Learned Associations Over Long Delays

Psychology of Learning and Motivation - Advances in Research and Theory

Volumn 4, Issue C, 1970, Pages 1-84

  Revusky, Sam ^a   Garcia, John ^b  

^a NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957665310     PISSN: 00797421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60429-6     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Andrews, H.L., Cameron, L.M., Radiation avoidance in the mouse. Proceeding of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 103 (1960), 565–567.
2. Azrin, N.H., Holz, W.C., Punishment. Honig, W., (eds.) Operant behavior: Areas of research and application., 1966, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 380–447.
3. Barnett, S.A., The rat: A study in behavior., 1963, Aldine, Chicago.
4. Barry, H., III. Effects of strength of drive on learning and on extinction. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 55 (1958), 473–481.
5. Bloomberg, R., Webb, W.G., Various degrees within a single drive as cues for spatial response learning in the white rat. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 39 (1949), 628–636.
6. Bolles, R.C., A psychophysical study of hunger in the rat. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 63 (1962), 387–390.
7. Bolles, R.C., Theory of motivation., 1967, Harper & Row, New York.
8. Bolles, R., Petrinovich, L., A technique for obtaining rapid drive discrimination in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 47 (1954), 378–380.
9. Bond, V.P., Fliedner, T.M., Archambeau, J.O., Mammalian radiation lethality: A disturbance in cellular kinetics., 1965, Academic Press, New York.
10. Bower, G., Grusec, T., Effect of prior Pavlovian discrimination training upon learning an operant discrimination. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 7 (1964), 401–404.
11. Braveman, N., Capretta, P.J., The relative effectiveness of two experimental techniques for the modification of food preferences in rats. Proceedings of the 73rd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association., 1965, 129–130.
12. Breland, K., Breland, M., The misbehavior of organisms. American Psychologist., 16, 1961, 681.
13. Bykov, K.M., The cerebral cortex and the internal organs., 1957, Foreign Language Publishing, Moscow.
14. Campbell, C. S. The development of specific preferences in thiamine-deficient rats: Evidence against mediation by aftertastes. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, 1969.
15. Capaldi, E.J., A sequential hypothesis of instrumental learning. Spence, K.W., Spence, J.T., (eds.) The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in theory and research., 1, 1967, Academic Press, New York, 152–157.
16. Capaldi, E.J., Memory and learning: A sequential viewpoint. Honig, W.K., James, H., (eds.) Second annual symposium on animal memory at Dalhousie University., 1970, Dalhousie University Press, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Can.
17. Capaldi, E.J., Spivey, J.E., Intertrial reinforcement and aftereffects at 24-hour intervals. Psychonomic Science. 1 (1964), 181–182.
18. Capretta, P.J., Effects of hunger and thirst levels during sugar and sugar-saccharin consumption on later preferences. Psychonomic Science. 9 (1967), 441–442.
19. Carlton, P.L., Vogel, J.R., Habituation and conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 63 (1967), 348–351.
20. Chambers, R.M., Effects of intravenous glucose injections on learning, general activity, and hunger drive. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 49 (1956), 558–564.
21. Cofer, C.J., Appley, M.H., Motivation: Theory and research., 1964, Wiley, New York.
22. Coons, E.E., Cruce, J.A.F., Lateral hypothalamus: Food and current intensity in maintaining self-stimulation of hunger. Science. 159 (1968), 1117–1119.
23. Coppock, H.W., Chambers, R.M., Reinforcement of position preference by automatic intravenous injections of glucose. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 47 (1954), 355–358.
24. Davis, R.C., Garafolo, L., Kveim, K., Conditions associated with gasterointestinal activity. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 52 (1959), 466–475.
25. d periods on responding on a fixed-interval schedule. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 5 (1962), 369–374.
26. Dews, P.B., Studies on responding under fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement: The effects on the pattern of responding of changes in requirements at reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12 (1969), 191–199.
27. Dietz, M.N., Capretta, P.J., Modification of sugar and sugar-saccharin preference in rats as a function of electrical shock to the mouth. Proceedings of the 75th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association., 1967, 161–162.
28. Eninger, M.V., The role of generalized approach and avoidance tendencies in brightness discrimination. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology. 46 (1953), 398–402.
29. Estes, W.K., Discriminative conditioning. II. Effects of a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus upon a subsequently established operant response. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 38 (1948), 173–177.
