Magmatic nickel sulfide mineralization in Zimbabwe: Review of deposits and development of exploration criteria for prospectivity analysis

Ore Geology Reviews

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 139-155

  Markwitz, V ^a   Maier, W D ^a,b   Gonzalez Alvarez I ^a,d   McCuaig, T C ^a   Porwal, A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

^c CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^d CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Archean greenstone belts; Mineral systems; Nickel sulfide deposits; Targeting criteria; Zimbabwe craton

Indexed keywords

ARCHEAN; CRUSTAL CONTAMINATION; FAULT ZONE; FLOOD BASALT; GEOLOGICAL SETTING; GREENSTONE BELTS; NICKEL SULFIDE; NICKEL SULFIDE DEPOSITS; OROGENIC BELTS; PROTEROZOIC; TARGETING CRITERIA; UPPER CRUST; ZIMBABWE; ZIMBABWE CRATON;

BASALT; DEPOSITS; LITHOLOGY; MINERALS; NATURAL RESOURCES EXPLORATION; NICKEL; SEDIMENTARY ROCKS; SILICATE MINERALS; SULFUR DEPOSITS;

NICKEL DEPOSITS;

ARCHEAN; CRUSTAL CONTAMINATION; FAULT ZONE; FLOOD BASALT; GREENSTONE BELT; IGNEOUS INTRUSION; MINERAL DEPOSIT; MINERAL EXPLORATION; MINERALIZATION; NICKEL; SULFIDE; UPPER CRUST;

GREAT DYKE; LIMPOPO; SOUTH AFRICA; ZIMBABWE;

EID: 77957788563     PISSN: 01691368     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.07.004     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Anderson I.G. The Empress nickel deposit, Zimbabwe. Mineral Deposits of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa 1986, 231-236. C.R. Anhaeusser, S. Maske (Eds.).
2. Arndt N.T., Bruzak G., Reischmann T. The oldest continental and oceanic plateaus-geochemistry of basalts and komatiites of the Pilbara craton. Mantle Plumes: Their Identification Through Time. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 352 2001, 359-387. R.E. Ernst, K.L. Buchan (Eds.).
3. Baglow N. The Epoch nickel deposit, Zimbabwe. Mineral Deposits of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa 1986, 255-262. C.R. Anhaeusser, S. Maske (Eds.).
4. Baglow N. The Geology of the Filabusi Greenstone Belt and the Surrounding Granitic Terrain. Geological Survey of Zimbabwe Bulletin 91 1998, 263 pp.
5. Baldock J.W. The Geology of the Harare Greenstone Belt and Surrounding Granitic Terrain. Zimbabwe Geological Survey Bulletin 94 1991, 213 pp.
6. Baldock J.W., Evans J.A. Constraints on the age of the Bulawayan Group metavolcanic sequence, Harare greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 1988, 7:795-804.
7. Barnes S.J., Hill R.E.T., Perring C.S., Dowling S.E. Lithogeochemical exploration for komatiite-associated Ni-sulfide deposits: strategies and limitations. Mineral. Petrol. 2004, 82:259-293.
8. Barnes S.J., Lesher C.M., Sproule R.A. Geochemistry of komatiites in the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane, Western Australia and the Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Canada, and implications for the distribution of associated Ni-Cu-PGE deposits. Appl. Earth Sci. 2007, 116:167-187.
9. Bartholomew D.S. Base metals and industrial mineral deposits of Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe Geological Survey. Mineral Resour. Ser. 1990, 22:1-154.
10. Berger M., Kramers J.D., Nägler T.F. An Archaean high grade province adjacent to a granite greenstone terrain: geochemistry and geochronology of charnoenderbites in the Northern Marginal Zone of the Limpopo Belt, Southern Africa and genetic models. Schweiz. Mineralog. Petrogr. Mitt. 1995, 75:17-42.
11. Bickle M.J., Martin A., Nisbet E.G. Basaltic and peridotitic komatiites and stromatolites above a basal unconformity in the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Rhodesia. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1975, 27:155-162.
