
8. Allen, R.D., Fok, A.K., 1983b. Phagosome fusion vesicles of Paramecium. I. Thin-section morphology. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 29, 150-158.
9. Allen, R.D., Fok, A.K., 1984a. Membrane behavior of exocytic vesicles. III. Flow of horseradish peroxidase labeled trichocyst membrane remnants in Paramecium. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 35, 27-34.
10. Allen, R.D., Fok, A.K., 1984b. Retrieval of lysosomal membrane and acid phosphatase from phagolysosomes of Paramecium caudatum. J. Cell Biol. 99, 1955-1959.
11. Allen, R.D., Fok, A.K., 1985. Modulation of the digestive lysosomal system in Paramecium caudatum. III. Morphological effects of cytochalasin B. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 37, 35-43.
12. Allen, R.D., Fok, A.K., 1988. Membrane dynamics of the contractile vacuole complex of Paramecium. J. Protozool. 35, 63-71.
13. Allen, R.D., Fok, A.K., 1993. Nonclathrin vesicle coats and filament networks in the transition zone and trans-Golgi region of the Golgi complex of Paramecium. J. Struct. Biol. 110, 215-226.
14. Allen, R.D., Fok, A.K., 2000. Membrane trafficking and processing in Paramecium. Int. Rev. Cytol. 198, 277-317.
15. Allen, R.D., Naitoh, Y., 2002. Osmoregulation and contractile vacuoles of protozoa. Int. Rev. Cytol. 215, 351-394.
16. Allen, R.D., Wolf, R.W., 1974. The cytoproct of Paramecium caudatum: structure and function, microtubules, and fate of food vacuole membranes. J. Cell Sci. 14, 611-631.
17. Allen, R.D., Ueno, M.S., Fok, A.K., 1988. A survey of lectin binding in Paramecium. J. Protozool. 35, 400-407.
18. Allen, R.D., Schroeder, C.C., Fok, A.K., 1989. An investigation of mitochondrial inner membranes by rapid-freeze deep-etch techniques. J. Cell Biol. 108, 2233-2240.
19. Allen, R.D., Schroeder, C.C., Fok, A.K., 1992. Endosomal system of Paramecium: coated pits to early endosomes. J. Cell Sci. 101, 449-461.
20. Allen, R.D., Ma, L., Fok, A.K., 1993. Acidosomes: recipients of multiple sources of membrane and cargo during development and maturation. J. Cell Sci. 106, 411-422.
21. Allen, R.D., Bala, N.P., Ali, R.F., Nishida, D.M., Aihara, M.S., Ishida, M., et al., 1995. Rapid bulk replacement of acceptor membrane by donor membrane during phagosome to phagoacidosome transformation in Paramecium. J. Cell Sci. 108, 1263-1274.
22. Anders, N., Jürgens, G., 2008. Large ARF guanine nucleotide exchange factors in membrane trafficking. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 65, 3433-3445.
23. Aniento, F., Emans, N., Griffiths, G., Gruenberg, J., 1993. Cytoplasmsic dynein-dependent vesicular transport from early to late endosomes. J. Cell Biol. 123, 1373-1387.
24. Arnaiz, O., Cain, S., Cohen, J., Sperling, L., 2007. ParameciumDB: a community resource that integrates the Paramecium tetraurelia genome sequence with genetic data. Nucleic Acid Res. 35, D439-D444.
25. Arvan, P., Kuliawa, R., Prabakaran, D., Zavacki, A.-M., Elahi, D., Wang, S., et al., 1991. Protein discharge from immature secretory granules displays both regulated and constitutive characteristics. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 14171-14174.
26. Asai, D.J., Beckwith, S.M., Kandl, K.A., Keating, H.H., Tjandra, H., Forney, J.D., 1994. The dynein genes of Paramecium tetraurelia. Sequences adjacent to the catalytic P-loop identify cytoplasmic and axonemal heavy chain isoforms. J. Cell Sci. 107, 839-847.
27. Aufderheide, K.J., 1977. Saltatory motility of uninserted trichocysts and mitochondria in Paramecium tetraurelia. Science 198, 299-300.
28. Aunis, D., 1998. Exocytosis in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Int. Rev. Cytol. 181, 213-320.
29. Aury, J.-M., Jaillon, O., Duret, L., Noel, B., Jubin, C., Porcel, B.M., et al., 2006. Global trends of whole genome duplications revealed by the genome sequence of the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. Nature 444, 171-178.
30. Avila-Sakar, A.J., Guan, T.-L., Arad, T., Schmid, M.F., Loke, T.W., Yonath, A., et al., 1994. Electron cryomicroscopy of Bacillus stearothermophilus 50 S ribosomal subunits crystallized on phospholipid monolayers. J. Mol. Biol. 239, 689-697.
31. Ayong, L., Pagnotti, G., Barrero Tobon, A., Chakrabarti, D., 2007. Identification of Plasmodium falciparum family of SNAREs. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 152, 113-122.
32. Azzouz, N., Striepen, B., Gerold, P., Capdeville, Y., Schwarz, R.T., 1995. Glycosylinositolphosphoceramide in the free-living protozoan Paramecium primaurelia: modification of core glycans by mannosyl phosphate. EMBO J. 14, 4422-4433.
33. Azzouz, N., Gerold, P., Kedees, M.H., Shams-Eldin, H., Werner, R., Capdeville, Y., et al., 2001. Regulation of Paramecium primaurelia glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol biosynthesis via dolichol phosphate mannose synthesis. Biochimie 83, 801-809.
34. Babst, M., Wendland, B., Estepa, E.J., Emr, S.D., 1998. The Vps4p AAA ATPase regulates membrane association of a Vps protein complex required for normal endosome function. EMBO J. 17, 2982-2993.
35. Bacallao, R., Antony, C., Dotti, C., Karsenti, E., Stelzer, E.H.K., Simons, K., 1989. The subcellular organization of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells during the formation of a polarized epithelium. J. Cell Biol. 109, 2817-2832.
36. Bajno, L., Peng, X.R., Schreiber, A.D., Moore, H.P., Trimble, W.S., Grinstein, S., 2000. Focal exocytosis of VAMPs-containing vesicles at sites of phagosome formation. J. Cell Biol. 149, 697-706.
37. Baker, S.A., Haeri, M., Yoo, P., Gospe, S.M., Skiba, N.P., Knox, B.E., et al., 2008. The outer segment serves as a default destination for the trafficking of membrane proteins in photoreceptors. J. Cell Biol. 183, 485-498.
38. Baldauf, S.L., Roger, A.J., Wenk-Siefert, I., Doolittle, W.F., 2000. A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data. Science 290, 972-977.
39. Bananis, E., Murray, J.W., Stockert, R.J., Satir, P., Wolkoff, A.W., 2000. Microtubule and motor-dependent endocytic vesicle sorting in vitro. J. Cell Biol. 151, 179-186.
40. Banno, Y., Okano, Y., Furukawa, K., Tiedtke, A., Kobata, A., Nozawa, Y., 1993. Processing and secretion of lysosomal acid aα-glucosidase in Tetrahymena wild type and secretiondeficient mutant cells. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 40, 515-520.
41. Bardele, C.F., 1983. Mapping of highly ordered membrane domains in the plasma membrane of the ciliate Cyclidium glaucoma. J. Cell Sci. 61, 1-30.
42. Bassham, D.C., Blatt, M.R., 2008. SNAREs: Cogs and coordinators in signaling and development. Plant Physiol. 147, 1504-1515.
43. Bastin, P., Galvani, A., Sperling, L., 2001. Genetic interference in protozoa. Res. Microbiol. 152, 123-129.
44. 2+-releasing channel. J. Cell Biol. 162, 211-222.
45. Beale, G.J., Preer, J.R., 2008. Paramecium Genetics and Epigenetics. CRC Press, Boca Raton (FL), London, New York.
46. Behnia, R., Munro, S., 2005. Organelle identity and the signposts for membrane traffic. Nature 438, 597-604.
47. Beisson, J., Rossignol, M., 1975. Movements and positioning of organelles in Paramecium aurelia. In: Puiseux-Dao, S. (Ed.), Nucleocytoplasmic Relationships During Cell Morphogenesis in Some Unicellular Organisms. Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, London, pp. 291-294.
48. Beisson, J., Lefort-Tran, M., Pouphile, M., Rossignol, M., Satir, B., 1976. Genetic analysis of membrane differentiation in Paramecium. Freeze-fracture study of the trichocyst cycle in wild-type and mutant strains. J. Cell Biol. 69, 126-143.
49. Beisson, J., Cohen, J., Lefort-Tran, M., Pouphile, M., Rossignol, M., 1980. Control of membrane fusion in exocytosis. Physiological studies on a Paramecium mutant blocked in the final step of the trichocyst extrusion process. J. Cell Biol. 85, 213-227.
50. Benwakrim, A., Trémolière, A., Labarre, J., Capdeville, Y., 1998. The lipid moiety of the GPI-anchor of the major plasma membrane proteins in Paramecium primaurelia is a ceramide: variation of the amide-linked fatty acid composition as a function of growth. Protist 149, 39-50.
51. Berridge, M.J., Bootman, M.D., Roderick, H.L., 2003. Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 517-529.
52. Bethani, I., Lang, T., Geumann, U., Sieber, J.J., Jahn, R., Rizzoli, S.O., 2007. The specificity of SNARE pairing in biological membranes is mediated by both proof-reading and spatial segregation. EMBO J. 26, 3981-3992.
53. + ATPase: molecular structure and function, physiological roles and regulation. J. Exp. Biol. 209, 577-589.
54. + channel gating. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 13943-13948.
55. Bhagatji, P., Leventis, R., Comeau, J., Refaei, M., Silvius, J.R., 2009. Steric and not structure-specific factors dictate the endocytic mechanism of glycosylphosphatidylinositolanchored proteins. J. Cell Biol. 186, 615-628.
56. Bhat, P., Thorn, P., 2009. Myosin 2 maintains an open exocytic fusion pore in secretory epithelial cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 1795-1803.
57. 2+-mediated event during the final steps of exocytosis in Paramecium cells. J. Cell Biol. 88, 179-188.
58. Birks, R.I., Weldon, P.R., 1971. Formation of crystalline ribosomal arrays in cultured chick embryo dorsal root ganglia. J. Anat. 109, 143-156.
59. Blacque, O.E., Perens, E.A., Boroevich, K.A., Inglis, P.N., Li, C., Warner, A., et al., 2005. Functional genomics of the cilium, a sensory organelle. Curr. Biol. 15, 935-941.
60. Blacque, O.E., Cevik, S., Kaplan, O.I., 2008. Intraflagellar transport: from molecular characterisation to mechanism. Front. Biosci. 13, 2633-2652.
61. Bock, J.B., Scheller, R.H., 1996. A new syntaxin family member implicated in targeting of intracellular transport vesicles. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 17961-17965.
62. 1-ATPase structure revealed. EMBO Rep. 10, 1211-1212.
63. Boileau, A.J., Kissmehl, R.A., Kanabarocki, J.A., Saimi, Y., 1999. Transformation of Paramecium tetraurelia by electroporation or particle bombardment. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 46, 56-65.
64. Bonifacino, J.S., Glick, B.S., 2004. The mechanisms of vesicle budding and fusion. Cell 116, 153-166.
65. Bonnemain, H., Gulik-Krzywicki, T., Grandchamp, C., Cohen, J., 1992. Interactions between genes involved in exocytotic membrane fusion in Paramecium. Genetics 130, 461-470.
66. Borner, G.H.H., Harbour, M., Hester, S., Lilley, K.S., Robinson, M.S., 2006. Comparative proteomics of clathrin-coated vesicles. J. Cell Biol. 175, 571-578.
67. Bowen, M.E., Engelman, D.M., Brunger, A.T., 2002. Mutational analysis of synaptobrevin transmembrane domain oligomerization. Biochemistry 41, 15861-15866.
68. Bowman, G.R., Turkewitz, A.P., 2001. Analysis of a mutant exhibiting conditional sorting to dense core secretory granules in Tetrahymena thermophila. Genetics 159, 1605-1616.
69. Bowman, G.R., Elde, N.C., Morgan, G., Winey, M., Turkewitz, A.P., 2005a. Core formation and the acquisition of fusion competence are linked during secretory granule maturation in Tetrahymena. Traffic 6, 303-323.
70. Bowman, G.R., Smith, D.G.S., Siu, K.W.M., Pearlman, R.E., Turkewitz, A.P., 2005b. Genomic and proteomic evidence for a second family of dense core granule cargo proteins in Tetrahymena thermophila. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 52, 291-297.
