-
1
-
-
85187039698
-
-
note
-
See Samuel Thurnstrom, "Could We Engineer a Cooler Planet?", Wash. Post, June 13, 2009, available at www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/context/article/2009/06/12/AR2009061203453.html (accessed July 10, 2009); Richard Harris, Scientists Debate Shading Earth as Climate Fix, June 16, 2009, available at www.npr.org/templates/story/ story.php?storyId=105483423 (accessed July 10, 2009). On earlier consideration of geo-engineering the climate, see K. Ricke, M. Morgan, J. Apt, D. Victor, T. Steinbruner, Unilateral Geoengineering, Council on Foreign Relations, Apr. 15, 2008, available at www.cfr.org/content/thinktank/ GeoEng_041209.pdf (accessed July 10, 2009); Geoengineering: A Revolutionary Approach to Climate Change, American Enterprise Institute, June 3, 2008, available at www.aei.org/ event/1728 (accessed July 11, 2009); Bill Dawson, Geoengineering-Climate Cure? Or a Cure Worse that the Warming Illness?, Yale Forum on Climate Change & the Media, May 5,2009, available at www.yaleclimatemediaforum.org/2009/ 05/geoengineering-climate-cureor-a-cure-worse-than-the warming-illness/ (accessed Aug. 1, 2009).
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
85187067419
-
-
note
-
See Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: An Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Ch. 1, available at www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ ar4_syr.pdf (accessed Aug. 1, 2009).
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
85187050639
-
-
note
-
See id. at Ch. 2.
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
85187028223
-
-
note
-
See Barry Wigmore, "Global Warming? It's natural, say experts", MailOnline, 13 Sept. 2007, available at www.daily mail.co.uk/news/article-481613/Global-Warming-it's-naturalsay-experts.html (accessed Aug. 1, 2009); Henrik Svensmark & Nigel Calder, The Chilling Stars: A New Theory of Climate Change (2007); Climate Update, Senate Floor Statement by Sen. James M. Inhofe, Jan. 4, 2005, available at http://inhofe.senate.gov/pressreleases/climateupdate.htm (accessed Aug. 2, 2009); Nicholas Dawidoff, "The Civil Heretic", N.Y. Times Mag. (Mar. 25, 2009), available at www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/magazine/29Dyson-t.html (accessed Aug. 2, 2009).
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
85187064803
-
-
note
-
See " Observations of the Earth's Reflectance", Geophysical Research Letters, available at www.agu.org/pubs/ crossref/2001/2000GL012580.shtml (accessed Aug. 2, 2009).
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
85187097604
-
-
note
-
Bryan Walsh, "Bush's Toothless Climate Plan", Time (Apr. 16, 2008), available at www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1731550,00.html (accessed Aug. 3, 2009); Minority Staff, Committee on Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, The Administration's Assault on Climate Change Science (June 2005), available at http://oversight.house.gov/documents/20050921131322-08678.pdf (accessed Aug. 3, 2009).
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
85187058340
-
-
note
-
Tom Fowler, "Energy workers rally against climate plan", Houston Chronicle, Aug. 18, 2009, available at www.chron. com/disp/story.mpl/hotstories/6576402.html (accessed Aug. 20,2009).
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
85187066919
-
-
note
-
See Rebekah Kebade, API oil group plans rallies against climate bill, available at http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=2009/8/18/worldupdates/2009-08-18T0307562_ 01_NOOTR_RTRM (accessed Aug. 20, 2009); Jack Gerard, API Memorandum, available at www.talkingpointsmemo. com/documents/2009/08/oil-industry-memo-on-astroturfrallies.php?page=1 (accessed Aug. 20, 2009).
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
85187083047
-
-
note
-
See Katarzyna Klimansinski (Bloomberg News), "Houston energy workers rally against climate bill", Tulsa World, Aug. 19, 2009, at E-3, col. 1.
