Temporomandibular disorders (TMD): An overview

Oral Surgery

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 60-68

  Durham, J ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Review; Temporomandibular disorders; Temporomandibular joint

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957920524     PISSN: 17522471     EISSN: 1752248X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-248X.2008.00020.x     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Costen JB. A syndrome of ear and sinus symptoms based on disturbed function of the tempromandibular joint. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1934;43:1-15.
2. Shore NA. Occlusal Equilibration and Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott, 1959.
3. Gray RJ, Davies SJ, Quayle AA. A clinical approach to temporomandibular disorders. 1. Classification and functional anatomy. Br Dent J 1994;176:429-35.
4. Madland G, Feinmann C, Newman S. Factors associated with anxiety and depression in facial arthromyalgia. Pain 2000;84:225-32.
5. Bell WE. Clinical Management of Temporomandibular Disorders. Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1982.
6. McNeill C. Temporomandibular Disorders. Guidelines for Classification, Assessment and Management. Chicago, IL: Quintessence, 1990.
7. Laskin DM. Temporomandibular disorders: a term past its time? J AmDent Assoc 2008;139:124-8.
8. McNeill C. Management of temporomandibular disorders: concepts and controversies. J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:510-22.
9. Okeson JP. Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 2003.
10. Lobbezoo F, Lavigne GJ. Do bruxism and temporomandibular disorders have a cause-and-effect relationship? J Orofac Pain 1997;11:15-23.
11. Ciancaglini R, Gherlone EF, Radaelli G. The relationship of bruxism with craniofacial pain and symptoms from the masticatory system in the adult population. J Oral Rehabil 2001;28:842-8.
12. Auerbach SM, Laskin DM, Frantsve LM, Orr T. Depression, pain, exposure to stressful life events, and long-term outcomes in temporomandibular disorder patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001;59:628-33; discussion 634.
13. Dao TT, Lavigne GJ. Oral splints: the crutches for temporomandibular disorders and bruxism? Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1998;9:345-61.
14. Macfarlane TV, Gray RJM, Kincey J, Worthington HV. Factors associated with the temporomandibular disorder, pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS): Manchester case-control study. Oral Dis 2001;7:321-30.
15. Kirveskari P, Alanen P. Occlusal variables are only moderately useful in the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder. J Prosthet Dent 2000;84:114-5.
16. Mongini F, Ciccone G, Ibertis F, Negro C. Personality characteristics and accompanying symptoms in temporomandibular joint dysfunction, headache, and facial pain. J Orofac Pain 2000;14:52-8.
17. John MT, Hirsch C, Drangsholt MT, Mancl LA, Setz JM. Overbite and overjet are not related to self-report of temporomandibular disorder symptoms. J Dent Res 2002;81:164-9.
18. John MT, Miglioretti DL, LeResche L, Von KorffM, Critchlow CW. Widespread pain as a risk factor for dysfunctional temporomandibular disorder pain. Pain 2003;102:257-63.
19. Alanen P. Occlusion and temporomandibular disorders (TMD): still unsolved question? J Dent Res 2002;81:518-9.
20. De Boever JA, Carlsson GE, Klineberg IJ. Need for occlusal therapy and prosthodontic treatment in the management of temporomandibular disorders. Part I: occlusal interferences and occlusal adjustment. J Oral Rehabil 2000;27:367-79.
21. De Boever JA, Carlsson GE, Klineberg IJ. Need for occlusal therapy and prosthodontic treatment in the management of temporomandibular disorders. Part II: tooth loss and prosthodontic treatment. J Oral Rehabil 2000;27:647-59.
22. Von KorffM, Dworkin SF, Le Resche L, Kruger A. An epidemiologic comparison of pain complaints. Pain 1988;32:173-83.
23. de Bont LG, Dijkgraaf LC, Stegenga B. Epidemiology and natural progression of articular temporomandibular disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997;83:72-6.
24. De Kanter RJ, Kayser AF, Battistuzzi PG, Truin GJ, Van 't Hof MA. Demand and need for treatment of craniomandibular dysfunction in the Dutch adult population. J Dent Res 1992;71:1607-12.
25. De Kanter RJ, Truin GJ, Burgersdijk RC, Van't Hof MA, Battistuzzi PE, Kalsbeek H et al. Prevalence in the Dutch adult population and a meta-analysis of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder. J Dent Res 1993;72:1509-18.