71. Bradshaw, N.R., Chilcoat, N.D., Verbsky, J.W., Turkewitz, A.P., 2003. Proprotein processing within secretory dense core granules of Tetrahymena thermophila. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 4087-4095.
72. Brandhorst, D., Zwilling, D., Rizzoli, S.O., Lippert, U., Lang, T., Jahn, R., 2006. Homotypic fusion of early endosomes: SNAREs do not determine fusion specificity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 2701-2706.
73. Braun, V., Niedergang, F., 2006. Linking exocytosis and endocytosis during phagocytosis. Biol. Cell 98, 195-201.
74. Braun, V., Fraisier, V., Raposo, G., Hurbain, I., Sibarita, J.-B., Chavrier, P., et al., 2004. TI-VAMP/VAMP7 is required for optimal phagocytosis of opsonised particles in macrophages. EMBO J. 23, 4166-4176.
75. Bré, M.-H., Pepperkok, R., Hill, A.M., Levilliers, N., Ansorge, W., Stelzer, E.H.K., et al., 1990. Regulation of microtubule dynamics and nucleation during polarization in MDCK II cells. J. Cell Biol. 111, 3013-3021.
76. Breckenridge, L.J., Almers, W., 1987. Currents through the fusion pore that forms during exocytosis of a secretory vesicle. Nature 328, 814-817.
77. Breinich, M.S., Ferguson, D.J.P., Foth, B.J., van Dooren, G.G., Lebrun, M., Quon, D.V., et al., 2009. A dynamin is required for the biogenesis of secretory organelles in Toxoplasma gondii. Curr. Biol. 19, 277-286.
78. Brown, D., Paunescu, T.G., Breton, S., Marshansky, V., 2009. Regulation of the V-ATPase in kidney epithelial cells: dual role in acid-base homeostasis and vesicle trafficking. J. Exp. Biol. 212, 1762-1772.
79. Brunger, A.T., Jin, R., Breidenbach, M.A., 2008. Highly specific interactions between botulinum neurotoxins and synaptic vesicle proteins. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 65, 2296-2306.
80. Burgoyne, R.D., Clague, M.J., 2003. Calcium and calmodulin in membrane fusion. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1641, 137-143.
81. Burri, L., Lithgow, T., 2004. A complete set of SNAREs in yeast. Traffic 5, 45-52.
82. Cai, H., Reinisch, K., Ferro-Novick, S., 2007. Coats, tethers, Rabs, and SNAREs work together to mediate the intracellular destination of a transport vesicle. Dev. Cell 12, 671-682.
83. Campana, V., Sarnataro, D., Zurzolo, C., 2005. The highways and byways of prion protein trafficking. Trends Cell Biol. 15, 102-111.
84. Cao, H., Weller, S., Orth, J.D., Chen, J., Huang, B., Chen, J.-L., et al., 2005. Actin and Arf1-dependent recruitment of a cortactin-dynamin complex to the Golgi regulates post-Golgi transport. Nat. Cell Biol. 7, 483-492.
85. Capdeville, Y., 2000. Paramecium GPI proteins: variability of expression and localization. Protist 151, 161-169.
86. Carafoli, E., 2005. Calcium-a universal carrier of biological signals. FEBS J. 272, 1073-1089.
87. Carreno, S., Engqvist-Goldstein, A.E., Zhang, C.X., McDonald, K.L., Drubin, D.G., 2004. Actin dynamics coupled to clathrin-coated vesicle formation at the trans-Golgi network. J. Cell Biol. 165, 781-788.
88. Cassidy-Hanley, D., Bowen, J., Lee, J.H., Cole, E., VerPlank, L.A., Gaertig, J., et al., 1997. Germline and somatic transformation of mating Tetrahymena thermophila by particle bombardement. Genetics 146, 135-147.
89. Cavalier-Smith, T., 2002. The phagotropic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of protozoa. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52, 297-354.
90. Chapman, E.R., 2008. How does synaptotagmin trigger neurotransmitter release? Annu. Rev. Biochem. 77, 615-641.
91. Chilcoat, N.D., Melia, S.M., Haddad, A., Turkewitz, A.P., 1996. Granule lattice protein 1 (Grl1p), an acidic, calcium-binding protein in Tetrahymena thermophila dense core secretory granules, influences granule size, shape, content organization, and release but not protein sorting or condensation. J. Cell Biol. 135, 1775-1787.
92. Chilcoat, N.D., Elde, N.C., Turkewitz, A.P., 2001. An antisense approach to phenotypebased gene cloning in Tetrahymena. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 8709-8713.
93. Chuang, J.-Z., Zhao, Y., Sung, C.-H., 2007. SARA-regulated vesicular targeting underlies formation of the light-sensing organelle in mammalian rods. Cell 130, 535-547.
94. Clapham, D.E., 2007. Calcium signaling. Cell 131, 1047-1058.
95. Cohen, J., Garreau De Loubresse, N., Beisson, J., 1984. Actin microfilaments in Paramecium: localization and role in intracellular movements. Cell Motil. 4, 443-468.
96. Collins, T., Wilhelm, J.M., 1981. Post-translational cleavage of mucocyst precursors in Tetrahymena. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 10475-10484.
97. Coppolino, M.G., Kong, C., Mohtashami, M., Schreiber, A.D., Brumell, J.H., Finlay, B.B., et al., 2001. Requirement for N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activity at different stages of bacterial invasion and phagocytosis. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 4772-4780.
98. Cowan, A.T., Bowman, G.R., Edwards, K.F., Emerson, J.J., Turkewitz, A.P., 2005. Genetic, genomic, and functional analysis of the granule lattice proteins in Tetrahymena secretory granules. Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 4046-4060.
99. Cox, D., Lee, D.J., Dale, B.M., Calafat, J., Greenberg, S., 2000. A rab11-containing rapidly recycling compartment in macrophages that promotes phagocytosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 680-685.
100. Coyne, R.S., Thiagarajan, M., Jones, K.M., Wortman, J.R., Tallon, L.J., Haas, B.J., et al., 2008. Refined annotation and assembly of the Tetrahymena thermophila genome sequence through EST analysis, comparative genomic hybridization, and targeted gap closure. BMC Genomics 9, 562. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-562.
101. Craxton, M., 2007. Evolutionary genomics of plant genes encoding N-terminal-TM-C2 domain proteins and the similar FAM62 genes and synaptotagmin genes of metazoans. BMC Genomics 8, 259 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-259.
102. Creutz, C.E., Tomsig, J.L., Snyder, S.L., Gautier, M.-C., Skouri, F., Beisson, J., et al., 1998. The copines, a novel class of C2 domain-containing, calcium dependent, phospholipidbinding proteins conserved from Paramecium to humans. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 1393-1402.
103. 2+ and synaptotagminVII-dependent delivery of lysosomal membrane to nascent phagosomes. J. Cell Biol. 174, 997-1007.
104. Dacks, J.B., Field, M.C., 2007. Evolution of the eukaryotic membrane-trafficking system: origin, tempo and mode. J. Cell Sci. 120, 2977-2985.
105. Damiani, M.T., Colombo, M.I., 2003. Microfilaments and microtubules regulate recycling from phagosomes. Exp. Cell Res. 289, 152-161.
106. Déak, F., Shin, O.-H., Kavalali, E.T., Südhof, T.C., 2006. Structural determinants of synaptobrevin 2 function in synaptic vesicle fusion. J. Neurosci. 26, 6668-6676.
107. Déak, F., Xu, Y., Dulubova, I., Khvotchev, M., Liu, X., Südhof, T.C., et al., 2009. Munc 18-1 binding to the neuronal SNARE complex controls synaptic vesicle priming. J. Cell Biol. 184, 751-764.
108. Deborde, S., Perret, E., Gravotta, D., Deora, A., Salvarezza, S., Schreiner, R., et al., 2008. Clathrin is a key regulator of basolateral polarity. Nature 452, 719-723.
109. Delgado, P., Romero, M.R., Torres, A., 1990. Microtubular systems of Paramecium in division: pattern of cytospindle assembly. J. Protozool. 37, 182-186.
110. Dessen, P., Zagulski, M., Gromadka, R., Plattner, H., Kissmehl, R., Meyer, E., et al., 2001. Paramecium genome survey: a pilot project. Trends Genet. 17, 306-308.
111. Dikeakos, J.D., Reudelhuber, T.L., 2007. Sending proteins to dense core secretory granules: still a lot to sort out. J. Cell Biol. 177, 191-196.
112. Dimova, K., Kalkhof, S., Pottratz, I., Ihling, C., Rodriguez-Cataneda, F., Liepold, T., et al., 2009. Structural insights into the calmodulin-Munc13 interaction obtained by crosslinking and mass spectrometry. Biochemistry 48, 5908-5921.
113. Dimroth, P., Ballmos, C.v., Meier, T., 2006. Catalytic and mechanical cycles in F-ATP synthases. EMBO Rep. 7, 276-282.
114. Dittman, J.S., Kaplan, J.M., 2006. Factors regulating the abundance and localization of synaptobrevin in the plasma membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 11399-11404.
115. Doherty, G.J., McMahon, H.T., 2008. Mediation, modulation, and consequences of membrane-cytoskeleton interactions. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 37, 65-95.
116. D'Souza-Schorey, C., Chavrier, P., 2006. ARF proteins: roles in membrane traffic and beyond. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 347-358.
117. Duret, L., Cohen, J., Jubin, C., Dessen, P., Gout, J.-F., Mousset, S., et al., 2008. Analysis of sequence variability in the macronuclear DNA of Paramecium tetraurelia: a somatic view of the germline. Genome Res. 18, 585-596.
118. Ehrlich, M., Boll, W., Van Oijen, A., Hariharan, R., Chandran, K., Nibert, M.L., et al., 2004. Endocytosis by random: initiation and stabilization of clathrin-coated pits. Cell 118, 591-605.
119. Eisen, J.A., Coyne, R.S., Wu, M., Wu, D., Thiagarajan, M., Wortman, J.R., et al., 2006. Macronuclear genome sequence of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila, a model eukaryote. PLoS Biol. 4, 1620-1644 e286.
120. Eitzen, G., Wang, L., Thorngren, N., Wickner, W., 2002. Remodeling of organelle-bound actin is required for yeast vacuole fusion. J. Cell Biol. 158, 669-679.
121. Elde, N.C., Morgan, G., Winey, M., Sperling, L., Turkewitz, A.P., 2005. Elucidation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in Tetrahymena reveals an evolutionarily convergent recruitment of dynamin. PLoS Genet. 1, 514-526. doi.org/10.1371.Journal.pgen.0010052.
122. Elde, N.C., Long, M., Turkewitz, A.P., 2007. A role for convergent evolution in the secretory life of cells. Trends Cell Biol. 17, 157-164.
123. Elias, E.V., Quiroga, R., Gottig, N., Nakanishi, H., Nash, T.E., Neiman, A., et al., 2008. Characterization of SNAREs determines the absence of a typical Golgi apparatus in the ancient eukaryote Giardia lamblia. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 35996-36010.
124. Emmer, B.T., Souther, C., Toriello, K.M., Olson, C.L., Epting, C.L., Engman, D.M., 2009. Identification of a palmitoyl acyltransferase required for protein sorting to the flagellar membrane. J. Cell Sci. 122, 867-874.
125. Estève, J.C., 1972. L'appareil de Golgi des ciliés. Ultrastructure, particulièrement chez Paramecium. J. Protozool. 19, 609-618.
126. Fang, Q., Berberian, K., Gong, L.-W., Hafez, I., Sorensen, J.B., Lindau, M., 2008. The role of the C terminus of the SNARE protein SNAP-25 in fusion pore opening and a model for fusion pore mechanics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 15388-15392.
127. Fasshauer, D., Sutton, R.B., Brunger, A.T., Jahn, R., 1998. Conserved structural features of the synaptic fusion complex: SNARE proteins reclassified as Qand R-SNAREs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 15781-15786.
128. Felmy, F., 2009. Actin and dynamin recruitment and the lack thereof at exoand endocytotic sites in PC12 cells. Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 458, 403-417.
129. Filippini, F., Rossi, V., Galli, T., Budillon, A., D'Orso, M., D'Esposito, M., 2001. Longins: a new evolutionary conserved VAMP family sharing a novel SNARE domain. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26, 407-409.
130. Flötenmeyer, M., Momayezi, M., Plattner, H., 1999. Immuno-labeling analysis of biogenetic and degradative pathways of cell surface components (glycocalyx) in Paramecium cells. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 78, 67-77.
