How does sport psychology actually improve athletic performance? A framework to facilitate athletes' and coaches' understanding

Behavior Modification

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 386-402

  Gee, Chris J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

athletic performance; explanation; framework; sport psychology; understanding

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATHLETE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; HUMAN; MOTIVATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SPORT;

ATHLETES; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; GOALS; HUMANS; SPORTS;

EID: 77957885466     PISSN: 01454455     EISSN: 15524167     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0145445510383525     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
2. Anderson, A.G., Hodge, K.B., Lavallee, D., & Martin, S.B. (2004). New Zealand athletes' attitudes towards seeking sport psychology consultation. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33, 129-136.
3. Anderson, M.B. (2005). Doing sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
4. Bradley, M.M., & Lang, P.J. (2000). Measuring emotion: Behavior, feeling and physiology. In R. D. Lane & L. Nadell (Eds.), Neuroscience of emotions (pp. 242-276). New York, NY: Oxford Press.
5. Brooks, J.E., & Bull, S.J. (1999). Perceptions of the sport psychologist by female university athletes. Journal of Sport Sciences, 17, 205-212.
6. Burton, D. (1990). Multimodel stress management in sport. Current status and future directions. In J. G. Jones & L. Hardy (Eds.), Stress and performance in sport (pp. 247-277). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
7. Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59, 614-625.
8. Crocker, R.E., Kowalski, K.C., & Graham, T.R. (2002). Emotional control and intervention. In J. M. Silva & D. E. Stevens (Eds.), Psychological foundations of sport (pp. 155-176). Toronto, Canada: Allyn & Bacon.
9. Dosil, J. (2005). The sport psychologist's handbook: A guide for sport-specific performance enhancement. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley.
10. Easterbrook, J.A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183-201.
11. Ellis, A. (1982). Self-direction in sport and life. In T. Orlick, J. Partington, & J. Salmela (Eds.), Mental training for coaches and athletes (pp. 10-17). Ottawa, Ontario: Coaches Association of Canada.
12. Ferraro, T., & Rush, S. (2000). Why athletes resist sport psychology. Athletic Insight, 2, 9-14.
13. Gardner, F.L. (2001). Applied sport psychology in professional sports: The team psychologist. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 1, 34-39.
14. Hanin, Y.L. (1995). Individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) model: An idiographic approach to performance anxiety. In K. P. Henschen & W. F. Straub (Eds.), Sport psychology: An analysis of athlete behavior (3rd ed., pp. 103-119). Ithaca, NY: Movement.
15. Hardy, L. (1997). Three myths about applied constancy work. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 277-294.
16. Hardy, L., Jones, J.G., & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport: Theory and practice of elite performers. London, UK: Wiley.
17. Jones, J.G. (1990). A cognitive perspective on the processes underlying the relationship between stress and performance in sport. In J. G. Jones & L. Hardy (Eds.), Stress and performance in sport (pp. 17-42). New York, NY: Wiley.
18. Keinan, G. (1987). Decision making under stress: Scanning of alternatives under controllable and uncontrollable threats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 639-644.
19. Kleine, D. (1990). Anxiety and sport performance: A meta-analysis. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 2, 113-131.
20. Kukolj, M., Ropret, R., Ugarkovic, D., & Jaric, S. (1999). Anthropometric, strength and power predictors of sprinting performance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 39, 120-122.
21. Kumagai, K., Abe, T., Brechue, W.F., Ryushi, T., Takano, S., & Mizuno, M. (2000). Sprint performance is related to muscle facile length in 100m sprinters. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, 811-816.
22. Kushner, M.J., & Sher, K.J. (1989). Fear of psychological treatment and its relation to mental health service avoidance. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 251-257.
23. Leith, K.P., & Baumeister, R.F. (1996). Why do bad moods increase self defeating behavior: Emotion, risk-taking and self regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1250-1267.
24. Lazarus, R. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
25. Linder, D.E., Brewer, B.W., Van Raalte, J.L., & DeLange, N. (1991). A negative halo for athletes who consult sport psychologists: Replications and extension. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 13, 133-148.
26. Mainar, S.D., Curry, L.A., Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Walsh, J.A. (2001). Student-athlete preferences in seeking help when confronted with sport performance problems. Sport Psychologist, 15, 205-233.
27. Martens, R., Vealey, R.S., & Burton, D. (1990). Competitive anxiety in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
28. Martin, S.B. (2005). High school and college athletes' attitudes toward sport psychology consulting. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 127-139.
29. Martin, S.B., Akers, A., Jackson, A.W., Wrisberg, C.A., Nelson, L., Leslie, P.J., & Leidig, L. (2001). Male and female athletes' and non-athletes' expectations about sport psychology consulting. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 18-39.
30. Martin, S.B., Kellmann, M., Lavallee, D., & Page, S.J. (2002). The development and psychometric evaluation of the Sport Psychology Attitudes-Revised form: A multiple group investigation. Sport Psychologist, 16, 272-290.
31. Mathew, R.J., & Wilson, W.H. (1990). Anxiety and cerebral blood flow. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 838-849.
32. Meckel, Y., Atterbom, H., Grodjinovsky, A., Ben-Sira, D., & Rotstein, A. (1995). Physiological characteristics of female 100 meter sprinters of different performance levels. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 35, 169-175.
33. Oxendine, J.B. (1970). Emotional arousal and motor performance. Quest, 13, 23-32.
34. Pain, M.A., & Harwood, C.G. (2004). Knowledge and perceptions of sport psychology within English soccer. Journal of Sport Sciences, 22, 813-826.
35. Ravizza, K. (1988). Gaining entry with athletic personnel for season-long consulting. Sport Psychologist, 2, 243-254.
36. Smith, R.E., Smoll, F.L., & Schutz, R.W. (1990). Measurement and correlates of sport-specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: The sport anxiety scale. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 2, 263-280.
37. Spielberger, C.D. (1966). Theory and research on anxiety. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety and behavior (pp. 3-20). New York, NY: Academic Press.
38. Van Raalte, J.L., Brewer, B.W., Linder, D.E., & DeLange, N. (1990). Perceptions of the sport-oriented professional: A multidimensional scaling analysis. Sport Psychologist, 4, 228-234.
39. Van Raalte, J.L., Brewer, D.D., Brewer, B.W., & Linder, D.E. (1993). Sport psychologists' perceptions of sport and mental health practitioners. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 5, 222-233.
40. Van Raalte, J.L., Brewer, D.D., Matheson, H., & Brewer, B.W. (1996). British athletes' perceptions of sport and mental health practitioners. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8, 102-108.
41. Weyand, P.G., Cureton, K.G., Conley, D.S., Sloniger, M.A., & Liu, Y.L. (1994). Peak oxygen deficit predicts sprint and middle-distance track performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 26, 1174-1180.
42. Yerkes, R.M., & Dodson, J.D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus and rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459-482.
43. Zakrajsek, R.A., & Zizzi, S.J. (2007). Factors influencing track and swimming coaches' intentions to use sport psychology services. Athletic Insight, 19, 1-21.
44. Zatsiorsky, V.M., & Kraemer, W.J. (2006). Science and practice of strength training (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
45. Ziegler, S.G. (1987). Negative thought stopping: A key to performance enhancement. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 58, 66-69.
46. Zinsser, N., Bunker, L., & Williams, J.M. (1998). Cognitive techniques for building confidence and enhancing performance. In J. M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (pp. 270-295). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.