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Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 18-32

Climate change and the national academy of sciences' idea of geoengineering: One American academic's perspective on first considering the text of existing international agreements

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC RESEARCH; CLIMATE CHANGE; INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT; PERCEPTION;

EID: 77957659610     PISSN: 18793886     EISSN: 25890387     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eelr2010002     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (8)

References (106)
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    • See Samuel Thurnstrom, "Could We Engineer a Cooler Planet?", Wash. Post, June 13, 2009, available at www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/context/article/2009/06/12/AR2009061203453.html (accessed July 10, 2009); Richard Harris, Scientists Debate Shading Earth as Climate Fix, June 16, 2009, available at www.npr.org/templates/story/ story.php?storyId=105483423 (accessed July 10, 2009). On earlier consideration of geo-engineering the climate, see K. Ricke, M. Morgan, J. Apt, D. Victor, T. Steinbruner, Unilateral Geoengineering, Council on Foreign Relations, Apr. 15, 2008, available at www.cfr.org/content/thinktank/ GeoEng_041209.pdf (accessed July 10, 2009); Geoengineering: A Revolutionary Approach to Climate Change, American Enterprise Institute, June 3, 2008, available at www.aei.org/ event/1728 (accessed July 11, 2009); Bill Dawson, Geoengineering-Climate Cure? Or a Cure Worse that the Warming Illness?, Yale Forum on Climate Change & the Media, May 5,2009, available at www.yaleclimatemediaforum.org/2009/ 05/geoengineering-climate-cureor-a-cure-worse-than-the warming-illness/ (accessed Aug. 1, 2009).
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    • See Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: An Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Ch. 1, available at www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ ar4_syr.pdf (accessed Aug. 1, 2009).
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    • See id. at Ch. 2.
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    • See Barry Wigmore, "Global Warming? It's natural, say experts", MailOnline, 13 Sept. 2007, available at www.daily mail.co.uk/news/article-481613/Global-Warming-it's-naturalsay-experts.html (accessed Aug. 1, 2009); Henrik Svensmark & Nigel Calder, The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change (2007); Climate Update, Senate Floor Statement by Sen. James M. Inhofe, Jan. 4, 2005, available at http://inhofe.senate.gov/pressreleases/climateupdate.htm (accessed Aug. 2, 2009); Nicholas Dawidoff, "The Civil Heretic", N.Y. Times Mag. (Mar. 25, 2009), available at www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/magazine/29Dyson-t.html (accessed Aug. 2, 2009).
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    • See " Observations of the Earth's Reflectance", Geophysical Research Letters, available at www.agu.org/pubs/ crossref/2001/2000GL012580.shtml (accessed Aug. 2, 2009).
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    • Bryan Walsh, "Bush's Toothless Climate Plan", Time (Apr. 16, 2008), available at www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1731550,00.html (accessed Aug. 3, 2009); Minority Staff, Committee on Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, The Administration's Assault on Climate Change Science (June 2005), available at http://oversight.house.gov/documents/20050921131322-08678.pdf (accessed Aug. 3, 2009).
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    • Tom Fowler, "Energy workers rally against climate plan", Houston Chronicle, Aug. 18, 2009, available at www.chron. com/disp/story.mpl/hotstories/6576402.html (accessed Aug. 20,2009).
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    • See Rebekah Kebade, API oil group plans rallies against climate bill, available at http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=2009/8/18/worldupdates/2009-08-18T0307562_ 01_NOOTR_RTRM (accessed Aug. 20, 2009); Jack Gerard, API Memorandum, available at www.talkingpointsmemo. com/documents/2009/08/oil-industry-memo-on-astroturfrallies.php?page=1 (accessed Aug. 20, 2009).
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    • See Katarzyna Klimansinski (Bloomberg News), "Houston energy workers rally against climate bill", Tulsa World, Aug. 19, 2009, at E-3, col. 1.
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    • See F. Crutzen, "Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve A Policy Dilemma?", 77 Climate Change 211 (2006); D. Keith, "Photophoretic levitation of aerosols for geoengineering", Geophysical Research Abstracts 10, EGU2008-A-11400 (2008).
  • 11
    • 85187080146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • See S. Salter, Sea-going Hardware for the Implementation of Cloud Albedo Control Method for the reduction of Global Warming (May 2006).
  • 12
    • 85187067748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • See Roger Angel, Feasibility of Cooling the Earth with a Cloud of Small Spacecraft Near the Inner Lagrange Point (L1), 103 (No. 46) Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 17184 (2006).