131. Flowerdew, S.E., Burgoyne, R.D., 2009. A VAMP7/Vti1a SNARE complex distinguishes a non-conventional traffic route to the cell surface used by KchlP1 and Kv4 potassium channels. Biochem. J. 418, 529-540.
132. Fok, A.K., Allen, R.D., 1988. The lysosomal system. In: Goertz, H.D. (Ed.), Paramecium. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 301-324.
133. Fok, A.K., Allen, R.D., 1990. The phagosome-lysosome membrane system and its regulation in Paramecium. Int. Rev. Cytol. 123, 61-94.
134. Fok, A.K., Paeste, R.M., 1982. Lysosomal enzymes of Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium tetraurelia. Exp. Cell Res. 139, 159-169.
135. Fok, A.K., Lee, Y., Allen, R.D., 1982. The correlation of digestive vacuole pH and size with the digestive cycle in Paramecium caudatum. J. Protozool. 29, 409-414.
136. Fok, A.K., Leung, S.S.-K., Chun, D.P., Allen, R.D., 1985. Modulation of the digestive lysosomal system in Paramecium caudatum. II. Physiological effects of cytochalasin B, colchicine and trifluoperazine. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 37, 27-34.
137. Fok, A.K., Ueno, M.S., Azada, E.A., Allen, R.D., 1987. Phagosomal acidification in Paramecium: effects on lysosomal fusion. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 43, 412-420.
138. Fok, A.K., Aihara, M.S., Ishida, M., Nolta, K.V., Steck, T.L., Allen, R.D., 1995. The pegs on the decorated tubules of the contractile vacuole complex of Paramecium are proton pumps. J. Cell Sci. 108, 3163-3170.
139. Fok, A.K., Yamauchi, K., Ishihara, A., Aihara, M.S., Ishida, M., Allen, A.R., 2002. The vacuolar-ATPase of Paramecium multimicronuleatum gene structure of the B subunit and the dynamics of the V-ATPase-rich osmoregulatory membranes. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 49, 185-196.
140. Fok, A.K., Aihara, M.S., Ishida, M., Allen, R.D., 2008. Calmodulin localization and its effects on endocytotic and phagocytotic membrane trafficking in Paramecium multimicronucleatum. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 55, 481-491.
141. Follit, J.A., Tuft, R.A., Fogarty, K.E., Pazour, G.J., 2006. The intraflagellar transport protein IFT20 is associated with the Golgi complex and is required for cilia assembly. Mol. Biol. Cell 17, 3781-3792.
142. Foresti, O., Denecke, J., 2008. Intermediate organelles of the plant secretory pathway: identity and function. Traffic 9, 1599-1612.
143. Forgac, M., 2007. Vacuolar ATPases: rotary proton pumps in physiology and pathophysiology. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8, 917-929.
144. Fraga, D., Hinrichsen, R.D., 1994. The identification of a complex family of low-molecularweight GTP-binding protein homologues from Paramecium tetraurelia by PCR cloning. Gene 147, 145-148.
145. Fraga, D., Sehring, I.M., Kissmehl, R., Reiss, M., Hinrichsen, R., Plattner, H., 2010. Protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B, calcineurin) in Paramecium. Two members of the unusually large catalytic subunit gene subfamily have distinct roles in calcium dependent processes. (Submitted for publication).
146. Frankel, J., 2000. Cell biology of Tetrahymena thermophila. Methods Cell Biol. 62, 27-125.
147. Frick, M., Bright, N.A., Riento, K., Bray, A., Merrifield, C., Nichols, B.J., 2007. Coassembly of flotillins induces formation of membrane microdomains, membrane curvature, and vesicle budding. Curr. Biol. 17, 1151-1156.
148. Froissard, M., Keller, A.M., Cohen, J., 2001. ND9P, a novel protein with armadillo-like repeats involved in exocytosis: physiological studies using allelic mutants in Paramecium. Genetics 157, 611-620.
149. Froissard, M., Kissmehl, R., Dedieu, J.-C., Gulik-Krzywicki, T., Plattner, H., Cohen, J., 2002. N-Ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor is required to organize functional exocytotic microdomains in Paramecium. Genetics 161, 643-650.
150. Froissard, M., Keller, A.-M., Dedieu, J.-C., Cohen, J., 2004. Novel secretory vesicle proteins essential for membrane fusion display extracellular-matrix domains. Traffic 5, 493-502.
151. Fukuda, R., McNew, J.A., Weber, T., Parlati, F., Engel, T., Nickel, W., et al., 2000. Functional architecture of an intracellular membrane t-SNARE. Nature 407, 198-202.
152. Gaertig, J., 2000. Molecular mechanisms of microtubular organelle assembly in Tetrahymena. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 47, 185-190.
153. Gaertig, J., Gu, L., Hai, B., Gorovsky, M.A., 1994. High frequency vector-mediated transformation and gene replacement in Tetrahymena. Nucleic Acid Res. 22, 5391-5398.
154. Gagescu, R., Demaurex, N., Parton, R.G., Hunziker, W., Huber, L.A., Gruenberg, J., 2000. The recycling endosome of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells is a mildly acidic compartment rich in raft components. Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 2775-2791.
155. Galletta, B.J., Cooper, J.A., 2009. Actin and endocytosis: mechanisms and phylogeny. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 21, 20-27.
156. Galli, T., D'Esposito, M., Sotirakis, E., 2006. VAMP7. UCSD Nat. Mol. Pages. 10.1038/mp.a003510.01.
157. Galluzzi, L., Morselli, E., Vicencio, J.M., Kepp, O., Joza, N., Tajeddine, N., et al., 2008. Life, death and burial: multifaceted impact of autophagy. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 36, 786-790.
158. Galvani, A., Sperling, L., 2002. RNA interference by feeding in Paramecium. Trends Genet. 18, 11-12.
159. Garin, J., Diez, R., Kieffer, S., Dermine, J.-F., Duclos, S., Gagnon, E., et al., 2001. The phagosome proteome: insight into phagosome functions. J. Cell Biol. 152, 165-180.
160. Garnier, O., Serrano, V., Duharcourt, S., Meyer, E., 2004. RNA-mediated programming of developmental genome rearrangements in Paramecium tetraurelia. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 7370-7379.
161. Garreau De Loubresse, N., 1993. Early steps of the secretory pathway in Paramecium: ultrastructural immunocytochemical and genetic analysis of trichocyst biogenesis. In: Plattner, H. (Ed.), Membrane Traffic in Protozoa. JAI Press, Greenwich (CO), London, pp. 27-59.
162. Garreau De Loubresse, N., Gautier, M.-C., Sperling, L., 1994. Immature secretory granules are not acidic in Paramecium: implications for sorting to the regulated pathway. Biol. Cell 82, 139-147.
163. Garrison, R.G., Boyd, K.S., 1974. Observations of a naturally-occurring latice array of ribosomes in ultrathin section of Ajellomyces dermatitidis. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 54, 335-339.
164. Gautier, M.-C., Garreau De Loubresse, N., Madeddu, L., Sperling, L., 1994. Evidence for defects in membrane traffic in Paramecium secretory mutants unable to produce functional storage granules. J. Cell Biol. 124, 893-902.
165. 2+ signalling to membrane dynamics. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 449-461.
166. Giner, D., López, I., Villanueva, J., Torres, V., Viniegra, S., Gutiérrez, L.M., 2007. Vesicle movements are governed by the size and dynamics of F-actin cytoskeletal structures in bovine chromaffin cells. Neuroscience 146, 659-669.
167. Glas-Albrecht, R., Nemeth, A., Plattner, H., 1990. Secretory proteins and glycoproteins from Paramecium cells. Eur. J. Protistol. 26, 149-159.
168. Glas-Albrecht, R., Kaesberg, B., Knoll, G., Allmann, K., Pape, R., Plattner, H., 1991. Synchronised secretory organelle docking in Paramecium. Saltatory movement along microtubules transiently formed from ciliary basal bodies and selective exclusion of microinjected heterologous organelles. J. Cell Sci. 100, 45-54.
169. Godiska, R., Aufderheide, K.J., Gilley, D., Hendrie, P., Fitzwater, T., Preer, L.B., et al., 1987. Transformation of Paramecium by microinjection of a cloned serotype gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 7590-7594.
170. Gogendeau, D., Keller, A.M., Yanagi, A., Cohen, J., 2005. ND6P, a novel protein with RCC1-like domains involved in exocytosis in Paramecium. Eukaryot. Cell 4, 2129-2139.
171. 2+/calmodulin-binding proteins are involved in Tetrahymena thermophila phagocytosis. Cell Struct. Funct. 25, 243-251.
172. Gonzalo, S., Linder, M.E., 1998. SNAP-25 palmitoylation and plasma membrane targeting require a functional secretory pathway. Mol. Biol. Cell 9, 585-597.
173. Graf, C.T., Riedel, D., Schmitt, H.D., Jahn, R., 2005. Identification of functionally interacting SNAREs by using complementary substitution in the conserved '0' layer. Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 2263-2274.
174. Grefen, C., Blatt, M.R., 2008. SNAREs-molecular governors in signalling and development. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11, 600-609.
175. Grindstaff, K.K., Yeaman, C., Anandasabapathy, N., Hsu, S.-C., Rodriguez-Boulan, E., Scheller, R.H., et al., 1998. Sec6/8 complex is recruited to cell-cell contacts and specific transport vesicle delivery to the basal-lateral membrane in epithelial cells. Cell 93, 731-740.
176. Gronlien, H.K., Berg, T., Lovlie, A.M., 2002a. In the polymorphic ciliate Tetrahymena vorax, the non-selective phagocytosis seen in microstomes changes to a highly selective process in macrostomes. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 2089-2097.
177. Gronlien, H.K., Stock, C., Aihara, M.S., Allen, R.D., Naitoh, Y., 2002b. Relationship between the membrane potential of the contractile vacuole complex and its osmoregulatory activity in Paramecium multimicronucleatum. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 3261-3270.
178. Grosshans, B.L., Ortiz, D., Novick, P., 2006. Rabs and their effectors: achieving specificity in membrane traffic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 11821-11827.
179. Grote, E., Baba, M., Ohsumi, Y., Novick, P.J., 2000. Geranylgeranylated SNAREs are dominant inhibitors of membrane fusion. J. Cell Biol. 151, 453-465.
180. Gurkan, C., Koulov, A.V., Balch, W.E., 2007. An evolutionary perspective on eukaryotic membrane trafficking. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 607, 73-83.
181. Gutiérrez, J.C., Orias, E., 1992. Genetic characterization of Tetrahymena thermophila mutants unable to secrete capsules. Dev. Genet. 13, 160-166.
182. Haacke-Bell, B., Plattner, H., 1987. Secretory lectins contained in trichocyst tips of Paramecium. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 44, 1-9.
183. Haas, A., 2007. The phagosome: compartment with a license to kill. Traffic 8, 311-330.
184. Hackam, D.J., Rotstein, O.D., Sjolin, C., Schreiber, A.D., Trimble, W.S., Grinstein, S., 1998. v-SNARE-dependent secretion is required for phagocytosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 11691-11696.
185. 2+ sensor protein of secretion. Biochemistry 47, 13822-13830.
186. Hamilton, E.P., Dear, P.H., Rowland, T., Saks, K., Eisen, J.A., Orias, E., 2006. Use of HAPPY mapping for the higher order assembly of the Tetrahymena genome. Genomics 88, 443-451.
187. 2+-triggered exocytosis. Science 304, 289-292.
188. Hanson, P.I., Whiteheart, S.W., 2005. AAA proteins: have engine, will work. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 519-529.
189. 2+ influx during synchronous exocytosis in Paramecium cells. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 79, 642-652.
190. Harrison, R.E., Grinstein, S., 2002. Phagocytosis and the microtubule cytoskeleton. Biochem. Cell Biol. 80, 509-515.
191. Harumoto, T., Miyake, A., 1991. Defensive function of trichocysts in Paramecium. J. Exp. Zool. 260, 84-92.
192. Hauser, K., Haynes, W.J., Kung, C., Plattner, H., Kissmehl, R., 2000a. Expression of the green fluorescent protein in Paramecium tetraurelia. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 79, 144-149.
193. 2+-ATPase overexpression in Paramecium cells: isoforms, subcellular localization, biogenesis of cortical calcium stores and functional aspects. Mol. Microbiol. 37, 773-787.
