Reconceptualizing the republic: Diversity and education in France, 1945-2008

Journal of Interdisciplinary History

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 97-115

  Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoǧlu ^a   Szakács, Simona ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957747990     PISSN: 00221953     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/jinh.2010.41.1.97     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. George M. Fredrickson, "Diverse Republics: French and American Responses to Racial Pluralism," Deadalus, CXXXIV (2005), 88-101.
2. Patrice Higonnet, Sister Republics: The Origins of French and American Republicanism (New York, 1988).
3. Adrian Favell, "Immigration, Migration and Free Movement in the Making of Europe," in Jeffrey C. Checkel and Peter J. Katzenstein (eds.), European Identity (New York, 2008).
4. Patrick Simon, "The Choice of Ignorance: The Debate on Ethnic and Racial Statistics in France," French Politics, Culture and Society, XXVI (2008), 7-31.
5. The broader research project from which this article derives-"Teaching 'Good Citizen' and 'Good Society' in Europe and East Asia: A Longitudinal and Comparative Analysis of European and Asian Curricula and Textbooks"-encompasses the case countries of England, Germany, France and China, Japan, and Korea, tracking changes since 1945.
6. In secondary schools, history and geography are treated as one subject, taught by one teacher, with one textbook (usually divided into two parts).
7. See Programmes du collège; Programmes de l'enseignement d'histoire-géographie-éducation civique, at http://www.education.gouv.fr/cid22116/mene0817481a.html, 1, 3.
8. Histoire et Géographie, Instructions et programmes, Enseignement de l'histoire dans les établissements du second degré, Instructions du 7 mai 1963.
9. Histoire, Géographie, Économie, Éducation civique, Classes des Collèges (Paris, 1979).
10. Enseigner au college. Histoire-Géographie. Éducation Civique. Programmes et Accompagnement (Paris, 2004), 14.
11. e: Livre de l'élève (Paris, 1996), 96.
12. e: Livre de l'élève (Paris, 1996), 93.
13. e: Livre de l'élève (Paris, 1996), 96.
14. e: Livre de l'élève (Paris, 1996), 75.
15. Hubert Neant, Anne-Marie Tourillon, and Arlette Heymann-Doat, Éducation civique: Demain, citoyens 4e (Paris, 1998), 78-79.
16. e (Paris, 1994), 230, 231.
17. e: Livre de l'élève (Paris, 1997), 36.
18. e: Livre de l'élève (Paris, 1997), 148-161 (quotation, 159).
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28. e: Le Monde Actuel (Paris, 1999), 182-183.
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32. See also the dossier, "France and Africa after 1960."
33. e (Paris, 1999), 151.
34. In 2005, the government introduced an Act to recognize the contribution of French returnees (pied noir) from North Africa. One of the Articles, consequently dropped amid extensive protest-particularly from historians-was the required teaching of "the positive role played by the French presence overseas.".
35. See Valerie Sala Pala and Patrick Simon, "The Political and Policy Responses to Migration-Related Diversity in the French Education System," paper prepared for emilie project, WP3, deliverable D4, 2007.
36. e (Horaires, objectifs, programmes, instructions) (Paris, 1989), 19.
37. e: Documents et exercices (Paris, 1996), 10.
38. e (Paris, 1999), 19.
39. e (Paris, 1999), 15.
40. e (Paris, 1999), 11.
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44. e, 184-185, 187-189.
45. e, 152-153.
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54. e, 82-85.
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56. e (Paris, 1997), 23.
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58. See François Audigier,"L'éducation civique dans l'école française" (Civic Education in French Schools), Journal of Social Science Education, II (2002), at http://www.sowionlinejournal. de/2002-2/france_audigier.htm.
59. Horaires et programmes de l'enseignement du second degré (Paris, 1959), 32.
60. Horaires, Programmes, Instructions, Instruction civique (Paris, 1970).
61. Pierre Brétillot, Instruction civique (Paris, 1968), 3.
62. Horaires, Programmes, Instructions, Instruction civique.
63. Between 1975 and 1985, a series of international-action programs and directives promoted "intercultural education" in schools as a way to recognize the value of different cultures and create mutual understanding between cultures-the 1976 un resolution on "action programs for migrant workers and their families," the 1981 eu Council directive on "the education of the children of migrant workers," and the 1984 Council of Europe Committee of Minister's recommendation "on the training of teachers in education for intercultural understanding.".
64. The introduction of "intercultural education" in France developed in conjunction with these international guidelines (see Sala Pala and Simon, "Political and Policy Responses").
65. Enseigner au collège, 37.
66. In broad terms, the laicity principle refers to the secular character of a society, that is, to the separation of church and state. However, in the French case, laicity has a peculiar meaning related to the ideals of the French Revolution and the creation of compulsory, nonclerical, public schooling by the Jules Ferry laws of the Third Republic.
67. Allaire et al., Education civique 5: Documents et exercices (Paris, 1997), 18-28.
68. e, 38-39.
69. e, 52.
70. Programmes du collège, 26.
71. Fredrickson, "Diverse Republics".
72. John D. Skrentny, The Minority Rights Revolution (New York, 2002).
73. Linda Symcox, Whose history? The Struggle for National Standards in American Classrooms (New York, 2002).
74. Sala Pala and Simon, "Political and Policy Responses.".
75. EU immigration policy, first established in 1999, along with measures to manage migration flows, encourages member states to implement Article 13 of the EC (European Community) Treaty in the fight against racism and xenophobia.
76. http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/lisbon_strategy_en.htm.
77. Katinka Barysch, Simon Tilford, and Philip Whyte, The Lisbon Scorecard VIII: Is Europe Ready for an Economic Storm? (London, 2008), 116, at http://www.cer.org.uk/pdf/p_806_lisbon08.pdf.
78. In 2009, the Sarkozy government appointed a "commissioner for diversity" to present a bill making it legal to measure ethnic/religious origins.
79. The critics of this move include such organizations as SOS Racisme, an anti-discrimination group that sees "ethnic statistics" not only as anticonstitutional but also as potentially discriminatory.
80. See "To Count or Not To Count," The Economist, 26 March 2009, at http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id_13377324).