26. Turk DC. Psychosocial and behavioral assessment of patients with temporomandibular disorders: diagnostic and treatment implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997;83:65-71.
27. Suvinen TI, Reade PC, Kemppainen P, Kononen M, Dworkin SF. Review of aetiological concepts of temporomandibular pain disorders: towards a biopsychosocial model for integration of physical disorder factors with psychological and psychosocial illness impact factors. Eur J Pain 2005;9:613-33.
28. Helkimo M. Studies on function and dysfunction of the masticatory system. 3. Analyses of anamnestic and clinical recordings of dysfunction with the aid of indices. Sven Tandlak Tidskr 1974;67:165-81.
29. Helkimo M. Studies on function and dysfunction of the masticatory system. I. An epidemiological investigation of symptoms of dysfunction in Lapps in the north of Finland. Proc Finn Dent Soc 1974;70:37-49.
30. Helkimo M. Studies on function and dysfunction of the masticatory system. II. Index for anamnestic and clinical dysfunction and occlusal state. Sven Tandlak Tidskr 1974;67:101-21.
31. Levitt SR, Lundeen TF. The TMJ scale: quantitative measurements of symptoms and treatment results. TMJ Update 1987;5:77-80.
32. Levitt SR, McKinneyMW, Lundeen TF. The TMJ scale: cross-validation and reliability studies. Cranio 1988;6:17-25.
33. Fricton JR, Schiffman EL. The craniomandibular index: validity. J Prosthet Dent 1987;58:222-8.
34. Fricton JR, Schiffman EL. Reliability of a craniomandibular index. J Dent Res 1986;65:1359-64.
35. Crow HC, Parks E, Campbell JH, Stucki DS, Daggy J. The utility of panoramic radiography in temporomandibular joint assessment. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2005;34:91-5.
36. Epstein JB, Caldwell J, Black G. The utility of panoramic imaging of the temporomandibular joint in patients with temporomandibular disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;92:236-9.
37. Vallon D, Ekberg E, Nilner M, Kopp S. Occlusal adjustment in patients with craniomandibular disorders including headaches.A 3- and 6-month follow-up. Acta Odontol Scand 1995;53:55-9.
38. Laskin DM, Greene CS, HylanderWL Temporomandibular Disorders: An Evidence-Based Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Pub., 2006:xii, 548.
39. Ohnuki T, Fukuda M, Nakata A, Nagai H, Takahashi T, Sasano T et al. Evaluation of the position, mobility, and morphology of the disc by MRI before and after four different treatments for temporomandibular joint disorders. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2006;35:103-9.
40. Widmalm SE, Brooks SL, Sano T, Upton LG, McKay DC. Limitation of the diagnostic value ofMR images for diagnosing temporomandibular joint disorders. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2006; 35:334-8.
41. Melis M, Secci S, Ceneviz C. Use of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders: a review.AmJ Dent 2007;20:73-8.
42. Lund JP, Widmer CG, Feine JS. Validity of diagnostic and monitoring tests used for temporomandibular disorders. J Dent Res 1995;74:1133-43.
43. Mohl ND, Lund JP, Widmer CG, McCall WD, Jr. Devices for the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Part II: electromyography and sonography. J Prosthet Dent 1990;63:332-6.
44. Mohl ND, McCallWDJr., Lund JP, Plesh O. Devices for the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Part I: introduction, scientific evidence, and jaw tracking. J Prosthet Dent 1990;63:198-201.
45. Mohl ND, Ohrbach RK, Crow HC, Gross AJ. Devices for the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Part III: thermography, ultrasound, electrical stimulation, and electromyographic biofeedback. J Prosthet Dent 1990;63:472-7.
46. Lund JP, Lavigne G, Feine JS, Goulet JP, Chaytor DV, Sessle BJ et al. The use of electronic devices in the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders. J Can Dent Assoc 1989;55:749-50.
47. Eversole LR, Machado L. Temporomandibular joint internal derangements and associated neuromuscular disorders. JAmDent Assoc 1985;110:69-79.
48. Laskin DM, Block S. Diagnosis and treatment of myofacial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome. J Prosthet Dent 1986;56:75-84.