194. Hay, J.C., 2007. Calcium: a fundamental regulator of intracellular membrane fusion? EMBO Rep. 8, 236-240.
195. Haynes, W.J., Ling, K.-Y., Saimi, Y., Kung, C., 1996. Toward cloning by complementation in Paramecium. J. Neurogenet. 11, 81-98.
196. Haynes, W.J., Ling, K.-Y., Preston, R.R., Saimi, Y., Kung, C., 2000. The cloning and molecular analysis of pawn-B in Paramecium tetraurelia. Genetics 155, 1105-1117.
197. +-channel genes than humans. Eukaryot. Cell 2, 737-745.
198. Heinemann, C., Chow, R.H., Neher, E., Zucker, R.S., 1994. Kinetics of the secretory response in bovine chromaffin cells following flash photolysis of caged Ca2+. Biophys.J. 67, 2546-2557.
199. Henkel, A.W., Almers, W., 1996. Fasts steps in exocytosis and endocytosis studied by capacitance measurements. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6, 350-357.
200. Henkel, A.W., Lübke, J., Betz, W.J., 1996. FM1-43 dye ultrastructural localization in and release from frog motor nerve terminals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 1918-1923.
201. Herrmann, L., Erkelenz, M., Aldag, I., Tiedtke, A., Hartmann, M.W.W., 2006. Biochemical and molecular characterisation of Tetrahymena thermophila extracellular cysteine proteases. BMC Microbiol. 6, 19. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-6-19.
202. Heuser, J.E., Reese, T.S., Dennis, M.J., Jan, Y., Jan, L., Evans, L., 1979. Synaptic vesicle exocytosis captured by quick freezing and correlated with quantal transmitter release. J. Cell Biol. 81, 275-300.
203. Hinton, A., Bond, S., Forgac, M., 2009. V-ATPase functions in normal and disease processes. Eur. J. Physiol. 457, 589-598.
204. Hirokawa, N., Takemura, R., 2005. Molecular motors and mechanisms of directional transport in neurons. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 201-214.
205. Hirschberg, K., Miller, C.M., Ellenberg, J., Presley, J.F., Siggia, E.D., Phair, R.D., et al., 1998. Kinetic analysis of secretory protein traffic and characterization of Golgi to plasma membrane transport intermediates in living cells. J. Cell Biol. 143, 1485-1503.
206. Hosein, R.E., Williams, S.A., Gavin, R.H., 2005. Directed motility of phagosomes in Tetrahymena thermophila requires actin and myo1p, a novel unconventional myosin. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 61, 49-60.
207. Howard-Till, R.A., Yao, M.-C., 2006. Induction of gene silencing by hairpin RNA expression in Tetrahymena thermophila reveals a second small RNA pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 8731-8742.
208. Hurtado-Lorenzo, A., Skinner, L., El Annan, J., Futai, M., Sun-Wada, G.-H., Bourgoin, S., et al., 2006. V-ATPase interacts with ARNO and Arf6 in early endosomes and regulates the protein degradative pathway. Nat. Cell Biol. 8, 124-136.
209. Hutton, J.C., 1997. Tetrahymena: the key to the genetic analysis of the regulated pathway of polypeptide secretion? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 10490-10492.
210. Huynh, K.K., Kay, J.G., Stow, J.L., Grinstein, S., 2007. Fusion, fission, and secretion during phagocytosis. Physiology 22, 366-372.
211. Ibata, K., Fukuda, M., Hamada, T., Kabayama, H., Mikoshiba, K., 2000. Synaptotagmin IV is present at the Golgi and distal parts of neurites. J. Neurochem. 74, 518-526.
212. Iftode, F., Cohen, J., Ruiz, F., Torres-Rueda, A., Chen-Shan, L., Adoutte, A., et al., 1989. Development of surface pattern during division in Paramecium. I. Mapping of duplication and reorganization of cortical cytoskeletal structures in the wild-type. Development 105, 191-211.
213. Iinuma, T., Aoki, T., Arasaki, K., Hirose, H., Yamamoto, A., Samata, R., et al., 2009. Role of syntaxin 18 in the organization of endoplasmic reticulum subdomains. J. Cell Sci. 122, 1680-1690.
214. Ishida, M., Allen, R.D., Fok, A.K., 2001. Phagosome formation in Paramecium: roles of somatic and oral cilia and of solid particles as revealed by video microscopy. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 48, 640-646.
215. Ishihara, N., Hamasaki, M., Yokota, S., Suzuki, K., Kamada, Y., Kihara, A., et al., 2001. Autophagosome requires specific early Sec proteins for its formation and NSF/SNARE for vacuolar fusion. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 3690-3702.
216. 2+-triggered exocytosis. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 35, 135-160.
217. Jacobs, M.E., DeSouza, L.V., Samaranayake, H., Pearlman, R.E., Siu, K.W.M., Klobutcher, L.A., 2006. The Tetrahymena thermophila phagosome proteome. Eukaryot. Cell 5, 1990-2000.
218. Jaconi, M.E.E., Lew, D.P., Carpentier, J.-L., Magnusson, K.E., Sjögren, M., Stendahl, O., 1990. Cytosolic free calcium elevation mediates the phagosome-lysosome fusion during phagocytosis in human neutrophils. J. Cell Biol. 110, 1555-1564.
219. Jahn, R., Scheller, R.H., 2006. SNAREs-engines for membrane fusion. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 631-643.
220. Jahn, R., Lang, T., Südhof, T.C., 2003. Membrane fusion. Cell 112, 519-533.
221. Jaiswal, J.K., Rivera, V.M., Simon, S.M., 2009. Exocytosis of post-Golgi vesicles is regulated by components of the endocytic machinery. Cell 137, 1308-1319.
222. Jordens, I., Marsman, M., Kuijl, C., Neefjes, J., 2005. Rab proteins, connecting transport and vesicle fusion. Traffic 6, 1070-1077.
223. Jorgensen, E.M., Hartwieg, E., Schuske, K., Nonet, M.L., Jin, Y., Horvitz, H.R., 1995. Defective recycling of synaptic vesicles in synaptotagmin mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 378, 196-199.
224. 2+ sensor/effector complex that controls short-term synaptic plasticity. Cell 118, 389-401.
225. Kaksonen, M., Toret, C.P., Drubin, D.G., 2006. Harnessing actin dynamics for clathrinmediated endocytosis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 404-414.
226. Kalus, I., Hodel, A., Koch, A., Kleene, R., Edwardson, J.M., Schrader, M., 2002. Interaction of syncollin with GP-2, the major membrane protein of pancreatic zymogen granules, and association with lipid microdomains. Biochem.J. 362, 433-442.
227. 2+ -dependent exocytosis: implications of kinetic diversity for secretory function. Trends Neurosci. 22, 88-93.
228. Kasson, P.M., Kelley, N.W., Singhal, N., Vrljic, M., Brunger, A.T., Pande, V.S., 2006. Ensemble molecular dynamics yields submillisecond kinetics and intermediates of membrane fusion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 11916-11921.
229. Kawasaki-Nishi, S., Bowers, K., Nishi, T., Forgac, M., Stevens, T.H., 2001. The aminoterminal domain of the vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase a subunit controls targeting and in vivo dissociation, and the carboxyl-terminal domain affects coupling of proton transport and ATP hydrolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 47411-47420.
230. Keller, A.-M., Cohen, J., 2000. An indexed genomic library for Paramecium complementation cloning. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 47, 1-6.
231. Kerboeuf, D., LeBerre, A., Dedieu, J.C., Cohen, J., 1993. Calmodulin is essential for assembling links necessary for exocytotic membrane fusion in Paramecium.EMBOJ.12, 3385-3390.
232. Kersken, H., Momayezi, M., Braun, C., Plattner, H., 1986. Filamentous actin in Paramecium cells: functional and structural changes correlated with phalloidin affinity labeling in vivo. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 34, 455-465.
233. Kersting, M.C., Boyette, M., Massey, J.H., Ryals, P.E., 2003. Identification of the inositol isomers present in Tetrahymena. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 50, 164-168.
234. Khandani, A., Eng, E., Jongstra-Bilen, J., Schreiber, A.D., Douda, D., SamavarchiTehrani, P., et al., 2007. Microtubules regulate PI-3K activity and recruitment to the phagocytic cup during Fcg receptor-mediated phagocytosis in nonelicited macrophages. J. Leukoc. Biol. 82, 417-428.
235. Kim, O.T.P., Yura, K., Gob, N., Harumoto, T., 2004. Highly divergent actins from karyorelictean, heterotrich, and litostome ciliates. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 51, 227-233.
236. Kirkham, M., Parton, R.G., 2005. Clathrin-independent endocytosis: new insights into caveolae and non-caveolar lipid raft carriers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1745, 273-286.
237. Kissmehl, R., Froissard, M., Plattner, H., Momayezi, M., Cohen, J., 2002. NSF regulates membrane traffic along multiple pathways in Paramecium. J. Cell Sci. 115, 3935-3946.
238. Kissmehl, R., Sehring, I.M., Wagner, E., Plattner, H., 2004. Immuno-localization of actin in Paramecium cells. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 52, 1543-1559.
239. Kissmehl, R., Schilde, C., Wassmer, T., Danzer, C., Nühse, K., Lutter, K., et al., 2007. Molecular identification of 26 syntaxin genes and their assignment to the different trafficking pathways in Paramecium. Traffic 8, 523-542.
240. Kjeken, R., Egeberg, M., Habermann, A., Kuehnel, M., Peyron, P., Floetenmeyer, M., et al., 2004. Fusion between phagosomes, early and late endosomes: a role for actin in fusion between late, but not early endocytic organelles. Mol. Biol. Cell 15, 345-358.
241. 2+ transients induced in Paramecium cells by a polyamine secretagogue. J. Cell Sci. 110, 975-983.
242. Klauke, N., Plattner, H., 2000. "Frustrated exocytosis"-a novel phenomenon: membrane fusion without contents release, followed by detachment and reattachment of dense core vesicles in Paramecium cells. J. Membr. Biol. 176, 237-248.
243. Klauke, N., Kissmehl, R., Plattner, H., Haga, N., Watanabe, T., 1998. An exocytotic mutant of Paramecium caudatum: membrane fusion without secretory contents release. Cell Calcium 23, 349-360.
244. 2+ influx via unspecific cation channels. J. Membr. Biol. 174, 141-156.
245. Klionsky, D.J., Emr, S.D., 2000. Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation. Science 290, 1717-1721.
246. Kloepper, T.H., Kienle, C.N., Fasshauer, D., 2007. An elaborate classification of SNARE proteins sheds light on the conservation of the eukaryotic endomembrane system. Mol. Biol. Cell 18, 3463-3471.
247. Kloepper, T.H., Kienle, C.N., Fasshauer, D., 2008. SNAREing the basis of multicellularity: consequences of protein family expansion during evolution. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25, 2055-2068.
248. Klöppel, C., Müller, A., Marker, S., Simon, M., 2009. Two isoforms of eukaryotic phospholipase C in Paramecium affecting transport and release of GPI-anchored proteins in vivo. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 88, 577-592.
249. Knochel, M., Kissmehl, R., Wissmann, J.-D., Momayezi, M., Hentschel, J., Plattner, H., et al., 1996. Annexins in Paramecium cells. Involvement in site-specific positioning of secretory organelles. Histochem. Cell Biol. 105, 269-281.
250. Knoll, G., Plattner, H., 1989. Ultrastructural analysis of biological membrane fusion and a tentative correlation with biochemical and biophysical aspects. In: Plattner, H. (Ed.), Electron Microscopy of Subcellular Dynamics. CRC Press, Boca Raton (FL, USA), pp. 95-117.
251. Knoll, G., Braun, C., Plattner, H., 1991a. Quenched flow analysis of exocytosis in Paramecium cells: time course, changes in membrane structure and calcium requirements revealed after rapid mixing and rapid freezing of intact cells. J. Cell Biol. 113, 1295-1304.
252. Knoll, G., Haacke-Bell, B., Plattner, H., 1991b. Local trichocyst exocytosis provides an efficient escape mechanism for Paramecium cells. Eur. J. Protistol. 27, 381-385.
253. Kuma, A., Hatano, M., Matsui, M., Yamamoto, A., Nakaya, H., Yoshimori, T., et al., 2004. The role of autophagy during the early neonatal starvation period. Nature 432, 1032-1036.
254. Kuner, T., Li, Y., Gee, K.R., Bonewald, L.F., Augustine, G.J., 2008. Photolysis of a caged peptide reveals rapid action of N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor before neurotransmitter release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 347-352.
255. Kung, C., Saimi, Y., 1982. The physiological basis of taxes in Paramecium. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 44, 519-534.