-
-
-
-
10
-
-
85187066530
-
-
note
-
See F. Crutzen, "Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve A Policy Dilemma?", 77 Climate Change 211 (2006); D. Keith, "Photophoretic levitation of aerosols for geoengineering", Geophysical Research Abstracts 10, EGU2008-A-11400 (2008).
-
-
-
-
11
-
-
85187080146
-
-
note
-
See S. Salter, Sea-going Hardware for the Implementation of Cloud Albedo Control Method for the reduction of Global Warming (May 2006).
-
-
-
-
12
-
-
85187067748
-
-
note
-
See Roger Angel, Feasibility of Cooling the Earth with a Cloud of Small Spacecraft Near the Inner Lagrange Point (L1), 103 (No. 46) Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 17184 (2006).
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
85187050102
-
-
note
-
See Gordon B. Bonan, et al., "Effects of Boreal Forest Vegetation on Global Climate", 359 Nature 716 (1992).
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
85187064036
-
-
note
-
See K Coale, Open Ocean Iron Fertilization for Scientific Study and Carbon Sequestration, available at www.netl. doe.gov/publications/proceedings/01/carbon_seq/6b1.pdf (accessed Aug. 20, 2009).
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
85187032421
-
-
note
-
See Alan Robock, "20 Reasons Why Geoengineering May Be a Bad Idea", 64 Bull. Atomic Scientist (No. 2) 14 at 17 (May/June 2008); "Ocean Fertilization Experiment Draws Fire", Nature.com (Jan. 10, 2009), available at www.nature.com/news/2009/090109/full/news.2009.13.html (accessed Aug. 21, 2009).
-
-
-
-
16
-
-
85187072062
-
-
note
-
See 1108 U.N.T.S. 151, 31 T.S. 333, T.I.A.S. No. 9614, 16 Int'l Legal Mat. 88 (1977)
-
-
-
-
17
-
-
85187096038
-
-
note
-
See id. at preamble, seventh para.
-
-
-
-
18
-
-
85187055724
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 1(1).
-
-
-
-
19
-
-
85187099074
-
-
note
-
See "The Neutron Bomb Furor", Time (Apr. 17, 1978), available at www.time.com/time/magazine/article/ 0,9171,916051-3,00.html (accessed Aug. 21, 2009).
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
85187069853
-
-
note
-
See "Joint Technical Coordinating Group for Munitions Effectiveness, Ad hoc Working Group for Depleted Uranium", Vol. 1 Special Report: Medical and Environment Evaluation 1-2 (1974); P. Bolte, The tank killers-tungsten v. depleted uranium, National Defense at 44 (May-June 1983).
-
-
-
-
21
-
-
85187064316
-
-
note
-
See Rex J. Zedalis and Catherine L. Wade, "Anti-Satellite Weapons and the Outer Space Treaty of 1967", 8 Calif. Western Int'l L.J. 454 (1978).
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
85187086845
-
-
note
-
See Ashton Carter, Directed Energy Missile Defense in Space (1984).
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
85187080717
-
-
note
-
See generally, James R. Fleming, "The Climate Engineers" The Wilson Quarterly, available at www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?useaction=wp.essay&essay_id=231274 (accessed Aug. 21, 2009); Barry B. Cole, Benign Weather Modification (June 1996), available at www.fas.org/spp/eprint'coble.htm (accessed Aug. 21, 2009).
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
85187046728
-
-
note
-
See supra note 16 at preamble, fifth para.
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
85187076119
-
-
note
-
See Report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, Vol. 1 GAOR, 31st Sess. (Supp. No. 27) (1976).
-
-
-
-
26
-
-
85187077267
-
-
note
-
See id. at 91-92, Understanding relating to Article II, first para.
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
85187057224
-
-
note
-
See id.
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
85187056307
-
-
note
-
See id., third para.
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
85187042438
-
-
note
-
See id., second para.
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
85187058916
-
-
note
-
See id., Understanding relating to Article III.