12. Bickle M.J., Nisbet E.G., Martin A. Archaean greenstone belts are not oceanic crust. J. Geol. 1994, 102:121-138.
13. Birch G.J., Buchanan D.L. Controls on the distribution of nickel sulphide mineralization associated with the Madziwa mafic intrusion, Zimbabwe. Magmatic Sulphides - The Zimbabwe Volume. The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy 1989, 71-80. M.D. Prendergast, M.J. Jones (Eds.).
14. Blenkinsop T.G., Fedo C.M., Bickle M.J., Eriksson K.A., Martin A., Nisbet E.G., Wilson J.F. Ensialic origin for the Ngezi Group, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Geology 1993, 21:1135-1138.
15. Bolhar R., Woodhead J.D., Hergt J.M. Continental setting inferred for emplacement of the 2.9-2.7Ga Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe. Geology 2003, 31:295-298.
16. Bordy E.M., Catuneanu O. Sedimentology of the Beaufort-Molteno Karoo fluvial strata in the Tuli Basin, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2002, 105:51-66.
17. Campbell I.H. Identification of ancient mantle plumes. Mantle Plumes: Their Identification Through Time. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 2001, 325:5-21. R.E. Ernst, K.L. Buchan (Eds.).
18. Campbell S.D.G., Oesterlen P.M., Blenkinsop T.G., Pitfield P.E.J., Munyanyiwa H. A Provisional 1:2 500 000 Scale Tectonic Map and the Tectonic Evolution of Zimbabwe. Short Reports 1992, 51 pp.
19. Cassidy K.F., Champion D.C., Krapez B., Barley M.E., Brown S.J.A., Blewett R.S., Groenewald P.B., Tyler I.M. A Revised Geological Framework for the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. Department of Industry and Resources, Western Australia, Report 2006/8 2006, 8 pp.
20. Chauvel C., Dupre B., Arndt N.T. Pb and Nd isotopic correlation in Belingwe komatiites and basalts. In: Bickle, N.J., Nisbet, E.G. (Eds.), The Geology of the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe: A Study of the Evolution of Archaean Continental Crust. Geological Society of Zimbabwe, Special Publication 1993, 2:167-174.
21. Chimimba L.R. Geology and mineralization at Trojan nickel mine, Zimbabwe. 1984 1984, 147-156. D.L. Buchanan, M.J. Jones (Eds.).
22. Chimimba L.R. The Madziwa nickel-copper deposits, Zimbabwe. Mineral Deposits of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa 1986, 237-241. C.R. Anhaeusser, S. Maske (Eds.).
23. Chimimba L.R., Ncube S.M.N. Nickel sulphide mineralization at the Trojan mine, Zimbabwe. Mineral Deposits of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa 1986, 249-253. C.R. Anhaeusser, S. Maske (Eds.).
24. Clutten J.M., Foster R.P., Martin A. Nickel mineralization in Zimbabwe. Episodes 1981, 2:10-15.
25. Condie K.C. Supercontinents and superplume events: distinguishing signatures in the geological record. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 2004, 146:319-332.
26. Cox K.G. The Karoo Province. Continental Flood Basalts 1988, 239-271. Kluwer, Dordrecht. J.D. MacDougall (Ed.).
27. deWitt M.J., Ashwal L.D. Tectonic Evolution of Greenstone Belts. Oxford University Monograph on Geology and Geophysics 35 1997, 809 pp.
28. Dirks P.H.G.M. Accretion and stabilization of the Archean Zimbabwe Craton. Geologies en Mijnbouw 1998, 76:365-368.
29. Dirks P.H.G.M., Jelsma H.A. Horizontal accretion and stabilization of the Archean Zimbabwe Craton. Geology 1998, 26:11-14.
30. Dirks P.H.G.M., Jelsma H.A. Crust-mantle decoupling and the growth of the Archaean Zimbabwe craton. J. Earth Sci. 2002, 34:157-166.