256. Kuribara, S., Kato, M., Kato-Minoura, T., Numata, O., 2006. Identification of a novel actin-related protein in Tetrahymena cilia. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 63, 437-446.
257. Kurz, S., Tiedtke, A., 1993. The Golgi apparatus of Tetrahymena thermophila. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 40, 10-13.
258. Lacy, P.E., 1975. Endocrine secretory mechanisms. A review. Am. J. Pathol. 79, 170-187.
259. 3 receptor in Paramecium is associated with the osmoregulatory system. J. Cell Sci. 119, 3705-3717.
260. 2+ -release channels participate in the secretory cycle of Paramecium cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 29, 3605-3622.
261. Lagow, R.D., Bao, H., Cohen, E.N., Daniels, R.W., Zuzek, A., Williams, W.H., et al., 2007. Modification of a hydrophobic layer by a point mutation in syntaxin 1A regulates the rate of synaptic vesicle fusion. PLoS Biol. 5, 800-817.
262. Lang, T., Bruns, D., Wenzel, D., Riedel, D., Holroyd, P., Thiele, C., et al., 2001. SNAREs are concentrated in cholesterol-dependent clusters that define docking and fusion sites for exocytosis. EMBO J. 20, 2202-2213.
263. Langhorst, M.F., Reuter, A., Stuermer, C.A.O., 2005. Scaffolding microdomains and beyond: the function of reggie/flotillin proteins. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62, 2228-2240.
264. Langhorst, M.F., Reuter, A., Jaeger, F.A., Wippich, F.M., Luxenhofer, G., Plattner, H., et al., 2008. Trafficking of the microdomain scaffolding protein reggie-1/flotillin-2. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 87, 211-226.
265. Larina, O., Dhat, P., Pickett, J.A., Laukinonis, B.S., Shah, A., Kruger, W.A., et al., 2007. Dynamic regulation of the large exocytotic fusion pore in pancreatic acinar cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 18, 3502-3511.
266. 2+ compartments, microdomains and the many facets of Ca signalling. FEBS J. 276, 1800-1816.
267. Lee, S., Wisniewski, J.C., Dentler, W.L., Asai, D.J., 1999. Gene knockouts reveal separate functions for two cytoplasmic dyneins in Tetrahymena thermophila. Mol. Biol. Cell 10, 771-784.
268. Lefort-Tran, M., Aufderheide, K., Pouphile, M., Rossignol, M., Beisson, J., 1981. Control of exocytotic processes: cytological and physiological studies of trichocyst mutants in Paramecium tetraurelia. J. Cell Biol. 88, 301-311.
269. Leonaritis, G., Tiedtke, A., Galanopoulou, D., 2005. D-3 phosphoinositides of the ciliate Tetrahymena: characterization and study of their regulatory role in lysosomal enzyme secretion. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1745, 330-341.
270. + channels: tuning β-cell excitability with syntaxin-1A and other exocytotic proteins. Endocr. Rev. 28, 653-663.
271. 2+ -dependent and -independent activities of neural and non-neural synaptotagmins. Nature 375, 594-599.
272. Libusóva, L., Dráber, P., 2006. Multiple tubulin forms in ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena and Paramecium species. Protoplasma 227, 65-76.
273. Liebl, D., Griffiths, G., 2009. Transient assembly of F-actin by phagosomes delays phagosome fusion with lysosomes in cargo-overloaded macrophages. J. Cell Sci. 122, 2935-2945.
274. Lin, R.C., Scheller, R.H., 1997. Structural organization of the synaptic exocytosis core complex. Neuron 19, 1087-1094.
275. Lin, C.-M., Chen, H.-J., Leung, C.L., Parry, D.A.D., Liem, R.K.H., 2005. Microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1b: a novel plakin that localizes to the Golgi complex. J. Cell Sci. 118, 3727-3738.
276. Linden, R., Martins, V.R., Prado, M.A.M., Cammarota, M., Izquierdo, I., Brentani, R.R., 2008. Physiology of the prion protein. Physiol. Rev. 88, 673-728.
277. Lipka, V., Kwon, C., Panstruga, R., 2007. SNARE-ware: the role of SNARE-domain proteins in plant cells. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 23, 147-174.
278. Littleton, J.T., Barnard, R.O., Titus, S.A., Slind, J., Chapman, E.R., Ganetzky, B., 2001. SNARE-complex disassembly by NSF follows synaptic-vesicle fusion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 12233-12238.
279. Liu, Y., Flanagan, J.J., Barlowe, C., 2004. Sec22p export from the endoplasmic reticulum is independent of SNARE pairing. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 27225-27232.
280. Low, S.H., Roche, P.A., Anderson, H.A., Van Ijzendoorn, S.C.D., Zhang, M., Mostov, K. E., et al., 1998. Targeting of SNAP-23 and SNAP-25 in polarized epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 3422-3430.
281. Low, S.H., Li, X., Miura, M., Kudo, N., Quinones, B., Weimbs, T., 2003. Syntaxin 2 and endobrevin are required for the terminal step of cytokinesis in mammalian cells. Dev. Cell 4, 753-759.
282. Lu, X., Zhang, Y., Shin, Y.-K., 2008. Supramolecular SNARE assembly precedes hemifusion in SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 15, 700-706.
283. Lumpert, C.J., Glas-Albrecht, R., Eisenmann, E., Plattner, H., 1992. Secretory organelles of Paramecium cells (trichocysts) are not remarkably acidic compartments. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 40, 153-160.
284. Lüthe, H., Plattner, H., Haacke, B., Walther, P., Müller, M., 1986. Lectin binding sites in Paramecium tetraurelia cells. I. Labeling analysis predominantly of secretory components. Histochemistry 85, 365-376.
285. 2+ -triggered vesicle exocytosis. Mol. Biol. Cell 18, 4957-4968.
286. Lynch, K.L., Gernona, R.R.L., Kielar, D.M., Martens, S., McMahon, H.T., Martin, T.F.J., 2008. Synaptotagmin-1 utilizes membrane bending and SNARE binding to drive fusion pore expansion. Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 5093-5103.
287. Machemer, H., 1988. Electrophysiology. In: Görtz, H.-D. (Ed.), Paramecium. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 185-215.
288. Madeddu, L., Gautier, M.C., Le Caer, J.P., Garreau De Loubresse, N., Sperling, L., 1994. Protein processing and morphogenesis of secretory granules in Paramecium. Biochimie 76, 329-335.
289. Magee, T., Seabra, M.C., 2005. Fatty acylation and prenylation of proteins: what's hot in a fat. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 17, 190-196.
290. Maicher, M.T., Tiedtke, A., 1999. Biochemical analysis of membrane proteins from an early maturation stage of phagosomes. Electrophoresis 20, 1011-1016.
291. Malkus, P., Graham, L.A., Stevens, T.H., Schekman, R., 2004. Role of Vma21p in assembly and transport of the yeast vacuolar ATPase. Mol. Biol. Cell 15, 5075-5091.
292. Malsam, J., Kreye, S., Söllner, T.H., 2008. Membrane fusion: SNAREs and regulation. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 65, 2814-2832.
293. Mancias, J.D., Goldberg, J., 2007. The transport signal on Sec22 for packaging into COPII-coated vesicles is a conformational epitope. Mol. Cell 26, 403-414.
294. Maranda, B., Brown, D., Bourgoin, S., Casanova, J.E., Vinay, P., Ausiello, D.A., et al., 2001. Intra-endosomal pH-sensitive recruitment of the Arf-nucleotide exchange factor ARNO and Arf6 from cytoplasm to proximal tubule endosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 18540-18550.
295. +-ATPase in vesicular trafficking: targeting, regulation and function. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 20, 415-426.
296. Martens, S., McMahon, H.T., 2008. Mechanisms of membrane fusion: disparate players and common principles. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 9, 543-556.
297. Martens, S., Kozlov, M.M., McMahon, H.T., 2007. How synaptotagmin promotes membrane fusion. Science 316, 1205-1208.
298. Matteoni, R., Kreis, T.E., 1987. Translocation and clustering of endosomes and lysosomes depends on microtubules. J. Cell Biol. 105, 1253-1265.
299. Matthew, W.D., Tsavaler, L., Reichardt, L.F., 1981. Identification of a synaptic vesiclespecific membrane protein with a wide distribution in neuronal and neurosecretory tissue. J. Cell Biol. 91, 257-269.
300. May, R., Machesky, L.M., 2001. Phagocytosis and the actin cytoskeleton. J. Cell Sci. 114, 1061-1077.
301. Mayer, A., 2002. Membrane fusion in eukaryotic cells. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 18, 289-314.
302. Mayor, S., Pagano, R.E., 2007. Pathways of clathrin-independent endocytosis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8, 603-612.
303. Mayor, S., Riezman, H., 2004. Sorting GPI-anchored proteins. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 5, 110-120.
304. Mazelova, J., Astuto-Gribble, L., Inoue, H., Tam, B.M., Schonteich, E., Prekeris, R., et al., 2009a. Ciliary targeting motif VxPx directs assembly of a trafficking module through Arf4. EMBO J. 28, 183-192.
305. Mazelova, J., Ransom, N., Astuto-Gribble, L., Wilson, M.C., Deretic, D., 2009b. Syntaxin 3 and SNAP-25 pairing regulated by omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid, controls the delivery of rhodopsin for the biogenesis of cilia-derived sensory organelles, the rod outer segments. J. Cell Sci. 122, 2003-2013.
306. McNew, J.A., Parlati, F., Fukuda, R., Johnston, R.J., Paz, K., Paumet, F., et al., 2000. Compartmental specificity of cellular membrane fusion encoded in SNARE proteins. Nature 407, 153-159.
307. Medine, C.N., Rickman, C., Chamberlain, L.H., Duncan, R.R., 2007. Munc 18-1 prevents the formation of ectopic SNARE complexes in living cells. J. Cell Sci. 120, 4407-4415.
308. Melia, S.M., Cole, E.S., Turkewitz, A.P., 1998. Mutational analysis of regulated exocytosis in Tetrahymena. J. Cell Sci. 111, 131-140.
309. Melia, T.J., Weber, T., McNew, J.A., Fisher, L.E., Johnston, R.J., Parlati, F., et al., 2002. Regulation of membrane fusion by the membrane-proximal coil of the t-SNARE during zippering of SNAREpins. J. Cell Biol. 158, 929-940.
310. Meyer, E., Cohen, J., 1999. Paramecium molecular genetics: functional complementation and homology-dependent gene inactivation. Protist 150, 11-16.
311. Meyer, M., Mayer, T., Tiedtke, A., 1998. Maturation of phagosomes is accompanied by specific patterns of small GTPases. Electrophoresis 19, 2528-2535.
312. Miaczynska, M., Stenmark, H., 2008. Mechanisms and functions of endocytosis. J. Cell Biol. 180, 7-11.
313. Mitchell, T., Lo, A., Logan, M.R., Lacy, P., Eitzen, G., 2008. Primary granule exocytosis in human neutrophils is regulated by Rac-dependent actin remodeling. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 295, C1344-C1365.
314. 2+ influx in Paramecium. J. Membr. Biol. 187, 1-14.
315. Momayezi, M., Kersken, H., Gras, U., Vilmart-Seuwen, J., Plattner, H., 1986. Calmodulin in Paramecium tetraurelia: localization from the in vivo to the ultrastructural level. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 34, 1621-1638.
316. Momayezi, M., Habermann, A.W., Sokolova, J.J., Kissmehl, R., Plattner, H., 1993. Ultrastructural and antigenic preservation of a delicate structure by cryopreparation: Identification and immunogold localization during biogenesis of a secretory component (membrane-matrix connection) in Paramecium trichocysts. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 41, 1669-1677.
317. Momayezi, M., Kissmehl, R., Plattner, H., 2000. Quantitative immunogold localization of protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) in Paramecium cells. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 48, 1269-1281.
318. Montecucco, C., Schiavo, G., 1995. Structure and function of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins. Q. Rev. Biophys. 28, 423-472.
319. Montecucco, C., Schiavo, G., Pantano, S., 2005. SNARE complexes and neuroexocytosis: how many, how close? Trends Biochem. Sci. 30, 367-372.
320. Morel, E., Parton, R.G., Gruenberg, J., 2009. Annexin A2-dependent polymerization of actin mediates endosome biogenesis. Dev. Cell 16, 445-457.
