Psychological dynamics of outrage against injustice

Journal of Peace Research

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 5-23

  Reis, Samantha ^a   Martin, Brian ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957927622     PISSN: 00223433     EISSN: 14603578     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Truda Gray and Brian Martin, "Abu Ghraib," in Brian Martin, Justice Ignited: The Dynamics of Backfire (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 129-41.
2. For example, just one of nine chapters in Carol Tavriss Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982) deals with "a rage for justice."
3. See also V. K. Kool, The Psychology of Nonviolence and Aggression (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
4. Rachel M. Macnair, ed. and Psychologists for Social Responsibility, Working for Peace: A Handbook of Practical Psychology and Other Tools (Atascadero, CA: Impact, 2006).
5. Barrington Moore, Jr., Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt (London: Macmillan, 1978).
6. Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1973), 657-703.
7. Gene Sharp, Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential (Boston: Porter Sargent, 2005), 405-13.
8. Richard B. Gregg, The Power of Nonviolence, 2nd ed. (New York: Schocken, 1966).
9. Brian Martin, "The Beating of Rodney King: The Dynamics of Backfire," Critical Criminology 13 (2005): 307-26.
10. Truda Gray and Brian Martin, "Defamation and the Art of Backfire," Deakin Law Review 11 (2006): 115-36.
11. Greg Scott and Brian Martin, "Tactics against Sexual Harassment: The Role of Backfire," Journal of International Womens Studies 7 (2006): 111-25.
12. Andrew Herd, "Amplifying Outrage over Children Overboard," Social Alternatives 25 (2006): 59-63.
13. Susan Engel and Brian Martin, "Union Carbide and James Hardie: Lessons in Politics and Power," Global Society: Journal of Interdisciplinary International Relations 20 (2006): 475-90.
14. Brian Martin, "Iraq Attack Backfire," Economic and Political Weekly 39 (17-23 April 2004): 1577-83.
15. Brian Martin, Justice Ignited: The Dynamics of Backfire (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007).
16. Charles J. Ogletree, Jr., Mary Prosser, Abbe Smith, William Talley, Jr., and the Criminal Justice Institute at Harvard Law School for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Beyond the Rodney King Story: An Investigation of Police Misconduct in Minority Communities (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1995).
17. Martin, Justice Ignited.
18. Martin, "The Beating of Rodney King."
19. Bob Altemeyer, Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianisyn (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988), 310. Altemeyer does not cite Sharp or the concept ofpolitical jiu-jitsu. We thank an anonymous reviewer for referring us to Altemeyer s work.
20. Stacey C. Koon with Robert Deitz, Presumed Guilty: The Tragedy of the Rodney King Affair (Washington, DC: Regnery, 1992).
21. On projection and social action, but from a gestalt perspective, see Philip Lichtenberg, Undoing the Clinch of Oppression, 2nd ed. (Cleveland, OH: Gestalt Institute of Cleveland Press, 1994).
22. Melvin J. Lerner and Carolyn H. Simmons, "Observer's Reaction to the 'Innocent Victim': Compassion or Rejection?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4 (1966): 203-10.
23. Claudia Dalbert, The Justice Motive as a Personal Resource: Dealing with Challenges and Critical Life Events (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 2001)
24. Melvin J. Lerner, "The Justice Motive: Where Social Psychologists Found It, How They Lost It, and Why They May Not Find It Again," Personality and Social Psychology Review 7 (2003): 388-99
25. Leo Montada and Melvin J. Lerner, eds., Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World (New York: Plenum, 1998)
26. Michael Ross and Dale T. Miller, eds., The Justice Motive in Everyday Life (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
27. Melvin J. Lerner, The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion (New York: Plenum, 1980).
28. Zick Rubin and Anne Peplau, "Belief in a Just World and Reactions to Another's Lot: A Study of Participants in the National Draft Lottery," Journal of Social Issues 29, no. 4 (1973): 73-93.
29. Jeffrey S. Friedman and William Austin, "Observers' Reactions to an Innocent Victim: Effect of Characterological Information and Degree of Suffering," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 4 (1978): 569-74.
30. Lerner, Belief in a Just World.
31. Also relevant here is Bob Altemeyer's research on right-wing authoritarianism: one of the three key attitudes in this type of authoritarianism is submission to authorities perceived as legitimate. See Altemeyer, Enemies of Freedom. We thank an anonymous reviewer for pointing out the relevance of Altemeyer's work in this context.
32. Albert Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986).
33. Bandura, Social Foundations, 375-89.
34. Albert Bandura, "Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement," in Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind, ed. Walter Reich (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 161-91
35. Albert Bandura, Claudio Barbaranelli, Gian Vittorio Caprara, and Concetta Pastorelli, "Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71 (1996): 364-74.
36. Jack W. Brehm, A Theory of Psychological Reactance (New York: Academic Press, 1966).
37. Sharon S. Brehm and Jack W. Brehm, Psychological Reactance: A Theory of Freedom and Control (New York: Academic Press, 1981). We thank Greg Scott for suggesting the value of reactance theory for understanding the dynamics of outrage.
38. Sue Curry Jansen and Brian Martin, "Making Censorship Backfire," Counterpoise 7 (July 2003): 5-15.
39. Sue Curry Jansen and Brian Martin, "Exposing and Opposing Censorship: Backfire Dynamics in Freedom-of- Speech Struggles," Pacific Journalism Review 10 (April 2004): 29-45.
40. Fritz Heider, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations (New York: Wiley, 1958), 174-217.
41. J. Scott Armstrong, Persuasive Advertising (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, forthcoming).
42. Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion, 4th ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006).
43. Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: How and Why People Agree to Tloings (New York: Morrow, 1984).
44. Anthony R. Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson, Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion (New York: Freeman, 1992)
45. Douglas Rushkoff, Coercion: The Persuasion Professionals and Why We Listen to What They Say (London: Little, Brown, 2000).
46. Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Boston: Little, Brown, 2000).
47. Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper, and Francesca Polletta, eds., Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
48. A reviewer suggested the relevance of terror management theory, which is based on the assumption that fear of death is an important factor in emotions. See, for example, Tom Pyszczynski, Jeff Greenberg, and Sheldon Solomon, "Why Do We Need What We Need? A Terror Management Perspective on the Roots of Human Social Motivation," Psychological Inquiry 8 (1997): 1-20.
49. We thank a reviewer for this idea. On social identity theory see, for example, Henri Tajfel and John Turner, "An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict," in The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, ed. William G. Austin and Stephen Worchel (Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1979), 33-47.
50. Stanley Cohen, States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001).