31. Duncan R.A., Hooper P.R., Rehacek J., Marsh J.S., Duncan A.R. The timing and duration of the Karoo igneous event, southern Gondwana. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:18127-18138.
32. Eriksson K.A., Krapez B., Fralick P.W. Sedimentology of Archean greenstone belts - signatures of tectonic evolution. Earth Sci. Rev. 1994, 37:1-88.
33. Garson M.S., Mtsvanga N.A. The Geology of the Bulawayo Greenstone Belt and the Surrounding Granitic Terrain. Zimbabwe Geological Survey Bulletin 93 1995, 294 pp.
34. Hahn L. On the stratigraphy of the Palaeoproterozoic Deweras and Lomagundi Groups (Magondi Supergroup) in Zimbabwe. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2002, 105:193-204.
35. Hanson R.E., Wilson T.J., Wardlaw M.S. Deformed batholiths in the Pan-African Zambezi belt, Zambia: age and implications for regional Proterozoic tectonics. Geology 1988, 16:1134-1137.
36. Hanson R.E., Crowley J.L., Bowring S.A., Ramezani J., Gose W.A., Dalziel I.W.D., Pancake J.A., Seidel E.K., Blenkinsop T.G., Mukwakwami J. The age of the Umkondo Group, eastern Zimbabwe, and implications for palaeomagnetic correlations. Science 2004, 304:1126-1129.
37. Harrison N.M. The Geology of the Country Around Que Que. Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin 67 1970, 125 pp.
38. Hoatson D.M., Jaireth S., Jaques A.L. Nickel sulfide deposits in Australia: characteristics, resources, and potential. Ore Geol. Rev. 2006, 29:177-241.
39. Hoffman P.F. On accretion of granite-greenstone terranes. Greenstone Gold and Crustal Evolution. Geological Association of Canada 1991, 32-45. F. Robert, P. Skeahan, S. Green (Eds.).
40. Hofmann A., Bolhar R., Dirks P., Jelsma H. The geochemistry of Archaean shale's derived from a mafic volcanic sequence, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe: provenance, source area unroofing and submarine versus subaerial weathering. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2003, 67:421-440.
41. Hronsky J.M.A. The science of exploration targeting. SEG 2004 Predictive Mineral Discovery Under Cover. University of Western Australia and Centre for Global Metallogeny Publication 2004, 33:129-133. J. Muhling (Ed.).
42. Hunter M.A., Bickle M.J., Nisbet E.G., Martin A., Chapman H.J. Continental extensional setting for the Archean Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe. Geology 1998, 26:883-886.
43. Jacobs J., Bauer W., Fanning C.M. Late Neoproterozoic/Early Palaeozoic events in central Dronning Maud Land and significance for the southern extension of the East African Orogen into East Antarctica. Precambrian Res. 2003, 126:27-53.
44. Jaques A.L., Jaireth S., Walshe J.L. Mineral systems of Australia: an overview of resources, settings and processes. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 2002, 49:623-660.
45. Jelsma H.A., van der Beek P.A., Vinyu M.L. Tectonic evolution of the Bindura-Shamva greenstone belt (northern Zimbabwe): progressive deformation around diapiric batholiths. Struct. Geol. 1993, 15:163-176.
46. Jelsma H.A., Vinyu M.L., Valbracht P.J., Davies G.R., Wijbrans J.R., Verdurmen E.A.T. Constraints on Archaean crustal evolution of the Zimbabwe craton: a U-Pb zircon, Sm-Nd and Pb-Pb whole rock isotope study. Contrib. Mineralog. Petrol. 1996, 124:55-70.
47. Johnson S. A Kibaran-aged marginal basin and island-arc complex in northern Zimbabwe. Abstracts Volume IGCP 418/419 1999, 6. Geological Society of Zambia, Lusaka. B. De Waele, F. Tembo, R.M. Key (Eds.).
48. Jones D.L., Duncan R.A., Briden J.C., Randall D.E., MacNiocaill C. Age of Batoka basalts, Northern Zimbabwe, and the Duration of Karoo Large Igneous Province Magmatism. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2, 2000GC000110 2001.