321. Moritz, O.L., Tam, B.M., Hurd, L.L., Peränen, J., Deretic, D., Papermaster, D.S., 2001. Mutant rab8 impairs docking and fusion of rhodopsin-bearing post-Golgi membranes and causes cell death of transgenic Xenopus rods. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 2341-2351.
322. Mossessova, E., Bickford, L.C., Goldberg, J., 2003. SNARE selectivity of the COPII coat. Cell 114, 483-495.
323. Mouratou, B., Biou, V., Joubert, A., Cohen, J., Shields, D.J., Geldner, N., et al., 2005. The domain architecture of large guanine nucleotide exchange factors for the small GTP-binding protein Arf. MBC Genomics 6, 20. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-6-20.
324. Muniz, M., Morsomme, P., Riezman, H., 2001. Protein sorting upon exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Cell 104, 313-320.
325. Murray, D.H., Tamm, L.K., 2009. Clustering of syntaxin-1A in model membranes is modulated by phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate and cholesterol. Biochemistry 48, 4617-4625.
326. Nachury, M.V., Loktev, A.V., Zhang, Q., Westlake, C.J., Peränen, J., Merdes, A., et al., 2007. A core complex of BBS proteins cooperates with the GTPase Rab8 to promote ciliary membrane biogenesis. Cell 129, 1201-1213.
327. Nagy, G., Milosevic, I., Mohrmann, R., Wiederhold, K., Walter, A.M., Sorensen, J.B., 2008. The SNAP-25 linker as an adaptation toward fast exocytosis. Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 3769-3781.
328. Nair, S., Guerra, C., Satir, P., 1999. A Sec7-related protein in Paramecium. FASEB J. 13, 1249-1257.
329. 2+ microdomains: new tools for understanding their roles in neurotransmitter release. Neuron 20, 389-399.
330. Neher, E., Marty, A., 1982. Discrete changes of cell membrane capacitance observed under conditions of enhanced secretion in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 6712-6716.
331. Nicholson-Tomishima, K., Ryan, T.A., 2004. Kinetic efficiency of endocytosis at mammalian CNS synapses requires synaptotagmin I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 16648-16652.
332. Nickel, W., Weber, T., McNew, J.A., Parlati, F., Söllner, T.H., Rothman, J.E., 1999. Content mixing and membrane integrity during membrane fusion driven by pairing of isolated v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 12571-12576.
333. Niedergang, F., Colucci-Guyon, E., Dubois, T., Raposo, G., Chavrier, P., 2003. ADP ribosylation factor 6 is activated and controls membrane delivery during phagocytosis in macrophages. J. Cell Biol. 161, 1143-1150.
334. Nielsen, E., Severin, F., Backer, J.M., Hyman, A.A., Zerial, M., 1999. Rab5 regulates motility of early endosomes on microtubules. Nat. Cell Biol. 1, 376-382.
335. Niemann, H., Blasi, J., Jahn, R., 1994. Clostridial neurotoxins: new tools for dissecting exocytosis. Trends Cell Biol. 4, 179-185.
336. Nilsson, J.R., Van Deurs, B., 1983. Coated pits with pinocytosis in Tetrahymena. J. Cell Sci. 63, 209-222.
337. Nishihara, N., Horiike, S., Oka, Y., Takahashi, T., Kosaka, T., Hosoya, H., 1999. Microtubule-dependent movement of symbiotic algae and granules in Paramecium bursaria. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 43, 85-98.
338. Novick, P., Zerial, M., 1997. The diversity of Rab proteins in vesicle transport. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9, 496-504.
339. Ohya, T., Miaczynska, M., Coskun, Ü., Lommer, B., Runge, A., Drechsel, D., et al., 2009. Reconstitution of Rab-and SNARE-dependent membrane fusion by synthetic endosomes. Nature 459, 1091-1097.
340. Orias, E., 1998. Mapping the germ-line and somatic genomes of a ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila. Genome Res. 8, 91-99.
341. Orias, E., Flacks, M., Satir, B.H., 1983. Isolation and ultrastructural characterization of secretory mutants of Tetrahymena thermophila. J. Cell Sci. 64, 49-67.
342. Ossig, R., Schmitt, H.D., De Groot, B., Riedel, D., Keränen, S., Ronne, H., et al., 2000. Exocytosis requires asymmetry in the central layer of the SNARE complex. EMBO J. 19, 6000-6010.
343. Overath, P., Engstler, M., 2004. Endocytosis, membrane recycling and sorting of GPI-anchored proteins: Trypanosoma brucei as a model system. Mol. Microbiol. 53, 735-744.
344. 2+ -dependent, phopholipid-binding residues of synaptotagmin are critical for excitation-secretion coupling in vivo. J. Neurosci. 28, 7458-7466.
345. Pape, R., Plattner, H., 1990. Secretory organelle docking at the cell membrane in Paramecium cells: dedocking and synchronized redocking of trichocysts. Exp. Cell Res. 191, 263-272.
346. Pape, R., Kissmehl, R., Glas-Albrecht, R., Plattner, H., 1991. Effects of anti-microtubule agents on Paramecium cell culture growth. Eur. J. Protistol. 27, 283-289.
347. Parlati, F., Varlamov, O., Paz, K., McNew, J.A., Hurtado, D., Söllner, T.H., et al., 2002. Distinct SNARE complexes mediating membrane fusion in Golgi transport based on combinatorial specificity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 5424-5429.
348. Patel, S., Latterich, M., 1998. The AAA team: related ATPases with diverse functions. Trends Cell Biol. 8, 65-71.
349. Patterson, D.J., 1978. Membranous sacs associated with cilia of Paramecium. Cytobiology 17, 107-113.
350. Paumet, F., Rahimian, V., Rothman, J.E., 2004. The specificity of SNARE-dependent fusion is encoded in the SNARE motif. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 3376-3380.
351. Pazour, G.J., Agrin, N., Leszyk, J., Witman, G.B., 2005. Proteomic analysis of a eukaryotic cilium. J. Cell Biol. 170, 103-113.
352. Penque, D., Galego, L., Rodrigues-Pousada, C., 1991. Multiple a-tubulin isoforms in cilia and cytoskeleton of Tetrahymena pyriformis generated by post-translational modifications. Studies during reciliation. Eur. J. Biochem. 195, 487-494.
353. Perin, M.S., Johnston, P.A., Özcelik, T., Jahn, R., Francke, U., Südhof, T.C., 1991. Structural and functional conservation of synaptotagmin (p65) in Drosophila and humans. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 615-622.
354. 2+/calmodulin signals the completion of docking and triggers a late step of vacuole fusion. Nature 396, 575-580.
355. Peters, C., Bayer, M.J., Bühler, S., Andersen, J.S., Mann, M., Mayer, A., 2001. Transcomplex formation by proteolipid channels in the terminal phase of membrane fusion. Nature 409, 581-588.
356. Peterson, J.B., 1991. Small GTP-binding proteins associated with secretory vesicles of Paramecium. J. Protozool. 38, 495-501.
357. Pfeffer, S.R., 2007. Unsolved mysteries in membrane traffic. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 76, 629-645.
358. Plattner, H., 1974. Intramembraneous changes on cationophore-triggered exocytosis in Paramecium. Nature 252, 722-724.
359. Plattner, H., 1981. Membrane behaviour during exocytosis. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 5, 435-459.
360. Plattner, H., 1987. Synchronous exocytosis in Paramecium cells. In: Sowers, A.E. (Ed.), Cell Fusion. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 69-98.
361. Plattner, H., 1989. Regulation of membrane fusion during exocytosis. Int. Rev. Cytol. 119, 197-286.
362. Plattner, H., Hentschel, J., 2006. Sub-second cellular dynamics: time-resolved electron microscopy and functional correlation. Int. Rev. Cytol. 255, 133-176.
363. Plattner, H., Kissmehl, R., 2003a. Molecular aspects of membrane trafficking in Paramecium. Int. Rev. Cytol. 232, 185-216.
364. Plattner, H., Kissmehl, R., 2003b. Dense-core secretory vesicle docking and exocytotic membrane fusion in Paramecium cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 1641, 183-193.
365. Plattner, H., Klauke, N., 2001. Calcium in ciliated protozoa: sources, regulation, and calcium-regulated cell functions. Int. Rev. Cytol. 201, 115-208.
366. Plattner, H., Knoll, G., 1993. The "focal membrane fusion" model revisited: toward a unifying structural concept of biological membrane fusion. In: O'Day, D.H. (Ed.), Signal Transduction During Biomembrane Fusion. Academic Press, New York, pp. 19-46.
367. Plattner, H., Miller, F., Bachmann, L., 1973. Membrane specializations in the form of regular membrane-to-membrane attachment sites in Paramecium. A correlated freezeetching and ultrathin-sectioning analysis. J. Cell Sci. 13, 687-719.
368. Plattner, H., Westphal, C., Tiggemann, R., 1982. Cytoskeleton-secretory vesicle interactions during the docking of secretory vesicles at the cell membrane in Paramecium tetraurelia cells. J. Cell Biol. 92, 368-377.
369. Plattner, H., Matt, H., Kersken, H., Haacke, B., Stürzl, R., 1984. Synchronous exocytosis in Paramecium cells. I. A novel approach. Exp. Cell Res. 151, 6-13.
370. Plattner, H., Pape, R., Haacke, B., Olbricht, K., Westphal, C., Kersken, H., 1985a. Synchronous exocytosis in Paramecium cells. VI. Ultrastructural analysis of membrane resealing and retrieval. J. Cell Sci. 77, 1-17.
371. Plattner, H., Stürzl, R., Matt, H., 1985b. Synchronous exocytosis in Paramecium cells. IV. Polyamino-compounds as potent trigger agents for repeatable trigger-redocking cycles. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 36, 32-37.
372. Plattner, H., Knoll, G., Erxleben, C., 1992. The mechanics of biological membrane fusion. Merger of aspects from electron microscopy and patch-clamp analysis. J. Cell Sci. 103, 613-618.
373. Plattner, H., Knoll, G., Pape, R., 1993. Synchronization of different steps of the secretory cycle in Paramecium tetraurelia: trichocyst exocytosis, exocytosis-coupled endocytosis and intracellular transport. In: Plattner, H. (Ed.), Membrane Traffic in Protozoa. JAI Press, Greenwich, (CT), London, pp. 123-148.
374. Plattner, H., Braun, C., Hentschel, J., 1997. Facilitation of membrane fusion during exocytosis and exocytosis-coupled endocytosis and acceleration of "ghost" detachment in Paramecium by extracellular calcium. J. Membr. Biol. 158, 197-208.
375. Plattner, H., Sehring, I.M., Schilde, C., Ladenburger, E.-M., 2009. Pharmacology of ciliated protozoa-drug (in)sensitivity and experimental drug (ab)use. Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol. 273, 163-218.
376. Pobbati, A.V., Stein, A., Fasshauer, D., 2006. N to C-terminal SNARE complex assembly promotes rapid membrane fusion. Science 313, 673-676.
377. Pocard, T., LeBivic, A., Galli, T., Zurzolo, C., 2007. Distinct v-SNAREs regulate direct and indirect apical delivery in polarized epithelia cells. J. Cell Sci. 120, 3309-3320.
378. Pollack, S., 1974. Mutations affecting the trichocysts in Paramecium aurelia. I. Morphology and description of the mutants. J. Protozool. 21, 352-362.
379. Pollard, T.D., 2001. Genomics, the cytoskeleton and motility. Nature 409, 842-843.
380. Poon, P.P., Spang, A., 2008. Vesicular transport: EnSNAREd by GAPs. Curr. Biol. 18, R1053-R1054.
381. Poskanzer, K.E., Marek, K.W., Sweeney, S.T., Davis, G.W., 2003. Synaptotagmin I is necessary for compensatory synaptic vesicle endocytosis in vivo. Nature 426, 559-563.
382. Pouphile, M., Lefort-Tran, M., Plattner, H., Rossignol, M., Beisson, J., 1986. Genetic dissection of the morphogenesis of exocytosis sites in Paramecium. Biol. Cell 56, 151-162.
383. 2+- buffering in prion-null mice: association with reduced afterhyperpolarizations in CA1 hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. 28, 3877-3886.
384. Pryor, P.R., Jackson, L., Gray, S.R., Edeling, M.A., Thompson, A., Sanderson, C.M., et al., 2008. Molecular basis for the sorting of the SNARE VAMP7 into endocytic clathrincoated vesicles by the ArfGAP Hrb. Cell 134, 817-827.
385. Qi, J., Forgac, M., 2007. Cellular environment is important in controlling V-ATPase dissociation and its dependence on activity. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 24743-24751.