49. Truelove EL, Sommers EE, LeResche L, Dworkin SF, Von KorffM. Clinical diagnostic criteria for TMD. New classification permits multiple diagnoses. J AmDent Assoc 1992;123:47-54.
50. Farrar WB. Differentiation of temporomandibular joint dysfunction to simplify treatment. J Prosthet Dent 1972;28:629-36.
51. Dworkin SF, LeResche L. Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: review, criteria, examinations and specifications, critique. J Craniomandib Disord 1992;6:301-55.
52. Lausten LL, Glaros AG, Williams K. Inter-examiner reliability of physical assessment methods for assessing temporomandibular disorders. Gen Dent 2004;52:509-13.
53. John MT, Dworkin SF, Mancl LA. Reliability of clinical temporomandibular disorder diagnoses. Pain 2005;118:61-9.
54. Reissmann DR, John MT, Schierz O, Wassell RW. Functional and psychosocial impact related to specific temporomandibular disorder diagnoses. J Dent 2007;35:643-50.
55. Ohrbach R, Dworkin SF. Five-year outcomes in TMD: relationship of changes in pain to changes in physical and psychological variables. Pain 1998;74:315- 26.
56. Gatchel RJ, Garofalo JP, Ellis E, Holt C. Major psychological disorders in acute and chronic TMD: an initial examination. J AmDent Assoc 1996;127:1365-70, 1372, 1374.
57. ParkerMW, Holmes EK, Terezhalmy GT. Personality characteristics of patients with temporomandibular disorders: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. J Orofac Pain 1993;7:337-44.
58. Wright AR, Gatchel RJ, Wildenstein L, Riggs R, Buschang P, Ellis E, 3rd. Biopsychosocial differences between high-risk and low-risk patients with acute TMD-related pain. J AmDent Assoc 2004; 135:474-83.
59. Phillips JM, Gatchel RJ, Wesley AL, Ellis E, 3rd. Clinical implications of sex in acute temporomandibular disorders. J AmDent Assoc 2001;132:49-57.
60. McCreary CP, Clark GT, Merril RL, Flack V, Oakley ME. Psychological distress and diagnostic subgroups of temporomandibular disorder patients. Pain 1991;44:29-34.
61. Garofalo JP, Gatchel RJ, Wesley AL, Ellis E, 3rd. Predicting chronicity in acute temporomandibular joint disorders using the research diagnostic criteria. J AmDent Assoc 1998;129:438-47.
62. Yap AU, Tan KB, Chua EK, Tan HH. Depression and somatization in patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Prosthet Dent 2002;88:479-84.
63. Meldolesi G, Picardi A, Accivile E, Toraldo di Francia R, Biondi M. Personality and psychopathology in patients with temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome. A controlled investigation. Psychother Psychosom 2000;69:322-8.
64. Birket-Smith M. Somatization and chronic pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001;45:1114-20.
65. Fricton J, Dubner RB. Orofacial Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders. New York: Raven Press, 1995.
66. Dworkin SF. Perspectives on the interaction of biological, psychological and social factors in TMD. J AmDent Assoc 1994;125:856-63.
67. Al-Ani MZ, Davies SJ, Gray RJ, Sloan P, Glenny AM. Stabilisation splint therapy for temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;CD002778.
68. Koh H, Robinson PG. Occlusal adjustment for treating and preventing temporomandibular joint disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;CD003812.
69. Dimitroulis G. Temporomandibular disorders: a clinical update. BMJ 1998;317:190-4.
70. Greene CS, Laskin DM. Long-term evaluation of conservative treatment for myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome. J AmDent Assoc 1974;89:1365-8.
71. Greene CS, Laskin DM. Long-term evaluation of treatment for myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome: a comparative analysis. J AmDent Assoc 1983;107:235-8.
72. Yanagi Y, Asaumi J, Maki Y, Murakami J, Hisatomi M, Matsuzaki H et al. Incidentally found and unexpected tumors discovered by MRI examination for temporomandibular joint arthrosis. Eur J Radiol 2003;47:6-9.
73. Brown RS, Johnson CD, Fay RM. The misdiagnosis of temporomandibular disorders in lateral pharyngeal space infections - two case reports. Cranio 1994;12:194-8.
