Liberalism and the limits of inclusion: Race and immigration law in the Americas, 1850-2000

Journal of Interdisciplinary History

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 7-25

  Cook Martín, David ^a   FitzGerald, David ^b  

^a GRINNELL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957727609     PISSN: 00221953     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/jinh.2010.41.1.7     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York, 1992).
2. Gary P. Freeman, "Modes of Immigration Politics in Liberal Democratic States," International Migration Review, XXIX (1995), 881-902.
3. Duvon Clough Corbitt, A Study of the Chinese in Cuba, 1847-1947 (Wilmore, Ky., 1971).
4. Moisés González Navarro, Los Extranjeros En México Y Los Mexicanos En El Extranjero, 1821-1970 (Mexico City, 1994).
5. Thomas Humphrey Marshall, Class, Citizenship, and Social Development Essays (Garden City, 1964).
6. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, 1991).
7. Abraham F. Lowenthal, Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America: Themes and Issues (Baltimore, 1991).
8. Tony Smith, America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, 1994).
9. 3 Some laws were written in strictly racial terms, categorizing potential entrants by phenotype and/or notions of immutable biological characteristics. Other laws were written in broader ethnic terms of ascriptive categorization in which biology per se did not necessarily constitute the grounds for making a group distinction. Most laws made exclusions based on nationality, though qualitative evidence shows that nationality was often a proxy for ethnicity broadly speaking and race in particular. For the restricted purposes of this paper, we consider race, ethnicity, and nationality as a group.
10. Carol A. Horton, Race and the Making of American Liberalism (New York, 2005).
11. James Foreman-Peck, "Political Economy of International Migration, 1815-1914," Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, LX (1992), 359-376.
12. Freeman, "Modes of Immigration Politics".
13. Christian Joppke, Selecting by Origin: Ethnic Migration in the Liberal State (Cambridge, Mass., 2005).
14. On the rhetoric of cultural assimilability, see Verena Stolcke, "Talking Culture: New Boundaries, New Rhetorics of Exclusion in Europe," Current Anthropology, XXXVI (1995), 1-24.
15. Daniel J. Tichenor, Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America (Princeton, 2002).
16. Kitty Calavita, Immigrants at the Margins: Law, Race, and Exclusion in Southern Europe (New York, 2005).
17. John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1994).
18. Foreman-Peck, "Political Economy of International Migration".
19. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass., 1992).
20. Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven, 1997).
21. Thomas Alexander Aleinikoff and Vincent Chetail, Migration and International Legal Norms (The Hague, 2003).
22. Aristide R. Zolberg, "The Great Wall against China," in Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen (eds.), Migration, Migration History, and History: New Perspectives (New York, 1997), 111-121.
23. Joppke, Selecting by Origin.
24. Yasemin N. Soysal, Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe (Chicago, 1994).
25. For a review of the methodological debates about Mill's methods of agreement and difference, see Jukka Savolainen, "The Rationality of Drawing Big Conclusions Based on Small Samples: In Defense of Mill's Methods Social Forces," LXXII (1994), 1217-1224.
26. In the method of agreement, a particular outcome in two or more instances is explained by reference to shared circumstances. In the method of difference, an outcome of interest happens in one instance and not in another, though both have circumstances in common except for one, which explains the outcome.
27. The twenty-two nation-states are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
28. John W. Meyer et al., "World Society and the Nation State," American Journal of Sociology, CIII (1997), 144-181.
29. For issues of law and society, see Terence C. Halliday and Pavel Osinsky, "Globalization of Law," Annual Review of Sociology, XXXII (2006), 447-470.
30. For transnationalism, Saskia Sassen, Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization (New York, 1996).
31. Cook-Martín, "Making and Unmaking Nationals: 150 Years of Migration between Argentina, Italy, and Spain," unpub. Ph.D. diss. (Univ. of California, Los Angeles, 2005).
32. Joppke, Selecting by Origin.
33. Mae M. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton, 2004).
34. Monty G. Marshall and Keith Jaggers, "Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2007," in Dataset Users' Manual (George Mason Univ., 2009).
35. "Instruccion Reglementaria de las formalidades para la llegada, circulación, y salida de gentes en esta Isla," Impr. del Gobierno y Capitanía General, Havana, 1849.
36. Margalit Bejarano, "La inmigracion a Cuba y la politica migratoria de los EE.UU. (1903-1933)," Estudios Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe, IV (1993), 1-14.
37. Colección Legislativa de la Isla de Cuba, 1899 (Havana, 1900).
38. Gaceta de la Habana, Circular Order No. 13, May 15, 1902.
39. Secretaría de la Presidencia, 121:82, March 13, 1908, letter from the Chief Inspector in the Cuban Office of the Census to the Provisional Governor of Cuba regarding the need to create an office "to encourage the immigration of laborers," Archivo Nacional de la República de Cuba (hereinafter arnac).
40. Gaceta Oficial, January 14, 1913.
41. For the treaty of 1942, see Corbitt, "Chinese Immigrants in Cuba," Far Eastern Survey, XIII (1944), 132.
42. Ministerio del Estado, 290:4070, January 16, 1945, arnac.
43. Wartime restriction on aliens from the Axis powers continued at least through 1950 (Decreto 2477 of August 16, 1950).
44. Apart from the racial and ethnic logic discussed herein, this restriction was common throughout the world. Ley 698, January 22, 1960.
45. Ley 1312, "Ley de Migración," September 20, 1976.
46. Alejandro De La Fuente, A Nation for All: Race, Inequality, and Politics in Twentieth-Century Cuba (Chapel Hill, 2001).
47. When the demand for entry into Cuba dried up, the revolutionary government embarked on a program of extreme self-sufficiency, relying on the "voluntary" labor of urbanites to supplement sugar-cane harvesting crews rather than importing workers from abroad.
48. Randall Hansen, "A European Citizenship or a Europe of Citizens? Third Country Nationals in the EU," Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, XXIV (1998), 751-769.
49. Gaceta Oficial, January 4, 1917.
50. Gaceta de la Habana, May 15, 1902.
51. Secretaría de la Presidencia, 121:83, September 1, 1909, 15, arnac.
52. Secretaría de la Presidencia, 48:42, March 7, 1930, arnac.
53. Nancy Leys Stepan, "The Hour of Eugenics": Race, Gender and Nation in Latin America (Ithaca, 1991).
54. Actas de la primera conferencia panamericana de eugenesia y homicultura de las repúblicas americanas, December 21-23, 1927, Havana; Actas de la segunda conferencia panamericana de eugenesia y homicultura de las repúblicas americanas, November 23-25, 1934, Buenos Aires.
55. We are in the process of linking interventions and recommendations at these conferences with policy changes in participating countries.
56. James Scott, Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve The Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, 1998).
57. Secretaría de la Presidencia 121:79, October 26, 1938, arnac.
58. Joppke, Selecting by Origin.