49. Jourdan F., Feraud G., Bertrand H., Kampunzu A.B., Tshoso G., Watkeys M.K., LeGall B. Karoo large igneous province: brevity, origin, and relation to mass extinction questioned by new 40Ar/39Ar age data. Geology 2005, 33:745-748.
50. Jourdan F., Bertrand H., Schaerer U., Blichert-Toft J., Feraud G., Kampunzu A.B. The Karoo Large Igneous Province: Lithosphere Versus Mantle Plume Contribution. www.mantleplumes.org 2007.
51. Kampunzu A.B., Tombale A.R., Zhai M., Bagai Z., Majaule T., Modisi M.P. Major and trace element geochemistry of plutonic rocks from Francistown, NE Botswana: evidence for a Neoarchaean continental active margin in the Zimbabwe craton. Lithos 2003, 71:431-460.
52. Kerrich R., Goldfarb R.J., Richards J.P. Metallogenic provinces in an evolving geodynamic framework. Econ. Geol. 100th Anniversary Volume 2005, 1097-1136.
53. Killik A.M. The Damba sulphide nickel deposits, Zimbabwe. Mineral Deposits of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa 1986, 263-273. C.R. Anhaeusser, S. Maske (Eds.).
54. Knox-Robinson C.M., Wyborn L.A.I. Towards a holistic exploration strategy: using geographic information systems as tool to enhance exploration. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 1997, 44:453-463.
55. Krapez B., Brown S.J.A., Hand J., Barley M.E., Cas R.A.F. Age constraints on recycled crustal and supracrustal sources of Archaean metasedimentary sequences, Eastern Goldfields Province, Western Australia: evidence from SHRIMP zircon dating. Tectonophysics 2000, 322:89-133.
56. Kusky T.M., Kidd W.S.F. Remnants of an Archean oceanic plateau, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Geology 1992, 20:43-46.
57. Kusky T.M., Winsky P.A. Structural relationships along a greenstone / shallow water shelf contact, Belingwe greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Tectonics 1995, 14:448-471.
58. Li C., Ripley E.M. Empirical equations to predict the sulfur content of mafic magmas at sulfide saturation and applications to magmatic sulfide deposits. Miner. Deposita 2005, 40:218-230.
59. Li C., Maier W.D., de Waal S.A. Magmatic Ni-Cu versus PGE deposits: contrasting genetic controls and exploration implications. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2001, 104:309-318.
60. Li C., Xu Z., de Waal S.A., Ripley E.M., Maier W.D. Compositional variations of olivine from the Jinchuan Ni-Cu sulfide deposit, western China: implications for ore genesis. Miner. Deposita 2004, 39:159-172.
61. Lightfoot P.C. Advances in Ni-Cu-PGE sulphide deposit models and implications for exploration technologies. Ore Deposits and Exploration Technology. Proceedings of Exploration 07, Fifth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration 2007, 629-646. B. Milkereit (Ed.).
62. Macgregor A.M. The Geology of the Country Around Hunters Road, Gwelo District. Southern Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin 31 1937, 78 pp.
63. Mackie T.A., Ferrerira C.A.M., Finnemore S. The geology and exploration of the Matopos Dam nickel-copper occurrence, Zimbabwe. Mineral Deposits of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa 1986, 275-279. C.R. Anhaeusser, S. Maske (Eds.).
64. Maiden K.J., Chimimba L.R., Smalley T.J. Cuspate ore-wall rock interfaces, piercement structures and the localization of some sulfide ores in deformed sulfide deposits. Econ. Geol. 1986, 81:1464-1472.
65. Maier W.D. Magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits in southern and central Africa: recent exploration activities. Geol. Soc. Aust. Abstr. 2004, 73:9.
66. Maier W.D., Barnes S.-J., Chinyepi G., Barton J.M., Eglington B., Setshedi I. The composition of magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulfide deposits in the Tati and Selebi-Phikwe belts of eastern Botswana. Miner. Deposita 2007, 43:37-60.