30. Estes, W.K., Stimulus-response theory of drive. Jones, M.R., (eds.) Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln, Neb., 1958, University of Nebraska Press, 35–69.
31. Estes, W.K., Schoeffler, M.S., Analysis of variables influencing alternation after forced trials. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 48 (1955), 357–362.
32. J. Falk The hysteresis effect in NaCl regulation. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on the Regulation of Food and Water Intake, Philadelphia. 1968 September.
33. Farley, J.A., McLaurin, W.A., Scarborough, G.C., Rawlings, T.D., Pre-irradiation saccharin habituation: A factor in avoidance behavior. Psychological Reports. 14 (1964), 491–496.
34. Ferster, C.B., Perrott, M.C., Behavior principles., 1968, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
35. Foster, R., The reward value of saccharin prior to eating experience. Psychonomic Science. 10 (1968), 83–84.
36. Garcia, J., Buchwald, N.A., Feder, B.H., Koelling, R.A., Tedrow, L.F., Ionizing radiation as a perceptual and aversive stimulus: I. Instrumental conditioning studies. Haley, T.J., Snider, R.S., (eds.) Response of the nervous system to ionizing radiation: Second international symposium., 1964, Little, Brown, Boston, 673–686.
37. Garcia, J., Ervin, R.R., A neuropsychological approach to appropriateness of signals and specificity of reinforcers. Communications in Behavioral Biology. 1:A (1968), 389–415.
38. Garcia, J., Ervin, F.R., Koelling, R.A., Learning with prolonged delay of reinforcement. Psychonomic Science. 5 (1966), 121–122.
39. Garcia, J., Ervin, F.R., Koelling, R.A., Bait shyness: A test for toxicity with N=2. Psychonomic Science. 7 (1967), 245–246 (a).
40. Garcia, J., Ervin, F.R., Yorke, C.H., Koelling, R.A., Conditioning with delayed vitamin injections. Science. 155 (1967), 716–718 (b).
41. Garcia, J., Green, K.F., McGowan, B.K., X-ray as an olfactory stimulus. Pfaffman, C., (eds.) Taste and olfaction., III, 1969, Rockefeller University Press, New York, 299–309.
42. Garcia, J., Kimeldorf, D.J., Some factors which influence radiation-conditioned behavior in rats. Radiation Research. 12 (1960), 719–727.
43. Garcia, J., Kimeldorf, D.J., Hunt, E.L., Conditioned responses to manipulative procedures resulting from exposure to gamma radiation. Radiation Research. 5 (1956), 79–87.
44. Garcia, J., Kimeldorf, D.J., Hunt, E.L., The use of ionizing radiation as a motivating stimulus. Psychological Review. 68 (1961), 383–395.
45. Garcia, J., Kimeldorf, D.J., Koelling, R.A., Conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation. Science. 122 (1955), 157–158.
46. Garcia, J., Koelling, R.A., Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science. 4 (1966), 123–124.
47. Garcia, J., Koelling, R.A., A comparison of aversions induced by X-rays, toxins, and drugs in the rat. Radiation Research. 7 (1967), 439–450.
48. Garcia, J., McGowan, B.K., Ervin, F.R., Koelling, R.A., Cues: Their Effectiveness as a function of the reinforcer. Science. 160 (1968), 794–795.
49. Gerstner, H.B., Reaction to short-term radiation in man. Annual Review of Medicine. 11 (1960), 289–302.
50. Goldberg, S.R., Schuster, C.R., Conditioned supression by a stimulus associated with nalorphine in morphine-dependent monkeys. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 10 (1967), 235–242.
51. Goodrich, K.P., Differential conditioning based on concentration of sucrose reinforcement in rats on a VI schedule. Psychonomic Science. 3 (1965), 213–214.
52. Greene, J.E., Magnitude of reward and acquisition of a black-white discrimination habit. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 46 (1953), 113–119.
53. Grice, G.R., The relation of secondary reinforcement to delayed reward in visual discrimination learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 38 (1948), 1–16.
54. Grice, G.R., Goldman, H.M., Generalized extinction and secondary reinforcement in visual discrimination learning with delayed reward. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 50 (1955), 197–200.