  • 13
    • 85187050102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • See Gordon B. Bonan, et al., "Effects of Boreal Forest Vegetation on Global Climate", 359 Nature 716 (1992).
  • 14
    • 85187064036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • See K Coale, Open Ocean Iron Fertilization for Scientific Study and Carbon Sequestration, available at www.netl. doe.gov/publications/proceedings/01/carbon_seq/6b1.pdf (accessed Aug. 20, 2009).
  • 15
    • 85187032421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Alan Robock, "20 Reasons Why Geoengineering May Be a Bad Idea", 64 Bull. Atomic Scientist (No. 2) 14 at 17 (May/June 2008); "Ocean Fertilization Experiment Draws Fire", Nature.com (Jan. 10, 2009), available at www.nature.com/news/2009/090109/full/news.2009.13.html (accessed Aug. 21, 2009).
  • 16
    • 85187072062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See 1108 U.N.T.S. 151, 31 T.S. 333, T.I.A.S. No. 9614, 16 Int'l Legal Mat. 88 (1977)
  • 17
    • 85187096038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at preamble, seventh para.
  • 18
    • 85187055724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 1(1).
  • 19
    • 85187099074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • See "The Neutron Bomb Furor", Time (Apr. 17, 1978), available at www.time.com/time/magazine/article/ 0,9171,916051-3,00.html (accessed Aug. 21, 2009).
  • 20
    • 85187069853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • See "Joint Technical Coordinating Group for Munitions Effectiveness, Ad hoc Working Group for Depleted Uranium", Vol. 1 Special Report: Medical and Environment Evaluation 1-2 (1974); P. Bolte, The tank killers-tungsten v. depleted uranium, National Defense at 44 (May-June 1983).
  • 21
    • 85187064316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Rex J. Zedalis and Catherine L. Wade, "Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Outer Space Treaty of 1967", 8 Calif. Western Int'l L.J. 454 (1978).
  • 22
    • 85187086845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Ashton Carter, Directed Energy Missile Defense in Space (1984).
  • 23
    • 85187080717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See generally, James R. Fleming, "The Climate Engineers" The Wilson Quarterly, available at www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?useaction=wp.essay&essay_id=231274 (accessed Aug. 21, 2009); Barry B. Cole, Benign Weather Modification (June 1996), available at www.fas.org/spp/eprint'coble.htm (accessed Aug. 21, 2009).
  • 24
    • 85187046728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See supra note 16 at preamble, fifth para.
  • 25
    • 85187076119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, Vol. 1 GAOR, 31st Sess. (Supp. No. 27) (1976).
  • 26
    • 85187077267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at 91-92, Understanding relating to Article II, first para.
  • 27
    • 85187057224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id.
  • 28
    • 85187056307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id., third para.
  • 29
    • 85187042438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id., second para.
  • 30
    • 85187058916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id., Understanding relating to Article III.
  • 31
    • 85187071919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See 1302 U.N.T.S. 217, T.I.A.S. No. 10541, 18 Int'l Legal Mat. 1442 (1979).
  • 32
    • 85187050118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 2.
  • 33
    • 85187091861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 1(a).
  • 34
    • 85187095038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id.
  • 35
    • 85187086452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id.
  • 36
    • 85187054021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id.
  • 37
    • 85187035321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id.
  • 38
    • 85187033798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 4.
  • 39
    • 85187051898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id.
  • 40
    • 85187063274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See "Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes", 28 Int'l Legal Mat. 212 (1989).
  • 41
    • 85187093630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • See "Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control Heavy Metals", T.I.A.S. No. 12966 (1998).
  • 42
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    • See "Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer", 26 Int'l Legal Mat. 1529 (1987).
  • 43
    • 85187051372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 2(2)(a).
  • 44
    • 85187086610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 2(2)(b).
  • 45
    • 85187062036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 2(2)(c); arts. 8-10.
  • 46
    • 85187075493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at arts. 6-7.
  • 47
    • 85187037266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 11.
  • 48
    • 85187091703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 2(1).
  • 49
    • 85187096421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 2(2)(b).
  • 50
    • 85187040115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at Annex I, paragraph 4.
  • 51
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    • note
    • See id.
  • 52
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    • note
    • See "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies", 610 U.N.T.S. 205, 6 Int'l Legal Mat. 363 (1967).
  • 53
    • 85187034034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See "Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies", 18 Int'l Legal Mat. 1434 (1979).
  • 54
    • 85187074918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See e.g., "Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects", 961 U.N.T.S. 187, 24 U.S.T. 2389, T.I.A.S. No. 7762 (1972).