67. Majaule T., Hanson R.E., Key R.M., Singletary S.J., Martin M.W., Bowring S.A. The Magondi Belt in northeast Botswana: regional relations and new geochronological data from the Sua Pan area. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2001, 32:257-267.
68. Mänttäri I. Mesoarchean to lower Jurassic U-Pb and Sm-Nd ages from NW Mocambique. Introduction to GTK Projects in Mozambique 2002-2007. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48, GTK Consortium, Geological Surveys in Mocambique, 2002-2007 2008, 81-119. Y. Pekkala, T. Lehto, H. Mäkitie (Eds.).
69. Martin A. The Geology of the Belingwe-Shabani Schist Belt. Geological Survey of Rhodesia Bulletin 83 1978, 220 pp.
70. Martin A., Nisbet E.G., Bickle M.J., Orpen J.L. Rock units and stratigraphy of the Belingwe Greenstone Belt: the complexity of the tectonic setting. In: The Geology of the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe. Special Publication of the Geological Society of Zimbabwe 1993, 2:39-68. M.J. Bickle, E.G. Nisbet (Eds.).
71. Mason R. The Limpopo Mobile Belt - Southern Africa. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 1973, 273:463-485.
72. McCuaig T.C.M, Beresford S.W., Hronsky J. Translating the mineral systems approach into an effective exploration targeting system. Ore Geology Reviews 2010, 38:128-138.
73. Mcgregor A.M. Some milestones in the Precambrian of Southern Rhodesia. Proc. Geol. Soc. South Africa 1951, 54:27-71.
74. Mukasa S.B., Wilson A.H., Carlson R.W. A multielement geochronologic study of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe: significance of the robust and reset ages. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1998, 164:353-369.
75. Munyanyiwa H., Kröner A., Jaeckel P. U-Pb and Pb-Pb single zircon ages for charno-enderbites from the Magondi mobile belt, northwest Zimbabwe. S. Afr. J. Geol. 1995, 98:52-57.
76. Nägler T.F., Kramers J.D., Kamber B.S., Frei R., Prendergast M.D. Growth of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath Zimbabwe started at or before 3.8Ga: Re-Os study on chromites. Geology 1997, 25:983-986.
77. Naldrett A.J. Magmatic Sulfide Deposits: Geology, Geochemistry and Exploration 2004, Springer, Berlin, 728pp.
78. Nisbet E.G., Martin A., Bickle M.J., Orpen J.L. The Ngezi Group: komatiites, basalts, and stromatolites on continental crust. The Geology of the Belingwe Greenstone Belt 1993, 121-165. Zimbabwe. Special Publication, Geological Society of Zimbabwe. M.J. Bickle, E.G. Nisbet (Eds.).
79. Oberthür T., Blenkinsop T.G., Hein U.F., Hoeppner M., Hoehndorf A., Weiser T.W. Gold mineralization in the Mazowe area, Harare-Bindura-Shamva greenstone belt, Zimbabwe: II. Genetic relationships deduced from mineralogical, fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies, and the Sm-Nd isotopic composition of scheelites. Miner. Deposita 2000, 35:138-156.
80. Oberthür T., Davis D.W., Blenkinsop T.G., Höhndorf A. Precise U-Pb mineral ages, Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd systematics for the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe: constraints on late Archean events in the Zimbabwe craton and Limpopo belt. Precambrian Res. 2002, 113:293-305.
81. Oliver G.J.H., Johnson S.P., Williams I.S., Herd D.A. Relict 1.4Ga oceanic crust in the Zambezi Valley, northern Zimbabwe: evidence for Mesoproterozoic supercontinental fragmentation. Geology 1998, 26:571-573.
82. Pekkala Y., Lehto T., Lehtonen M.I. Introduction to GTK Projects in Mozambique 2002-2007. Geol. Surv. Finland Spec. Pap. 2008, 48:7-22.