55. Grossman, S.P., A textbook of physiological psychology., 1967, Wiley, New York.
56. Guyton, A.C., Textbook of medical physiology., 1966, Saunders, Philadelphia.
57. Handal, P.J., Immediate acceptance of sodium solution by sodium deficient rats. Psychonomic Science. 3 (1965), 315–316.
58. Harlow, H.F., Effects of radiation on the central nervous system and on behavior-general survey. Haley, T.J., Snider, R.S., (eds.) Response of the nervous system to ionizing radiation: Second international symposium., 1964, Little, Brown, Boston, 627–644.
59. Hilgard, E.R., Bower, G.H., Theories of learning., 3rd ed., 1966, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
60. Holman, G.L., The intragastric reinforcement effect. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 69 (1969), 432–441.
61. Hull, C.L., Principles of behavior., 1943, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
62. Hunter, W.S., A further consideration of the sensory control of the maze habit in the white rat. Journal of Genetic Psychology. 38 (1930), 3–19.
63. Jacobs, H.L., Observation on the ontogeny of saccharine preference in the neonate rat. Psychonomic Science. 1 (1964), 105–106.
64. Jarvik, M.E., Goldfarb, T.L., Carley, J.L., Influence of interference on delayed matching in monkeys. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 81 (1969), 1–6.
65. Jenkins, J.J., Hanratty, J.A., Drive intensity discrimination in the white rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 42 (1949), 228–232.
66. Keesey, R.E., Kling, J.W., Amount of reinforcement and free operant responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 3 (1961), 125–132.
67. Kelleher, R.T., Gollub, L.R., A review of positive conditioned reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 5 (1962), 543–597.
68. Kieffer, J.D., Differential response rates correlated with the presence of “neutral” stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 8 (1965), 227–229.
69. Kimble, G.A., Hilgard and Marquis’ conditioning and learning., 2nd ed., 1961, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
70. Kimeldorf, D.J., Garcia, J., Rubadeau, D.O., Radiation-induced conditioned avoidance behavior in rats, mice, and cats. Radiation Research. 12 (1960), 710–718.
71. Kimeldorf, D.J., Hunt, E.L., Ionizing radiation: Neural function and behavior., 1965, Academic Press, New York.
72. Konorski, J., Integrative activity of the brain: An interdisciplinary approach., 1967, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
73. Krieckhaus, E.E., Wolf, G., Acquisition of sodium by rats: Interaction of innate mechanisms and latent learning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 65 (1968), 197–201.
74. Kurtz, K.H., Jarka, R.G., A position preference based on differential food privation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 66 (1968), 518–521.
75. Leitenberg, H., Is time-out from positive reinforcement an aversive event. Psychological Bulletin. 64 (1965), 428–441.
76. Lovett, D., Goodchild, P., Booth, D.A., Depression of intake of nutriment by association of its odor with effects of insulin. Psychonomic Science. 11 (1968), 27–28.
77. Lubow, R.E., Latent inhibition: Effects of frequency of nonreinforced preexposure of the CS. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 60 (1965), 454–457.
78. Maller, O., Kare, M.R., Welt, M., Behrman, H., Movement of glucose and sodium chloride from the oropharyngeal cavity to the brain. Nature. 63 (1967), 713–714.
79. Marx, M.H., Murphy, W.W., Resistance to extinction as a function of the presentation of a motivating cue in a startbox. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 54 (1961), 207–210.
80. Mayer, J., Thomas, D.W., Regulation of food intake and obesity. Science. 156 (1967), 328–337.
81. McLaurin, W.A., Postirradiation saccharin avoidance in rats as a function of the interval between ingestion and exposure. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 57 (1964), 316–317.
82. McLaurin, W.A., Farley, J.A., Scarborough, B.B., Inhibitory effect of preirradiation saccharin habituation on conditioned avoidance behavior. Radiation Research. 18 (1963), 473–478.
83. McMillan, D.E., A comparison of the punishing effects of response-produced shock and response-produced time-out. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 10 (1967), 439–449.
84. Mendelson, J., Role of hunger in T-maze learning for food by rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 62 (1966), 341–349.
85. Mendelson, J., Lateral hypothalamic stimulation in satiated rats: The rewarding effects of self-induced drinking. Science. 157 (1967), 1077–1079.
86. Miles, C.G., A demonstration of overshadowing in operant conditioning. Psychonomic Science. 16 (1969), 139–140.
87. Miller, N.E., Kessen, M.L., Reward effects of food via stomach fistula compared with those of food via mouth. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 45 (1952), 555–564.