  • 55
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    • note
    • See supra note 52 at art. I, first para.
  • 56
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    • note
    • See id. at art. VI.
  • 57
    • 85187075649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. IX.
  • 58
    • 85187031531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id.
  • 59
    • 85187073428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. IV, second para.
  • 60
    • 85187079743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See supra note 53 at art. 7(1).
  • 61
    • 85187078690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 1(1).
  • 62
    • 85187056437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 1(2).
  • 63
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    • note
    • See "Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter", 1046 U.N.T.S. 120,26 U.N.T.S. 2403, T.I.A.S. No. 8165 (1972).
  • 64
    • 85187039437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. I.
  • 65
    • 85187064975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. II.
  • 66
    • 85187045534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. III(1)(b)(ii).
  • 67
    • 85187088691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id.
  • 68
    • 85187078881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. IV.
  • 69
    • 85187065041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. V(1).
  • 70
    • 85187069470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. V(2).
  • 71
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    • note
    • See e.g., "German Research Ship Polarstern Sails to Experiment with Ocean Iron Fertilization", Sustainability Digest (14 Jan. 2009), available at www.warrenkarlenzig. com/2009/01/04/german-research-ship-polarstern-sails-to-experiment-with-ocean-iron-fertilization/ (accessed Aug. 25, 2009); "German Government Green Lights Ocean Iron Fertilization Test After Review", Sustainability Digest (28 Jan. 2009), available at www.warrenkarlenzig.com/2009/01/ 28/german-government-green-lights-ocean-iron-fertilizationtest-after-review/ (accessed Aug. 25, 2009).
  • 72
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    • note
    • See 18 Yb. Int'l Environ. L. 244 (2007).
  • 73
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    • note
    • See UNGA Resolution 62/215, available at www.un.org/ ga/62/resolutions.shtml (accessed Aug. 23, 2009).
  • 74
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    • note
    • See Res. LC-LP.1/Grc.18 (2008), available at www.i-mo.org/includes/blastDataOnly.asp/data_id%3D20880/ 18.pdf (accessed Aug. 23, 2009).
  • 75
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    • note
    • See id.
  • 76
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    • note
    • See IMO Schedule of Meetings, available at www.imo.org/newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=101 (accessed Aug. 24, 2009).
  • 77
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    • note
    • See "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)", U.N. Doc. A/CINF.62/122, 21 Int'l Legal Mat. 1261 (1982).
  • 78
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    • note
    • See id. at arts. 56(2) and 87(2).
  • 79
    • 85187088772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See text accompanying supra notes 57-60.
  • 80
    • 85187036933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See UNCLOS, supra note 77 at art. 192.
  • 81
    • 85187051235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 194(1).
  • 82
    • 85187031696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 194(3).
  • 83
    • 85187057874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 194(1).
  • 84
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    • note
    • See id. at art. 194(3).
  • 85
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    • note
    • See id. at art. 1(4).
  • 86
    • 85187069025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 240(c).
  • 87
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    • note
    • See "Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)", 31 Int'l Legal Mat. 818 (1992)
  • 88
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    • note
    • UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/conveng.pdf (accessed Aug. 20, 2009).
  • 89
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    • note
    • See e.g., Elisa Morgera, Year-in-Review Report, available at www.jus.uio.no/forskning/2Asst/04-02-C-Ocean Dumping.doc (accessed Aug. 24, 2009).
  • 90
    • 85187033419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See CBD, supra note 87 at art. 1.
  • 91
    • 85187044425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 7(c).
  • 92
    • 85187059323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 8(l).
  • 93
    • 85187041801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 2, first para.
  • 94
    • 85187097484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 4(b).
  • 95
    • 85187070546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Available at www.cbd.int/decisions/cop/?id=11659 (accessed Aug. 25, 2009).
  • 96
    • 85187061041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at Pt. C, para. 3.
  • 97
    • 85187096705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at Pt. C, para. 4.
  • 98
    • 85187046608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See UN Framework Convention of Climate Change, available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf (accessed Aug. 20, 2009).
  • 99
    • 85187089372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at Preamble, eighth para.
  • 100
    • 85187060075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 3(1).
  • 101
    • 85187027611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 3(3).
  • 102
    • 85187065091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id.
  • 103
    • 85187050214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 4(1)(b).
  • 104
    • 85187048934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See id. at art. 4(1)(d).
  • 105
    • 85187028554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See supra note 103.
  • 106
    • 85187049136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See supra note 104.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.