74. Orhan K, Orhan AI, Oz U, Pekiner FN, Delilbasi C. Misdiagnosed fibrosarcoma of the mandible mimicking temporomandibular disorder: a rare condition. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007;104:e26-9.
75. Reiter S, Gavish A, Winocur E, Emodi-Perlman A, Eli I. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma mimicking a temporomandibular disorder: a case report. J Orofac Pain 2006;20:74-81.
76. Albino JEN. Management of temporomandibular disorders. National institutes of health technology assessment conference statement. J AmDent Assoc 1996;127:1595-606.
77. Greene CS. An evaluation of unconventional methods of diagnosing and treating temporomandibular disorders. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin NorthAm 1995;7:167-73.
78. Shipman WG, Greene CS, Laskin DM. Correlation of placebo responses and personality characteristics in myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) patients. J Psychosom Res 1974;18:475-83.
79. Greene CS, Laskin DM. Meprobamate therapy for the myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome: a double-blind evaluation. J AmDent Assoc 1971;82:587-90.
80. Laskin DM, Greene CS. Influence of the doctor-patient relationship on placebo therapy for patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc 1972;85:892-4.
81. Greene CS, Laskin DM. Splint therapy for the myofascial pain - dysfunction (MPD) syndrome: a comparative study. J AmDent Assoc 1972;84:624-8.
82. Goodman P, Greene CS, Laskin DM. Response of patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome to mock equilibration. J AmDent Assoc 1976;92:755-8.
83. Dworkin SF. Behavioral and educational modalities. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997;83:128-33.
84. Turner JA, Holtzman S, Mancl L. Mediators, moderators, and predictors of therapeutic change in cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain. Pain 2007;127:276-86.
85. Dworkin SF, Turner JA, Wilson L, Massoth D, Whitney C, HugginsKHet al. Brief group cognitivebehavioral intervention for temporomandibular disorders. Pain 1994;59:175-87.
86. de Leeuw R, Boering G, Stegenga B, de Bont LG. Clinical signs of TMJ osteoarthrosis and internal derangement 30 years after nonsurgical treatment. J Orofac Pain 1994;8:18-24.
87. Stohler CS. Phenomenology, epidemiology, and natural progression of the muscular temporomandibular disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997;83:77-81.
88. Magnusson T, Egermark I, Carlsson GE. A longitudinal epidemiologic study of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders from 15 to 35 years of age. J Orofac Pain 2000;14:310-9.
89. Dworkin SF, Massoth DL. Temporomandibular disorders and chronic pain: disease or illness? J Prosthet Dent 1994;72:29-38.
90. Di Fabio RP. Physical therapy for patients with TMD: a descriptive study of treatment, disability, and health status. J Orofac Pain 1998;12:124-35.
91. Feine JS, Widmer CG, Lund JP. Physical therapy: a critique. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997;83:123-7.
92. Feine JS, Lund JP. An assessment of the efficacy of physical therapy and physical modalities for the control of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain 1997;71:5-23.
93. Sturdivant J, Fricton JR. Physical therapy for temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain. Curr Opin Dent 1991;1:485-96.
94. Chapman CE. Can the use of physical modalities for pain control be rationalized by the research evidence? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1991;69: 704-12.
95. Michelotti A, deWijer A, Steenks M, Farella M. Home-exercise regimes for the management of non-specific temporomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil 2005;32:779-85.
96. Dionne RA. Pharmacologic treatments for temporomandibular disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997;83:134-42.
97. Lindfors E, Magnusson T, Tegelberg A. Interocclusal appliances - indications and clinical routines in general dental practice in Sweden. Swed Dent J 2006;30:123-34.
98. Pierce CJ, Weyant RJ, Block HM, Nemir DC. Dental splint prescription patterns: a survey. J AmDent Assoc 1995;126:248-54.
99. Gray RJ, Davies SJ. Occlusal splints and temporomandibular disorders: why, when, how? Dent Update 2001;28:194-9.
100. Major PW, Nebbe B. Use and effectiveness of splint appliance therapy: review of literature. Cranio 1997;15:159-66.
101. Wright E, Anderson G, Schulte J.A. randomized clinical trial of intraoral soft splints and palliative treatment for masticatory muscle pain. J Orofac Pain 1995;9:192-9.