88. Morse, W.H., Skinner, B.F., Some factors involved in the stimulus control of operant behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 1 (1958), 103–107.
89. Mountjoy, P.T., Roberts, A.E., Radiation-produced avoidance to morphine. Psychonomic Science. 9 (1967), 427–428.
90. M. Nachman Some stimulus conditions affecting learned aversions produced by illness. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on the Regulation of Food and Water Intake, Philadelphia. 1968 September.
91. Nahinsky, I.D., The transfer of a drive intensity discrimination between two drives. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 53 (1960), 598–602.
92. Overall, J.E., Brown, W.L., Logie, L.C., The shuttlebox behavior of albino rats during prolonged exposure to moderate level radiation. Nature. 185 (1960), 665–666.
93. Pain, J.F., Booth, D.A., Toxiphobia for odors. Psychonomic Science. 9 (1967), 427–428.
94. Pavlov, I.P., Anrep, G.V., (eds.) Conditioned reflexes., 1927, Oxford University Press, London and New York.
95. Peacock, L.J., Watson, J.A., Radiation-induced aversion to alcohol. Science. 143 (1964), 1462–1463.
96. Perry, N.W. Jr., Avoidance conditioning of NaCl with X-irradiation of the rat. Radiation Research. 20 (1963), 471–476.
97. Petrinovich, L., Bolles, R.C., Delayed alternation: Evidence for symbolic processes in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 50 (1957), 363–365.
98. Petrinovich, L., Bradford, D., McGaugh, J.L., Drug facilitation of memory in rats. Psychonomic Science. 2 (1965), 191–192.
99. Premack, D., Reinforcement theory. Levine, D., (eds.) Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln, Neb., 1965, University of Nebraska Press, 123–180.
100. Razran, G., The observable unconscious and the inferable conscious in current Soviet psychophysiology: Interoceptive conditioning, semantic conditioning, and the orienting reflex. Psychological Review. 68 (1961), 81–147.
101. Renner, K.E., Temporal integration: Modification of the incentive value of food reward by early experience with deprivation. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 75 (1967), 400–407.
102. Revusky, B. T. A comparison of an extinction contingency with explicit reinforcement of nonresponding in a free operant discrimination procedure. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Louisville, 1968.
103. S.H. Revusky Glucagon injection as an aversive event. USAMRL Report 736, 1967. Also paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago. 1967 (a)May.
104. Revusky, S.H., Hunger level during food consumption: Effects on subsequent preference. Psychonomic Science. 7 (1967), 109–110 (b).
105. Revusky, S.H., Aversion to sucrose produced by contingent X-irradiation: Temporal and dosage parameters. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 65 (1968), 17–22 (a).
106. Revusky, S.H., Effects of thirst level during consumption of flavored water on subsequent preference. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 66 (1968), 777–779 (b).
107. Revusky, S.H., The role of interference in associative memory. Honig, W.K., James, H., (eds.) Second annual symposium on animal memory at Dalhousie University., 1970, Dalhousie University Press, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Can.
108. Revusky, S.H., Bedarf, E.W., Association of illness with prior ingestion of novel foods. Science. 155 (1967), 219–220.
109. S.H. Revusky R.N. Johnson Action decrement: Its relationship to an amount-of-reinforcement discrimination. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, St. Louis. 1964 November.
110. S.H. Revusky M.E. Pschirrer Slow extinction of a change in preference for flavored water. Paper delivered at the Psychonomic Society Convention, St. Louis. 1969 November.
111. Revusky, S. H., Smith, M. H., Jr., & Chalmers, D. V. Aversion to flavored water produced by ingestion-contingent infusion of normal saline. Physiology and Behavior, in press.
112. Reynolds, G.S., Attention in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 4 (1961), 203–208.
113. Rodgers, W.L., Specificity of specific hungers. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 64 (1967), 49–58.
114. Rozin, P., Specific hunger for thiamine: Recovery from deficiency and thiamine preference. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 59 (1965), 98–101.
115. Rozin, P., Specific aversions as a component of specific hungers. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 64 (1967), 237–242.
116. Rozin, P., Central or peripheral mediation of learning with long CS-UCS intervals in the feeding system. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 67 (1969), 421–429.