386. Quetlas, S., Iborra, C., Sasakawa, N., De Haro, L., Kumakura, K., Sato, K., et al., 2002. Calmodulin and lipid binding to synaptobrevin regulates calcium-dependent exocytosis. EMBO J. 21, 3970-3979.
387. Rahaman, A., Miao, W., Turkewitz, A.P., 2009. Independent transport and sorting of functionally distinct protein families in Tetrahymena thermophila dense core secretory granules. Eukaryot. Cell 8, 1575-1583.
388. v1.3. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 1364-1372.
389. Ramoino, P., Fronte, P., Fato, M., Beltrame, F., Robello, M., Diaspro, A., 2001. Fluid phase and receptor-mediated endocytosis in Paramecium primaurelia by fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy. Eur. Biophys. J. 30, 305-312.
390. Recchi, C., Chavrier, P., 2006. V-ATPase: a potential pH sensor. Nat. Cell Biol. 8, 107-109.
391. Rizo, J., Südhof, T.C., 2002. Snares and munc 18 in synaptic vesicle fusion. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 641-653.
392. Rizo, J., Chen, X., Arac, D., 2006. Unraveling the mechanisms of synaptotagmin and SNARE function in neurotransmitter release. Trends Cell Biol. 16, 339-350.
393. Rojo, E., Denecke, J., 2008. What is moving in the secretory pathway of plants? Plant Physiol. 147, 1493-1503.
394. Rosenbaum, J.L., Witman, G.B., 2002. Intraflagellar transport. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 813-825.
395. Rosenboom, H., Lindau, M., 1994. Exo-endocytosis and closing of the fission pore during endocytosis in single pituitary nerve terminals internally perfused with high calcium concentrations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5267-5271.
396. Rossi, V., Banfield, D.K., Vacca, M., Dietrich, L.E.P., Ungermann, C., D'Esposito, M., et al., 2004. Longins and their longin domains: regulated SNAREs and multifunctional SNARE regulators. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29, 682-688.
397. Rothman, J.E., 1994. Mechanisms of intracellular protein transport. Nature 372, 55-63.
398. Rothman, J.E., Warren, G., 1994. Implications of the SNARE hypothesis for intracellular membrane topology and dynamics. Curr. Biol. 4, 220-233.
399. Rouillé, Y., Duguay, S.J., Lund, K., Furuta, M., Gong, Q., Lipkind, G., et al., 1995. Proteolytic processing mechanisms in the biosynthesis of neuroendocrine peptides: the subtilisin-like proprotein convertases. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 16, 322-361.
400. Roux, A., Antonny, B., 2008. The long and short of membrane fission. Cell 135, 1163-1165.
401. Ruiz, F., Vayssié, L., Klotz, C., Sperling, L., Madeddu, L., 1998. Homology-dependent gene silencing in Paramecium. Mol. Biol. Cell 9, 931-943. 3
402. 3H]scyllo-inositol by Tetrahymena: incorporation into phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol-linked glycans, and polyphosphoinositols. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 366, 261-266.
403. Ryan, M., Graham, L.A., Stevens, T.H., 2008. Voa1p functions in V-ATPase assembly in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum. Mol. Biol. Cell 19, 5131-5142.
404. Saimi, Y., Loukin, S.H., Zhou, X.L., Martinac, B., Kung, C., 1999. Ion channels in microbes. Methods Enzymol. 294, 507-524.
405. Sakurai, T., Kaneko, K., Okuno, M., Wada, K., Kashiyama, T., Shimizu, H., et al., 2008. Membrane microdomain switching: a regulatory mechanism of amyloid precursor protein processing. J. Cell Biol. 183, 339-352.
406. Sanderfoot, A., 2007. Increases in the number of SNARE genes parallels the rise of multicellularity among the green plants. Plant Physiol. 144, 6-17.
407. Sauer, M.K., Kelly, R.B., 1995. Conjugation rescue of exocytosis mutants in Tetrahymena thermophila indicates the presence of functional intermediates in the regulated secretory pathway. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 42, 173-183.
408. Schapire, A.L., Voigt, B., Jasik, J., Rosado, A., Lopez-Cobollo, R., Menzel, D., et al., 2008. Arabidopsis synaptotagmin 1 is required for the maintenance of plasma membrane integrity and cell viability. Plant Cell 20, 3374-3388.
409. 2+-regulated exocytosis in frog oocytes. J. Cell Biol. 116, 359-365.
410. Schilde, C., Wassmer, T., Mansfeld, J., Plattner, H., Kissmehl, R., 2006. A multigene family encoding R-SNAREs in the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. Traffic 7, 440-455.
411. Schilde, C., Lutter, K., Kissmehl, R., Plattner, H., 2008. Molecular identification of a SNAP-25-like SNARE protein in Paramecium. Eukaryot. Cell 7, 1387-1402.
412. Schilde, C., Schönemann, B., Sehring, I.M., Plattner, H., 2010. Distinct subcellular localization of a group of synaptobrevin-like SNAREs in Paramecium tetraurelia and effects of silencing of the SNARE-specific chaperone, NSF. Eukaryot. Cell 9, 288-305.
413. Schlenker, O., Hendricks, A., Sinning, I., Wild, K., 2006. The structure of the mammalian signal recognition particle (SRP) receptor as prototype for the interaction of small GTPases with longin domains. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 8898-8906.
414. Schnekenburger, J., Weber, I.A., Hahn, D., Buchwalow, I., Krüger, B., Albrecht, E., et al., 2009. The role of kinesin, dynein and microtubules in pancreatic secretion. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 66, 2525-2537.
415. Schroeder, C.C., Fok, A.K., Allen, R.D., 1990. Vesicle transport along microtubular ribbons and isolation of cytoplasmic dynein from Paramecium. J. Cell Biol. 111, 2553-2562.
416. Schuette, C.G., Hatsuzawa, K., Margittai, M., Stein, A., Riedel, D., Küster, P., et al., 2004. Determinants of liposome fusion mediated by synaptic SNARE proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 2858-2863.
417. Schwartz, T.L., 2004. Synaptotagmin promotes both vesicle fusion and recycling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 16401-16402.
418. Schwartz, M.L., Merz, A.J., 2009. Capture and release of partially zipped trans-SNARE complexes on intact organelles. J. Cell Biol. 185, 535-549.
419. Schwartz, S.L., Cao, C., Pylypenko, O., Rak, A., Wandinger-Ness, A., 2007a. Rab GTPases at a glance. J. Cell Sci. 120, 3905-3910.
420. + -ATPase in the targeting of proton pump-coated vesicles to collecting duct cell apical membrane. Kidney Int. 72, 1310-1315.
421. Sehring, I.M., Mansfeld, J., Reiner, C., Wagner, E., Plattner, H., Kissmehl, R., 2007a. The actin multigene family of Paramecium tetraurelia. BMC Genomics 8, 82. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-82.
422. Sehring, I.M., Reiner, C., Mansfeld, J., Plattner, H., Kissmehl, R., 2007b. A broad spectrum of actin paralogs in Paramecium tetraurelia cells display differential localization and function. J. Cell Sci. 120, 177-190.
423. Sehring, I.M., Reiner, C., Plattner, H., 2010. The actin subfamily PtAct4, out of many subfamilies, is differentially localized for specific local functions in Paramecium tetraurelia cells. Eur. J. Cell Biol. (in press).
424. Shang, Y., Song, X., Bowen, J., Corstanje, R., Gao, Y., Gaertig, J., et al., 2002. A robust inducible-repressible promoter greatly facilitates gene knockouts, conditional expression, and overexpression of homologous and heterologous genes in Tetrahymena thermophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 3734-3739.
425. Shimmen, T., Yokota, E., 2004. Cytoplasmic streaming in plants. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 16, 68-72.
426. Sieber, J.J., Willig, K.I., Heintzmann, R., Hell, S.W., Lang, T., 2006. The SNARE motif is essential for the formation of syntaxin clusters in the plasma membrane. Biophys. J. 90, 2843-2851.
427. Sieber, J.J., Willig, K.I., Kutzner, C., Gerding-Reimers, C., Harke, B., Donnert, G., et al., 2007. Anatomy and dynamics of a supramolecular membrane protein cluster. Science 317, 1072-1076.
428. Sikora, J., 1981. Cytoplasmic streaming in Paramecium. Protoplasma 109, 57-77.
429. Skouri, F., Cohen, J., 1997. Genetic approach to regulated exocytosis using functional complementation in Paramecium: identification of the ND7 gene required for membrane fusion. Mol. Biol. Cell 8, 1063-1071.
430. + -ATPase prevent segregation of lysosomaland secretory-pathway proteins. J. Cell Sci. 122, 3542-3553.
431. Soldati, T., Schliwa, M., 2006. Powering membrane traffic in endocytosis and recycling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 897-908.
432. Söllner, T., Bennett, M.K., Whiteheart, S.W., Scheller, R.H., Rothman, J.E., 1993a. A protein assembly-disassembly pathway in vitro that may correspond to sequential steps of synaptic vesicle docking, activation, and fusion. Cell 75, 409-418.
433. Söllner, T., Whiteheart, S.W., Brunner, M., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Geromanos, S., Tempst, P., et al., 1993b. SNAP receptors implicated in vesicle targeting and fusion. Nature 362, 318-324.
434. Sorensen, J.B., 2005. SNARE complexes prepare for membrane fusion. Trends Neurosci. 28, 453-455.
435. Sorensen, J.B., Wiederhold, K., Müller, E.M., Milosevic, I., Nagy, G., De Groot, B.L., et al., 2006. Sequential N to C-terminal SNARE complex assembly drives priming and fusion of secretory vesicles. EMBO J. 25, 955-966.
436. Spang, A., 2009. On vesicle formation and tethering in the ER-Golgi shuttle. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 21, 531-536.
437. Sparkes, I.A., Ketelaar, T., De Ruijter, N.C.A., Hawes, C., 2009. Grab a Golgi: laser trapping of Golgi bodies reveals in vivo interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum. Traffic 10, 567-571.
438. Sperling, L., Tardieu, A., Gulik-Krzywicki, T., 1987. The crystal lattice of Paramecium trichocysts before and after exocytosis by X-ray diffraction and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 105, 1649-1662.
439. Spiliotis, E.T., Nelson, W.J., 2003. Spatial control of exocytosis. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 15, 430-437.
440. Springer, S., Schekman, R., 1998. Nucleation of COPII vesicular coat complex by endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle SNAREs. Science 281, 698-700.
441. Steinberg, B.E., Huynh, K.K., Grinstein, S., 2007. Phagosomal alcidification: measurement, manipulation and functional consequences. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 35, 1083-1087.
442. Stelly, N., Mauger, J.P., Kéryer, G., Claret, M., Adoutte, A., 1991. Cortical alveoli of Paramecium: a vast submembranous calcium storage compartment. J. Cell Biol. 113, 103-112.
443. Strauss, M., Hofhaus, G., Schröder, R.R., Kühlbrandt, W., 2008. Dimer ribbons of ATP synthase shape the inner mitochondrial membrane. EMBO J. 27, 1154-1160.
444. Suchard, S.J., Rhoads, D.E., Kaneshiro, E.S., 1989. The inositol lipids of Paramecium tetraurelia and preliminary characterizations of phosphoinositide kinase activity in the ciliary membrane. J. Protozool. 36, 185-190.
445. Südhof, T.C., 2007. Membrane fusion as a team effort. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 13541-13542.
446. 2+ affinities. EMBO J. 21, 270-280.
447. Sugita, M., Nakano, K., Sato, M., Toyooka, K., Numata, O., 2009. The roles of actin cytoskeleton and microtubules for membrane recycling of a food vacuole in Tetrahymena thermophila. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 66, 371-377.
448. Sun-Wada, G.-H., Toyomura, T., Murata, Y., Yamamoto, A., Futai, M., Wada, Y., 2006. The a3 isoform of V-ATPase regulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. J. Cell Sci. 119, 4531-4540.
449. + -ATPase from lysosomes for phagosomal acidification. J. Cell Sci. 122, 2504-2513.
450. Surmacz, L., Wiejak, J., Wyroba, E., 2006. Cloning of two genes encoding Rab7 in Paramecium. Acta Biochim. Pol. 53, 149-156.
451. Sutton, R.B., Fasshauer, D., Jahn, R., Brunger, A.T., 1998. Crystal structure of a SNARE complex involved in synaptic exocytosis at 2.4 Å resolution. Nature 395, 347-353.