102. Pettengill CA, GrowneyMRJr., Schoff R, Kenworthy CR. A pilot study comparing the efficacy of hard and soft stabilizing appliances in treating patients with temporomandibular disorders. J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:165-8.
103. Nevarro E, Barghi N, Rey R. Clinical evaluation of maxillary hard and resilient occlusal splints. J Dent Res 1985;64:313.
104. Okeson JP. The effects of hard and soft occlusal splints on nocturnal bruxism. J AmDent Assoc 1987;114:788-91.
105. Wright EF. Manual of Temporomandibular Disorders. Ames, IA: Blackwell Munksgaard, 2005:xvi, 338.
106. Moufti MA, Lilico JT, Wassell RW. How to make a well-fitting stabilization splint. Dent Update 2007; 34:398-400, 402-4, 407-8.
107. Magnusson T, Adiels AM, Nilsson HL, Helkimo M. Treatment effect on signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders - comparison between stabilisation splint and a new type of splint (NTI). A pilot study. Swed Dent J 2004;28:11-20.
108. Davies SJ, Gray RJ. The pattern of splint usage in the management of two common temporomandibular disorders. Part II: the stabilisation splint in the treatment of pain dysfunction syndrome. Br Dent J 1997;183:247-51.
109. Forssell H, Kalso E, Koskela P, Vehmanen R, Puukka P, Alanen P. Occlusal treatments in temporomandibular disorders: a qualitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Pain 1999;83:549-60.
110. Turp JC, Komine F, Hugger A. Efficacy of stabilization splints for the management of patients with masticatory muscle pain: a qualitative systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2004;8:179-95.
111. Marbach JJ, Raphael KG. Future directions in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal facial pain: the role of evidence-based care. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997;83:170-6.
112. Wassell RW, Adams N, Kelly PJ. Treatment of temporomandibular disorders by stabilising splints in general dental practice: results after initial treatment. Br Dent J 2004;197:35-41; discussion 31.
113. Molin C. From bite to mind:TMD - a personal and literature review. Int J Prosthodont 1999;12:279-88.
114. Forssell H, Kirveskari P, Kangasniemi P. Effect of occlusal adjustment on mandibular dysfunction. A double-blind study. Acta Odontol Scand 1986;44:63-9.
115. Forssell H, Kirveskari P, Kangasniemi P. Response to occlusal treatment in headache patients previously treated by mock occlusal adjustment. Acta Odontol Scand 1987;45:77-80.
116. Vallon D, Ekberg EC, Nilner M, Kopp S. Short-term effect of occlusal adjustment on craniomandibular disorders including headaches. Acta Odontol Scand 1991;49:89-96.
117. Tsukiyama Y, Baba K, Clark GT. An evidence-based assessment of occlusal adjustment as a treatment for temporomandibular disorders. J Prosthet Dent 2001;86:57-66.
118. Dolwick MF, Dimitroulis G. Is there a role for temporomandibular joint surgery? Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994;32:307-13.
119. Dimitroulis G. The role of surgery in the management of disorders of the temporomandibular joint: a critical review of the literature. Part 2. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;34:231-7.
120. DolwickMF. The role of temporomandibular joint surgery in the treatment of patients with internal derangement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997;83:150-5.
121. Kunjur J, Anand R, Brennan PA, Ilankovan V. An audit of 405 temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis with intra-articular morphine infusion. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003;41:29-31.
122. Brennan PA, Ilankovan V. Arthrocentesis for temporomandibular joint pain dysfunction syndrome. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;64:949-51.
123. McCain JP, Sanders B, Koslin MG, Quinn JH, Peters PB, IndresanoAT. Temporomandibular joint arthroscopy: a 6-year multicenter retrospective study of 4831 joints. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992;50:926-30.
124. Reston JT, Turkelson CM. Meta-analysis of surgical treatments for temporomandibular articular disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003;61:3-10; discussion 10-12.
125. Al-Belasy FA, DolwickMF. Arthrocentesis for the treatment of temporomandibular joint closed lock: a review article. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;36:773-82.
126. Ethunandan M, Wilson AW. Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis -more questions than answers? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;64:952-5.
127. Schiffman EL, Look JO, Hodges JS, Swift JQ, Decker KL, Hathaway KM et al. Randomized effectiveness study of four therapeutic strategies for TMJ closed lock. J Dent Res 2007;86:58-63.