117. Rozin, P., Rodgers, W.L., Novel diet preferences in vitamin deficient rats and in rats recovered from vitamin deficiencies. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 63 (1967), 421–428.
118. Rushmer, R.F., The arterial system: Arteries and arterioles. Ruch, T.C., Patton, H.D., (eds.) Physiology and biophysics., 1965, Saunders, Philadelphia, 600–616.
119. Scarborough, B.B., Whaley, D.L., Rogers, J.G., Saccharin-avoidance behavior instigated by X-irradiation in backward conditioning paradigms. Psychological Reports. 14 (1964), 475–481.
120. Sheffield, F.D., New evidence on the drive-induction theory of reinforcement. Haber, R.N., (eds.) Current research in motivation., 1966, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, 111–122.
121. Shettleworth, S., Nevin, J.A., Relative rate of response and relative magnitude of reinforcement in multiple schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 8 (1965), 199–202.
122. Skinner, B.F., Science and human behavior., 1953, Macmillan, New York.
123. Smith, J.C., Morris, D.D., The effects of atropine sulfate and physostigmine on the conditioned aversion to saccharin solution with X-rays as the unconditioned stimulus. Haley, T.J., Snider, R.S., (eds.) Response of the nervous system to ionizing radiation: Second international symposium., 1964, Little Brown, Boston, 662–672.
124. Smith, J.C., Roll, D.L., Trace conditioning with X-rays as the aversive stimulus. Psychonomic Science. 9 (1967), 11–12.
125. Smith, J.C., Taylor, H.L., Morris, D.D., Hendricks, J., Further studies of X-ray conditioned saccharin aversion during the post exposure period. Radiation Research. 24 (1965), 423–431.
126. Smith, M.H. Jr., Effect of hypertonic preloads on concurrent eating and drinking. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 61 (1966), 398–401.
127. Smith, M.P., Capretta, P.J., Effects of drive level and experience on the reward value of saccharine solutions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 49 (1956), 553–557.
128. C.T. Snowdon Peripheral controls of food intake in rats. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on the Regulation of Food and Water Intake, Philadelphia. 1968 September.
129. Spence, K.W., Behavior theory and conditioning., 1956, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
130. Stunkard, A.J., Wolff, H.G., Pathogenesis in human obesity: Function and disorder of a mechanism of satiety. Psychosomatic Medicine. 20 (1958), 19–29.
131. Sudsaneh, S., Mayer, J., Relation of metabolic events to gastric contractions in the rat. American Journal of Physiology. 197 (1959), 269–280.
132. Teitelbaum, P., Epstein, A.N., The role of taste and smell in the regulation of food and water intake. Zotterman, V., (eds.) Oflaction and taste., 1962, MacMillan, New York, 347–360.
133. Tinklepaugh, O.L., An experimental study of representative factors in monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 8 (1928), 197–236.
134. Tinklepaugh, O.L., Multiple delayed reactions with chimpanzees and monkeys. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 13 (1932), 207–243.
135. Trapold, M.A., Lawton, G.W., Dick, R.A., Cross, D.M., Transfer training from differential classical to differential instrumental conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 76 (1968), 568–573.
136. Travis, R.H., Sayers, G., Adrenocorticotropic hormone; adrenocortical steroids and their synthetic analogs. Goodman, L.S., Gilman, A., (eds.) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics., 1965, Macmillan, New York, 1608–1643.
137. Ulrich, R., Azrin, N.H., Reflexive fighting in response to aversive stimulation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 5 (1962), 511–520.
138. Van Itallie, T.B., Morgan, M.C., Dotti, L.B., Effect of glucagon on peripheral utilization of glucose in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 15 (1955), 28–35.
139. Wike, E.L., Secondary reinforcement: Selected experiments., 1966, Harper & Row, New York.
140. Wittlin, W.A., Brookshire, K.H., Apomorphine-induced conditioned aversion to a novel food. Psychonomic Science. 12 (1968), 211–218.
141. Woods, S.C., Makous, W., Hutton, R.A., Temporal parameters of conditioned hypoglycemia. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 69 (1969), 301–307.
142. Woodworth, R.S., Schlosberg, H., Experimental psychology., 1954, Holt, New York.
143. Yerkes, R.M., Yerkes, D.N., Concerning memory in the chimpanzee. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 8 (1928), 237–271.