452. Taniguchi, T., Mizuochi, T., Banno, Y., Nozawa, Y., Kobata, A., 1985. Carbohydrates of lysosomal enzymes secreted by Tetrahymena pyriformis. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 13941-13946.
453. Terbush, D.R., Maurice, T., Roth, D., Novick, P., 1996. The exocyst is a multiprotein complex required for exocytosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 15, 6483-6494.
454. Thorngren, N., Collins, K.M., Fratti, R.A., Wickner, W., Merz, A.J., 2004. A soluble SNARE drives rapid docking, bypassing ATP and Sec17/18p for vacuole fusion. EMBO J. 23, 2765-2776.
455. Tilney, L.G., Portnoy, D.A., 1989. Actin filaments and the growth, movement, and spread of the intracellular bacterial parasite, Listeria monocytogenes. J. Cell Biol. 109, 1597-1608.
456. Tindall, S.H., 1986. Selection of chemical spacers to improve isoelectric focussing resolving power: implications for use in two-dimensional electrophoresis. Anal. Biochem. 159, 287-294.
457. Tominaga, T., Allen, R.D., Naitoh, Y., 1998a. Electrophysiology of the in situ contractile vacuole complex of Paramecium reveals its membrane dynamics and electrogenic site during osmoregulatory activity. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 451-460.
458. Tominaga, T., Allen, R.D., Naitoh, Y., 1998b. Cyclic changes in the tension of the contractile vacuole complex membrane control its exocytotic cycle. J. Exp. Biol. 201, 2647-2658.
459. 2+ -dependent phospholipid-binding proteins. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 59, 1467-1477.
460. Tomsig, J.L., Snyder, S.L., Creutz, C.E., 2003. Identification of targets for calcium signaling through the copine family of proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 10048-10054.
461. 2+ -regulated membrane fusion by synaptotagmin and SNAREs. Science 304, 435-438.
462. Turkewitz, A.P., 2004. Out with a bang! Tetrahymena as a model system to study secretory granule biogenesis. Traffic 5, 63-68.
463. Turkewitz, A.P., Madeddu, L., Kelly, R.B., 1991. Maturation of dense core granules in wild type and mutant Tetrahymena thermophila. EMBO J. 10, 1979-1987.
464. Turkewitz, A.P., Chilcoat, N.D., Haddad, A., Verbsky, J.W., 2000. Regulated protein secretion in Tetrahymena thermophila. Methods Cell Biol. 62, 347-362.
465. Turkewitz, A.P., Orias, E., Kapler, G., 2002. Functional genomics: the coming of age for Tetrahymena thermophila. Trends Genet. 18, 35-40.
466. Uemura, T., Sato, M.H., Takeyasu, K., 2005. The longin domain regulates subcellular targeting of VAMP7 in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett. 579, 2842-2846.
467. Ullrich, O., Reinsch, S., Urbé, S., Zerial, M., Parton, R.G., 1996. Rab11 regulates recycling through the pericentriolar recycling endosome. J. Cell Biol. 135, 913-924.
468. Ungermann, C., Langosch, D., 2005. Functions of SNAREs in intracellular membrane fusion and lipid bilayer mixing. J. Cell Sci. 118, 3819-3828.
469. Urbé, S., Page, L.J., Tooze, S.A., 1998. Homotypic fusion of immature secretory granules during maturation in a cell-free assay. J. Cell Biol. 143, 1831-1844.
470. Vallee, R.B., Williams, J.C., Varma, D., Barnhart, L.E., 2004. Dynein: an ancient motor protein involved in multiple modes of transport. J. Neurobiol. 58, 189-200.
471. Varlamov, O., Volchuk, A., Rahimian, V., Doege, C.A., Paumet, F., Eng, W.S., et al., 2004. i-SNAREs: inhibitory SNAREs that fine-tune the specificity of membrane fusion. J. Cell Biol. 164, 79-88.
472. Vayssié, L., Skouri, F., Sperling, L., Cohen, J., 2000. Molecular genetics of regulated secretion in Paramecium. Biochimie 82, 269-288.
473. Vayssié, L., Garreau De Loubresse, N., Sperling, L., 2001. Growth and form of secretory granules involves stepwise assembly but not differential sorting of a family of secretory proteins in Paramecium. J. Cell Sci. 114, 875-886.
474. Veit, M., Söllner, T.H., Rothman, J.E., 1996. Multiple palmitoylation of synaptotagmin and the t-SNARE SNAP-25. FEBS Lett. 385, 119-123.
475. 2+-binding activity of dense-core vesicle polypeptides in Tetrahymena. Mol. Biol. Cell 9, 497-511.
476. Verkleij, A.J., Mombers, C., Gerritsen, W.J., Leunissen-Bijvelt, L., Cullis, P.R., 1979. Fusion of phospholipid vesicles in association with the appearance of lipidic particles as visualized by freeze-fracturing. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 555, 358-361.
477. Vilmart, J., Plattner, H., 1983. Membrane-integrated proteins at preformed exocytosis sites. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 31, 626-632.
478. Vilmart-Seuwen, J., Kersken, H., Stürzl, R., Plattner, H., 1986. ATP keeps exocytosis sites in a primed state but is not required for membrane fusion. An analysis with Paramecium cells in vivo and in vitro. J. Cell Biol. 103, 1279-1288.
479. Vinet, A.F., Fukuda, M., Descoteaux, A., 2008. The exocytosis regulator synaptotagmin V controls phagocytosis in macrophages. J. Immunol. 181, 5289-5295.
480. Vitale, N., ChasserotGolaz, S., Bailly, Y., Morinaga, N., Frohman, M.A., Bader, M.F., 2002. Calcium-regulated exocytosis of dense-core vesicles requires the activation of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)6 by ARF nucleotide binding site opener at the plasma membrane. J. Cell Biol. 159, 79-89.
481. Vivero-Salmerón, G., Ballesta, J., Martínez-Menárguez, J.A., 2008. Heterotypic tubular connections at the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi complex interface. Histochem. Cell Biol. 130, 709-717.
482. 2+ -dependent steps leading to secretion in chromaffin cells from mouse adrenal slices. Neuron 28, 537-545.
483. Vosskühler, C., Tiedtke, A., 1993. Magnetic separation of phagosomes of defined age from Tetrahymena thermophila. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 40, 556-562.
484. Wassmer, T., Froissard, M., Plattner, H., Kissmehl, R., Cohen, J., 2005. The vacuolar proton-ATPase plays a major role in several membrane bounded organelles in Paramecium. J. Cell Sci. 118, 2813-2825.
485. Wassmer, T., Kissmehl, R., Cohen, J., Plattner, H., 2006. Seventeen a-subunit isoforms of Paramecium V-ATPase provide high specialization in localization and function. Mol. Biol. Cell 17, 917-930.
486. Wassmer, T., Sehring, I.M., Kissmehl, R., Plattner, H., 2009. The V-ATPase in Paramecium: functional specialization by multiple gene isoforms. Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 457, 599-607.
487. Watanabe, T., Haga, N., 1996. Genetic characterization of the secretory mutants in Paramecium caudatum. Protoplasma 192, 11-19.
488. Watson, R.T., Pessin, J.E., 2000. Functional cooperation of two independent targeting domains in syntaxin 6 is required for its efficient localization in the trans-Golgi network of 3T3L1 adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 1261-1268.
489. Watson, R.T., Pessin, J.E., 2001. Transmembrane domain length determines intracellular membrane compartment localization of syntaxins 3, 4, and 5. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 281, C215-C223.
490. Wendler, F., Tooze, S., 2001. Syntaxin 6: the promiscuous behaviour of a SNARE protein. Traffic 2, 606-611.
491. Weninger, K., Bowen, M., Choi, U.B., Chu, S., Brunger, A.T., 2008. Accessory proteins stabilize the acceptor complex for synaptobrevin, the 1:1 syntaxin/SNAP-25 complex. Structure 16, 308-320.
492. Westermann, S., Weber, K., 2003. Post-translational modifications regulate microtubule function. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 938-947.
493. Whiteheart, S.W., Schraw, T., Matveeva, E.A., 2001. N-Ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF) structure and function. Int. Rev. Cytol. 207, 71-112.
494. Wiejak, J., Surmacz, L., Wyroba, E., 2004. Dynamin and clathrin-dependent endocytic pathway in unicellular eukaryote Paramecium. Biochem. Cell Biol. 82, 547-558.
495. Wilkes, D.E., Watson, H.E., Mitchell, D.R., Asai, D.J., 2008. Twenty-five dyneins in Tetrahymena: a re-examination of the multidynein hypothesis. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 65, 342-351.
496. Williams, N.E., Tsao, C.-C., Bowen, J., Hehman, G.L., Williams, R.J., Frankel, J., 2006. The actin gene ACT1 is required for phagocytosis, motility, and cell separation of Tetrahymena thermophila. Eukaryot. Cell 5, 555-567.
497. Wloga, D., Rogowski, K., Sharma, N., Van Dijk, J., Janke, C., Eddé, B., et al., 2008. Glutamylation on aα-tubulin is not essential but affects the assembly and functions of a subset of microtubules in Tetrahymena thermophila. Eukaryot. Cell 7, 1362-1372.
498. 2+ and calmodulin initiate all forms of endocytosis during depolarization at a nerve terminal. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 1003-1010.
499. Wojcik, S.M., Brose, N., 2007. Regulation of membrane fusion in synaptic excitation-secretion coupling: speed and accuracy matter. Neuron 55, 11-24.
500. Wyroba, E., Surmacz, L., Osinska, M., Wiejak, J., 2007. Phagosome maturation in unicellular eukaryote Paramecium: the presence of RILP, Rab7 and Lamp-2. Eur. J. Histochem. 51, 163-172.
501. Xu, T., Ashery, U., Burgoyne, R.D., Neher, E., 1999. Early requirement for a-SNAP and NSF in the secretory cascade in chromaffin cells. EMBO J. 18, 3293-3304.
502. Yam, P.T., Thériot, J.A., 2004. Repeated cycles of rapid actin assembly and disassembly on epithelia cell phagosomes. Mol. Biol. Cell 15, 5647-5658.
503. Yang, X., Xu, P., Xiao, Y., Xiong, X., Xu, T., 2006. Domain requirement for the membrane trafficking and targeting of syntaxin 1A. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 15457-15463.
504. Yeaman, C., Grindstaff, K.K., Wright, J.R., Nelson, W.J., 2001. Sec6/8 complexes on trans-Golgi network and plasma membrane regulate late stages of exocytosis in mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 155, 593-604.
505. Yoshizawa, A.C., Kawashima, S., Okuda, S., Fujita, M., Itoh, M., Moriya, Y., et al., 2006. Extracting sequence motifs and the phylogenetic features of SNARE-dependent membrane traffic. Traffic 7, 1104-1118.
506. Zackroff, R.V., Hufnagel, L.A., 1998. Relative potencies of different cytochalasins for the inhibition of phagocytosis in ciliates. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 45, 397-403.
507. Zagulski, M., Nowak, J.K., LeMouel, A., Nowacki, M., Migdalski, A., Gromadka, R., et al., 2004. High coding density on the largest Paramecium tetraurelia somatic chromosome. Curr. Biol. 14, 1397-1404.
508. Zerial, M., McBride, H., 2001. Rab proteins as membrane organizers. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2, 107-117.
509. Zhang, F., Southwick, F.S., Purich, D.L., 2002. Actin-based phagosome motility. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 53, 81-88.
510. Zhang, Y., Wada, J., Yasuhara, A., Iseda, I., Eguchi, J., Fukui, K., et al., 2007. The role for HNF-1β-targeted collectrin in maintenance of primary cilia and cell polarity in collecting duct cells. PLoS One 5, e414. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000414, pp. 1-15.
511. Zink, S., Wenzel, D., Wurm, C.A., Schmitt, H.D., 2009. A link between ER tethering and COP-I vesicle uncoating. Dev. Cell 17, 403-416.
512. Zufall, R.A., McGrath, C.L., Muse, S.V., Katz, L.A., 2006. Genome architecture drives protein evolution in ciliates. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 1681-1687.
513. +-ATPase. J. Exp. Biol. 211, 1102-1108.
514. Zuo, X., Guo, W., Lipschutz, J.H., 2009. The exocyst protein Sec 10 is necessary for primary ciliogenesis and cytogenesis in vitro. Mol. Biol. Cell 20, 2522-2529.
515. Zweifel, E., Smith, J., Romero, D., Giddings, T.H., Winey, M., Honts, J., et al., 2009. Nested genes CDA12 and CDA13 encode proteins associated with membrane trafficking in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Eukaryot. Cell 8, 899-912.