83. Phaub A.E. The Geology of the Lower Gwanda Gold Belt. Southern Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin 24 1933, 74 pp.
84. Prendergast M.D. Komatiite-hosted Hunters Road nickel deposit, central Zimbabwe: physical volcanology and sulphide genesis. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 2001, 48:681-694.
85. Prendergast M.D. The nickeliferous late Archean komatiitic event in the Zimbabwe craton - magmatic architecture, physical volcanology, and ore genesis. Econ. Geol. 2003, 98:865-891.
86. Prendergast M.D. The Bulawayan Supergroup: a late Archean passive margin-related large igneous province in the Zimbabwe craton. J. Geol. Soc. 2004, 161:431-445.
87. Prendergast M.D. Archean komatiitic sill-hosted chromite deposits in the Zimbabwe Craton. Econ. Geol. 2008, 103:981-1004.
88. Renner R., Nisbet E.G., Cheadle M.J., Arndt N.T., Bickle M.J., Cameron W.E. Komatiite flows from the Reliance Formation, Belingwe Belt, Zimbabwe: I. Petrography and mineralogy. J. Petrol. 1994, 35:361-400.
89. Rigby M., Mouri H., Brandl G. A review of the pressure-temperature-time evolution of the Limpopo Belt: constraints for a tectonic model. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 2008, 50:120-132.
90. Robertson I.D.M., du Toit M.C. The Limpopo Belt. Precambrian of the Southern Hemisphere 1981, 641-671. Elsevier, Amsterdam. D.R. Hunter (Ed.).
91. Robertson I.D.M., van Breemen D. The southern satellite dykes of the Great Dyke, Rhodesia. Geol. Soc. South Africa Spec. Publ. 1970, 1:621-644.
92. Roering C., Van Reenen D.D., Smit C.A., Barton M.J., De Beer J.H., de Wit M.J., Stettler E.H., Van Schalkwyk J.F., Stevens G., Pretorius S. Tectonic model for the evolution of the Limpopo Belt. Precambrian Res. 1992, 55:539-552.
93. Rosengren N.M., Beresford S.W., Grguric B.A., Cas R.A.F. An intrusive origin for the komatiitic dunite-hosted Mount Keith disseminated nickel sulphide deposit, Western Australia. Econ. Geol. 2005, 100:149-156.
94. Schoenberg R., Nägler T.F., Gnos E., Kramers J.D., Kamber B.S. The source of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe, and its tectonic significance: evidence from Re-Os isotopes. J. Geol. 2003, 111:565-578.
95. Seat Z., Beresford S.W., Grguric B.A., Waugh R.S., Hronsky J.M.A., Gee M.A.M., Groves D.I., Mathison C.I. Architecture and emplacement of the Nebo-Babel gabbronorite-hosted magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulphide deposit. West Musgrave, Western Australia, Mineralium Deposita 2007, 42:551-581.
96. Shimizu K., Nakamura E., Maruyama S. The geochemistry of ultramafic to mafic volcanics from the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe: magmatism in an Archean continental large igneous province. J. Petrol. 2005, 46:2367-2394.
97. Sithole R.T. Geological Map of Zimbabwe. Hardcover Map, 7th Edition, 1:1000 000, Zimbabwe Geological Survey, Harare 1994.
98. Stowe C.W. The Geology of the Country South and West of Selukwe. Southern Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin 59 1968, 209 pp.
99. Stowe C.W. Chromite deposits of the Shurugwi greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Evolution of Chromium Ore Fields 1987, 71-88. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. C.W. Stowe (Ed.).
100. Stubbs H.M., Hall R.P., Hughes D.J., Nesbitt R.W. Evidence for a high Mg andesitic parental magma to the East and West satellite dykes of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe: a comparison with the continental tholeiitic Mashonaland sills. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 1999, 28:325-336.
101. Sutton E.R. The Geology of the Mafungabusi area. Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin 81 1979, 318 pp.
