Treating mixed hyperlipidemia and the atherogenic lipid phenotype for prevention of cardiovascular events

American Journal of Medicine

Volumn 123, Issue 10, 2010, Pages 892-898

  Rubenfire, Melvyn ^a   Brook, Robert D ^a   Rosenson, Robert S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherogenic lipid phenotype; Coronary disease prevention; Mixed hyperlipidemia

Indexed keywords

ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; EZETIMIBE; FENOFIBRIC ACID; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FISH OIL; GEMFIBROZIL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; LAROPIPRANT; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; NICOTINIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PLACEBO; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; CLOFIBRIC ACID;

ATHEROGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIVER TOXICITY; MIXED HYPERLIPIDEMIA; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; MYALGIA; MYOSITIS; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SIDE EFFECT; STROKE; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DRUG COMBINATION; DRUG EFFECTS; GENETICS; HYPERLIPIDEMIA, FAMILIAL COMBINED; LIPID METABOLISM; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; CLOFIBRIC ACID; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; HYPERLIPIDEMIA, FAMILIAL COMBINED; LIPID METABOLISM; NIACIN; PHENOTYPE; RISK FACTORS; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR;

EID: 77957792308     PISSN: 00029343     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.03.024     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. S.C. Smith, J. Allen, and S. Blair AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute J Am Coll Cardiol 47 2006 2130 2139 (Pubitemid 44275145)
2. J.D. Brunzell, M. Davidson, and C.D. Furburg Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk J Am Coll Cardiol 51 2008 1512 1524
3. J.G. Robinson, S. Wang, B.J. Smith, and T.A. Jacobson Meta-analysis of the relationship between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and coronary heart disease risk J Am Coll Cardiol 53 2009 316 322
4. J.J.P. Kastelein, W.A. van der Steeg, and I. Holme Lipids, apolipoproteins, and their ratios in relation to cardiovascular events with statin treatment Circulation 117 2008 3002 3009
5. The Heart Protection Study Investigators MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial Lancet 360 2002 7 22
6. P.M. Ridker, E. Danielson, and F.A. Fonseca Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein N Engl J Med 359 2008 2195 2207
7. C.P. Cannon, B.A. Steinberg, and S.A. Murphy Meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes trials comparing intensive versus moderate statin therapy J Am Coll Cardiol 48 2006 438 445
8. C. Baigent, A. Keech, Kearney Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins Lancet 371 2008 117 125
9. P.M. Kearney, L. Blackwell, and R. Collins Efficacy of cholesterol lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis Lancet 371 2008 117 125
10. H.R. Superko, and S. King Lipid management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a new strategy is required Circulation 117 2008 560 568
11. M. Miller, C.P. Cannon, and S.A. Murphy Impact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial J Am Coll Cardiol 51 2008 724 730
12. P. Barter, A.M. Gotto, and J.C. LaRosa HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events N Engl J Med 357 2007 1301 1310
13. S.J. Nicholls, E.M. Tuzcu, and I. Sipahi Statins, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and regression of coronary atherosclerosis JAMA 297 2007 499 508
14. G.B. Brown, X.Q. Zhao, and A. Chait Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease N Engl J Med 345 2001 1583 1592
15. M.H. Davidson, K.C. Maki, and T.A. Pearson RESULTS: of the National Cholesterol Education (NCEP) Program Evaluation Project Utilizing Novel E-Technology (NEPTUNE) II survey and implications for treatment under the recent NCEP Writing Group recommendations Am J Cardiol 96 2005 556 563
16. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin N Engl J Med 346 2002 393 403
17. C.D. Gardner, A. Kiazand, and S. Alhassan Comparison of Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women JAMA 297 2007 969 977
18. M.A. Roussell, and Kris-Etherton Effects of lifestyle intervention on high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels J Clin Lipidol 1 2007 65 73
19. J.L. Johnson, C.A. Slentz, and J.A. Houmard Exercise training amount and intensity on metabolic syndrome (from Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise Am J Cardiol 100 2007 1759 1766
20. J.C. LaRosa, S.M. Grundy, D.D. Waters Treating to Targets (TNT) Investigators Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease N Engl J Med 352 2005 1 11
21. P. Deedwania, P. Barter, R. Carmena Treating to New Targets Investigators Reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: analysis of the Treating to New Targets Study Lancet 368 2006 919 928 (Pubitemid 44331360)
22. D.B. Hunninghake, E.A. Stein, and H.E. Bays Rosuvastatin improves the atherogenic and atheroprotective lipid profiles in patients with hypertriglyceridemia Coron Artery Dis 15 2004 115 123
23. Coronary Drug Project Research Group Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease JAMA 231 1975 360 381
24. P.L. Canner, K.G. Berge, and N.K. Wenger Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin J Am Coll Cardiol 8 1986 1245 1255
25. P.L. Canner, C.D. Furberg, and M.E. McGovern Benefits of niacin in patients with versus without the metabolic syndrome and healed myocardial infarction (from the Coronary Drug Project) Am J Cardiol 97 2006 477 479
26. R.S. Rosenson Antiatherothrombotic effects of nicotinic acid Atherosclerosis 171 2003 87 96
27. M. Rubenfire IMPACT Study Group Safety and compliance with once-daily niacin extended-release/lovastatin as Initial Therapy in the Impact of Medical Subspecialty on Patient Compliance to Treatment (IMPACT) Study Am J Cardiol 94 2004 306 311