-
-
-
-
31
-
-
85187071919
-
-
note
-
See 1302 U.N.T.S. 217, T.I.A.S. No. 10541, 18 Int'l Legal Mat. 1442 (1979).
-
-
-
-
32
-
-
85187050118
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 2.
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
85187091861
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 1(a).
-
-
-
-
34
-
-
85187095038
-
-
note
-
See id.
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
85187086452
-
-
note
-
See id.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
85187054021
-
-
note
-
See id.
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
85187035321
-
-
note
-
See id.
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
85187033798
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 4.
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
85187051898
-
-
note
-
See id.
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
85187063274
-
-
note
-
See "Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes", 28 Int'l Legal Mat. 212 (1989).
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
85187093630
-
-
note
-
See "Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control Heavy Metals", T.I.A.S. No. 12966 (1998).
-
-
-
-
42
-
-
85187050689
-
-
note
-
See "Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer", 26 Int'l Legal Mat. 1529 (1987).
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
85187051372
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 2(2)(a).
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
85187086610
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 2(2)(b).
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
85187062036
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 2(2)(c); arts. 8-10.
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
85187075493
-
-
note
-
See id. at arts. 6-7.
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
85187037266
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 11.
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
85187091703
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 2(1).
-
-
-
-
49
-
-
85187096421
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 2(2)(b).
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
85187040115
-
-
note
-
See id. at Annex I, paragraph 4.
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
85187030781
-
-
note
-
See id.
-
-
-
-
52
-
-
85187034154
-
-
note
-
See "Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies", 610 U.N.T.S. 205, 6 Int'l Legal Mat. 363 (1967).
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
85187034034
-
-
note
-
See "Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies", 18 Int'l Legal Mat. 1434 (1979).
-
-
-
-
54
-
-
85187074918
-
-
note
-
See e.g., "Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects", 961 U.N.T.S. 187, 24 U.S.T. 2389, T.I.A.S. No. 7762 (1972).
-
-
-
-
55
-
-
85187045078
-
-
note
-
See supra note 52 at art. I, first para.
-
-
-
-
56
-
-
85187078296
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. VI.
-
-
-
-
57
-
-
85187075649
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. IX.
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
85187031531
-
-
note
-
See id.
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
85187073428
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. IV, second para.
-
-
-
-
60
-
-
85187079743
-
-
note
-
See supra note 53 at art. 7(1).
-
-
-
-
61
-
-
85187078690
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 1(1).
-
-
-
-
62
-
-
85187056437
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 1(2).
-
-
-
-
63
-
-
85187034276
-
-
note
-
See "Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter", 1046 U.N.T.S. 120,26 U.N.T.S. 2403, T.I.A.S. No. 8165 (1972).
-
-
-
-
64
-
-
85187039437
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. I.
-
-
-
-
65
-
-
85187064975
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. II.
-
-
-
-
66
-
-
85187045534
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. III(1)(b)(ii).
-
-
-
-
67
-
-
85187088691
-
-
note
-
See id.
-
-
-
-
68
-
-
85187078881
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. IV.
-
-
-
-
69
-
-
85187065041
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. V(1).
-
-
-
-
70
-
-
85187069470
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. V(2).
-
-
-
-
71
-
-
85187045065
-
-
note
-
See e.g., "German Research Ship Polarstern Sails to Experiment with Ocean Iron Fertilization", Sustainability Digest (14 Jan. 2009), available at www.warrenkarlenzig. com/2009/01/04/german-research-ship-polarstern-sails-to-experiment-with-ocean-iron-fertilization/ (accessed Aug. 25, 2009); "German Government Green Lights Ocean Iron Fertilization Test After Review", Sustainability Digest (28 Jan. 2009), available at www.warrenkarlenzig.com/2009/01/ 28/german-government-green-lights-ocean-iron-fertilizationtest-after-review/ (accessed Aug. 25, 2009).