102. Thompson A.O. The Karoo Rocks in the Mazunga Area, Beitbridge District. Short Report 40, Rhodesia Geological Survey 1975, 79 pp.
103. Tomlinson K.Y., Condie K.C. Archaean mantle plumes: evidence from greenstone belt geochemistry. In: Ernst, R.E., Buchan, K.L. (Eds.), Mantle Plumes: Their Identification Through Time. Geological Society of America. Special Paper 2001, 352:341-357.
104. Treloar P.J. The geological evolution of the Magondi Mobile Belt, Zimbabwe. Precambrian Res. 1988, 38:55-73.
105. Tyndale-Biscoe R. The Geology of the Country Around Gwelo. Southern Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin 39 1949, 66 pp.
106. Viljoen M.J., Bernasconi A., van Coller N., Kinloch E., Viljoen R.P. The geology of the Shangani nickel deposit, Rhodesia. Econ. Geol. 1976, 71:76-95.
107. Ward, S.E., 2002. The petrogenesis of the Mesoproterozoic mafic dykes and sills of Zimbabwe. PhD-thesis, University of Portsmouth, June 2002, 383 pp.
108. Williams D.A.C. The association of some nickel sulfide deposits with komatiitic volcanism in Rhodesia. Can. Mineralog. 1979, 17:337-349.
109. Wilson J.F. The Geology of the Country Around Mashaba. Geological Survey of Rhodesia Bulletin 62 1968, 239 pp.
110. Wilson J.F. The Rhodesian Archaean craton - an essay in cratonic evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Ser. A Math. Phys. Sci. 1972, 273:389-411.
111. Wilson J.F. A preliminary reappraisal of the Rhodesian Basement Complex. In: Anhaeusser, C.R., Foster, R.P., Stratten, T. (Eds.), A Symposium on Mineral Deposits and the Transportation and Deposition of Metals. Geol. Soc. South Africa Spec. Publ. 1979, 5:1-24.
112. Wilson A.H. The geology of the Great 'Dyke,' Zimbabwe: the ultramafic rocks. J. Petrol. 1982, 23:240-292.
113. Wilson J.F. A craton and its cracks: some of the behaviour of the Zimbabwe block from the Late Archean to the Mesozoic in responses to horizontal movements, and the significance of some of its mafic dyke fracture patterns. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 1990, 10:483-501.
114. Wilson A.H., Prendergast M.D. Platinum-group element mineralisation in the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe, and its relationship to magma evolution and magma chamber structure. S. Afr. J. Geol. 2001, 104:319-342.
115. Wilson A.H., Tredoux M. Lateral and vertical distribution of platinum-group elements and petrogenetic controls on the sulfide mineralization in the P1 pyroxenite layer of the Darwendale Subchamber of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe. Econ. Geol. 1990, 85:556-584.
116. Wilson J.F., Bickle M.J., Hawkesworth C.J., Martin A., Nisbet E.G., Orpen J.L. Granite-greenstone terrains of the Rhodesian Archean Craton. Nature 1978, 271:23-27.
117. Wilson J.F., Jones D.L., Kramers J.D. Mafic dyke swarms in Zimbabwe. Mafic Dyke Swarms. Geological Association Canada, Special Paper 34 1987, 433-444. H.C. Halls, W.F. Fahrig (Eds.).
118. Wilson J.F., Nesbitt R.W., Fanning M. Zircon geochronology of Archaean felsic sequences in the Zimbabwe craton: a revision of greenstone stratigraphy and a model of crustal growth. In: Coward, M.P., Reis, A.C. (Eds.), Early Precambrian Processes. Geol. Soc. Spec. Pub. 1995, 95:109-126.
119. Wingate M.T.D. Ion microprobe U-Pb zircon and baddeleyite ages for the Great Dyke and its satellite dykes, Zimbabwe. South African J. Sci. 2000, 103:74-80.
120. Wyborn L.A.I., Heinrich C.A., Jaques A.L. Australian Proterozoic mineral systems: essential ingredients and mappable criteria. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Special Publication 1994, 5:109-115.