28. A. Goldberg, P. Alagona Jr, and D.M. Capuzzi Multiple-dose efficacy and safety of an extended-release form of niacin in the management of hyperlipidemia Am J Cardiol 85 2000 1100 1105
29. S.M. Grundy, G.L. Vega, M.E. McGovern Diabetes Multicenter Research Group Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once daily niacin for the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes Arch Intern Med 162 2002 1568 1576
30. C.M. Ballantyne, M.H. Davidson, and J. McKenney Comparison of the efficacy and safety of combination tablet of niacin extended-release and simvastatin with simvastatin monotherapy: the SEACOAST II (high-dose) study J Clin Lipidol 2 2008 79 90
31. G. Brown, J.J. Albers, and L.D. Fisher Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B N Engl J Med 323 1990 1289 1298
32. A.J. Taylor, T.C. Villines, and E.J. Stanek Extended-release niacin or ezetimibe and carotid intima-media thickness N Engl J Med 361 2009 1 10
33. Niacin Plus Statin to Prevent Vascular Events AIM-HIGH http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00120289 Accessed August 4, 2010
34. Treatment of HDL to reduce the incidence of vascular events HPS2-THRIVE http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00461630 Accessed July 19, 2010
35. M.L. Burr, A.M. Fehily, and J.F. Gilbert Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction; diet and reinfarction trial (DART) Lancet 334 1989 757 761
36. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarcto miocardico Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: RESULTS: of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial Lancet 354 1999 447 455
37. GISSI-HF investigators Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Lancet 372 2008 9645 1223-1230
38. Y. Saito, Y. Mitsuhiro, and H. Origasa Effects of EPA on coronary artery disease in hypercholesterolemic patients with multiple risk factors: sub-analysis of primary prevention cases from the Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS) Atherosclerosis 200 2008 135 140
39. E.M. Balk, A.H. Lichtenstein, and M. Chung Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review Atherosclerosis 189 2006 19 30
40. M.H. Davidson Mechanisms for the hypotriglyceridemic effect of marine omega-3 fatty acids Am J Cardiol 98 suppl 2006 27i 33i
41. M.H. Davidson, K.C. Maki, and H. Bays Effects of prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters on lipoprotein particle concentrations, apolipoproteins AI and CIII, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass in statin-treated subjects with hypertriglyceridemia J Clin Lipidol 3 2009 332 340
42. R.S. Rosenson Fenofibrate: treatment of hyperlipidemia and beyond Exp Rev Cardiovasc Ther 6 2008 1319 1330
43. S.A. Saha, L.G. Kizhakepunner, A. Bahekar, and R.R. Arora The role of fibrates in the prevention of cardiovascular disease-a pooled metaanalysis of long-term randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials Am Heart J 154 2007 943 953
44. M. Usman, and R. Peter Fibrate therapy: safety considerations Curr Opin Lipidol 18 2007 702 704
45. M.H. Frick, O. Elo, and K. Haapa Helsinki Heart Study: a primary prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia; safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease N Engl J Med 317 1987 1237 1245
46. S.J. Robins, D. Collins, and J.T. Witte Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events: VA-HIT: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 285 2001 1585 1591
47. H.B. Rubins, S.J. Robins, and D. Collins Diabetes, plasma insulin, and cardiovascular disease: subgroup analysis from the Department of Veterans Affairs high-density lipoprotein intervention (VA-HIT) Arch Intern Med 162 2002 2597 2604
48. L. Reyderman, T. Kosoglou, and P. Statkevich Assessment of a multiple-dose drug interaction between ezetimibe, a novel selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor and gemfibrozil Int J Clin Pharm Ther 42 2004 512 518
49. The FIELD study investigators Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised control trial Lancet 366 2005 1849 1861
50. NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre Fenofibrate reduces the risk of amputations in patients with type 2 diabetes http://www.fieldstudy.info/investigators/CTC- PR-2008.asp Accessed August 15, 2010
51. D.L. Tribble, M. Farnier, and G. Macdonell Effects of fenofibrate and ezetimibe, both as monotherapy and in coadministration, on cholesterol mass within lipoprotein subfractions and low-density lipoprotein peak particle size in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia Metab Clin Exp 57 2008 796 801
52. K.K. Koh, M.J. Quon, and S.H. Han Additive beneficial effects of fenofibrate combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of combined hyperlipidemia J Am Coll Cardiol 45 2005 1649 1653
53. C.R. Harper, and T.A. Jacobson The broad spectrum of statin myopathy: from myalgia to rhabdomyolysis Curr Opin Lipidol 18 2007 401 408
54. D.L. McClure, R.J. Valuck, and M. Glanz Statin and statinfibrate use was significantly associated with increased myositis risk in a managed care population J Clin Epidemiol 60 2007 812 818
55. H.E. Bays, P.H. Jones, and S.M. Mohiuddin Long-term safety and efficacy of fenofibric acid in combination with statin therapy for the treatment of patients with mixed dyslipidemia J Clin Lipidol 2 2008 426 435
56. H.N. Ginsberg, M.B. Elam, L.C. Lovato ACCORD Study Group Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus N Engl J Med 362 2010 1563 1574
57. B.M. Psaty, C.D. Furberg, W.A. Ray, and N.S. Weiss Potential for conflict of interest in the evaluation of suspected adverse drug reactions: use of cerivastatin and risk of rhabdomyolysis JAMA 292 2004 2622 2631
58. P.M. Ho, D.J. Magid, and S.M. Shetterly Medication nonadherence is associated with a broad range of adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease Am Heart J 155 2008 772 779