Are traumatic events necessary to elicit symptoms of posttraumatic stress?

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 71-76

  Robinson, Jordan S ^a   Larson, Christine ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MILWAUKEE   (United States)

Author keywords

life events; life stress; PCL; posttraumatic stress; PTSD

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957878349     PISSN: 19429681     EISSN: 1942969X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0018954     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 3rd ed. 1980 Author Washington, DC
2. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th ed., text rev. 2000 Author Washington, DC
3. C. Avina, W. O'Donohue Sexual harassment and PTSD: Is sexual harassment diagnosable trauma? Journal of Traumatic Stress 15 2002 69 75
4. M. Bedard-Gilligan, L.A. Zoellner The utility of A1 and A2 criteria in the diagnosis of PTSD Behaviour Research and Therapy 46 2008 1062 1069
5. E.B. Blanchard, J. Jones-Alexander, T.C. Buckley, C.A. Forneris Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) Behaviour Research and Therapy 34 8 1996 669 673
6. J.A. Bodkin, H.G. Pope, M.J. Detke, J.I. Hudson Is PTSD caused by traumatic stress? Journal of Anxiety Disorders 21 2007 176 182
7. N. Breslau, G.C. Davis Posttraumatic stress disorder: The stressor criterion Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175 1987 255 264
8. N. Breslau, G.C. Davis, P. Andreski, E. Peterson Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults Archives of General Psychiatry 48 1991 216 222
9. J.D. Brown, K.L. McGill The cost of good fortune: When positive life events produce negative health consequences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 6 1989 1103 1110
10. F.M. Dattilio Extramarital affairs: The much-overlooked PTSD Behavior Therapist 27 2004 76 78
11. S.D. Gold, B.P. Marx, J.M. Soler-Baillo, D.M. Sloan Is life stress more traumatic than traumatic stress? Journal of Anxiety Disorders 19 2005 687 698
12. S. Joseph, H. Mynard, M. Mayall Life-events and post-traumatic stress in a sample of English adolescents Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 10 2000 475 482
13. D.G. Kilpatrick, H.S. Resnick, J.R. Freedy, D. Pelcovitz, P. Resick, S. Roth Posttraumatic stress disorder field trial: Evaluation of the PTSD construct criteria A through E T.A. Widiger A.J. Frances H.A. Pincus R. Ross M.B. First W. Davis M. Kline DSM-IV sourcebook 4 1998 American Psychiatric Press Washington DC 803 841
14. M.E. Long, J.D. Elhai, A. Schweinle, A.L. Gray, C.B. Frueh Differences in posttraumatic stress disorder diagnostic rates and symptom severity between Criterion A1 and non-Criterion A1 stressors Journal of Anxiety Disorders 22 2008 1255 1263
15. R.J. McNally Progress and controversy in the study of posttraumatic stress disorder Annual Review of Psychology 54 2003 229 252
16. S.S. Mol, A.M. Arntz, J.F. Metsemakers, G. Dinant, P.A. Vilters-Van Montfort, J.A. Knottnerus Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after non-traumatic events: Evidence from an open population study British Journal of Psychiatry 186 2005 494 499
17. D. Ribbe Psychometric review of Traumatic Screening Instrument B.H. Stamm Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation 1996 Sidran Press Lutherville, MD 386 387
18. I.G. Sarason, J.H. Johnson, J.M. Siegel Assessing the impact of life changes: Development of the Life Experiences Survey Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 46 1978 932 946
19. P.P. Schnurr, A. Spiro, M.J. Vielhauer, M.N. Findler, J.L. Hamblen Trauma in the lives of older men: Findings from the normative aging study Journal of Clinical Geropsychology 8 2002 175 187
20. R.L. Spitzer, M.B. First, J.C. Wakefield Saving PTSD from itself in DSM-V Journal of Anxiety Disorders 21 2007 233 241
21. F. Weathers, J. Ford Psychometric review of PTSD Checklist (PCL-C, PCL-S, PCL-M, and PCL-PR) B.H. Stamm Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation 1996 Sidran Press Lutherville, MD 250 251
22. F.W. Weathers, T.M. Keane The criterion A problem revisited: Controversies and challenges in defining and measuring psychological trauma Journal of Traumatic Stress 20 2007 107 121