-
-
-
-
72
-
-
85187075726
-
-
note
-
See 18 Yb. Int'l Environ. L. 244 (2007).
-
-
-
-
73
-
-
85187032408
-
-
note
-
See UNGA Resolution 62/215, available at www.un.org/ ga/62/resolutions.shtml (accessed Aug. 23, 2009).
-
-
-
-
74
-
-
85187064009
-
-
note
-
See Res. LC-LP.1/Grc.18 (2008), available at www.i-mo.org/includes/blastDataOnly.asp/data_id%3D20880/ 18.pdf (accessed Aug. 23, 2009).
-
-
-
-
75
-
-
85187096568
-
-
note
-
See id.
-
-
-
-
76
-
-
85187063781
-
-
note
-
See IMO Schedule of Meetings, available at www.imo.org/newsroom/mainframe.asp?topic_id=101 (accessed Aug. 24, 2009).
-
-
-
-
77
-
-
85187078898
-
-
note
-
See "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)", U.N. Doc. A/CINF.62/122, 21 Int'l Legal Mat. 1261 (1982).
-
-
-
-
78
-
-
85187061338
-
-
note
-
See id. at arts. 56(2) and 87(2).
-
-
-
-
79
-
-
85187088772
-
-
note
-
See text accompanying supra notes 57-60.
-
-
-
-
80
-
-
85187036933
-
-
note
-
See UNCLOS, supra note 77 at art. 192.
-
-
-
-
81
-
-
85187051235
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 194(1).
-
-
-
-
82
-
-
85187031696
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 194(3).
-
-
-
-
83
-
-
85187057874
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 194(1).
-
-
-
-
84
-
-
85187077641
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 194(3).
-
-
-
-
85
-
-
85187033041
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 1(4).
-
-
-
-
86
-
-
85187069025
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 240(c).
-
-
-
-
87
-
-
85187057432
-
-
note
-
See "Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)", 31 Int'l Legal Mat. 818 (1992)
-
-
-
-
88
-
-
85187094879
-
-
note
-
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/conveng.pdf (accessed Aug. 20, 2009).
-
-
-
-
89
-
-
85187083967
-
-
note
-
See e.g., Elisa Morgera, Year-in-Review Report, available at www.jus.uio.no/forskning/2Asst/04-02-C-Ocean Dumping.doc (accessed Aug. 24, 2009).
-
-
-
-
90
-
-
85187033419
-
-
note
-
See CBD, supra note 87 at art. 1.
-
-
-
-
91
-
-
85187044425
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 7(c).
-
-
-
-
92
-
-
85187059323
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 8(l).
-
-
-
-
93
-
-
85187041801
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 2, first para.
-
-
-
-
94
-
-
85187097484
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 4(b).
-
-
-
-
95
-
-
85187070546
-
-
note
-
Available at www.cbd.int/decisions/cop/?id=11659 (accessed Aug. 25, 2009).
-
-
-
-
96
-
-
85187061041
-
-
note
-
See id. at Pt. C, para. 3.
-
-
-
-
97
-
-
85187096705
-
-
note
-
See id. at Pt. C, para. 4.
-
-
-
-
98
-
-
85187046608
-
-
note
-
See UN Framework Convention of Climate Change, available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf (accessed Aug. 20, 2009).
-
-
-
-
99
-
-
85187089372
-
-
note
-
See id. at Preamble, eighth para.
-
-
-
-
100
-
-
85187060075
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 3(1).
-
-
-
-
101
-
-
85187027611
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 3(3).
-
-
-
-
102
-
-
85187065091
-
-
note
-
See id.
-
-
-
-
103
-
-
85187050214
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 4(1)(b).
-
-
-
-
104
-
-
85187048934
-
-
note
-
See id. at art. 4(1)(d).
-
-
-
-
105
-
-
85187028554
-
-
note
-
See supra note 103.
-
-
-
-
106
-
-
85187049136
-
-
note
-
See supra note 104.
-
-
-
|