메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 89, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 319-330

Campylobacter bacteremia: Clinical characteristics, incidence, and outcome over 23 years

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; ERYTHROMYCIN; GENTAMICIN; IMIPENEM; LEVOFLOXACIN; NALIDIXIC ACID; NORFLOXACIN; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; TETRACYCLINE; TOBRAMYCIN; RIBOSOME RNA;

EID: 77957273787     PISSN: 00257974     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3181f2638d     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (101)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 0033290666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and typing methods for the epidemiologic investigation of thermotolerant campylobacters
    • Barros-Velazquez J, Jimenez A, Villa TG. Isolation and typing methods for the epidemiologic investigation of thermotolerant campylobacters. Int Microbiol. 1999;2:217-226.
    • (1999) Int Microbiol , vol.2 , pp. 217-226
    • Barros-Velazquez, J.1    Jimenez, A.2    Villa, T.G.3
  • 2
    • 40249104874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Camplyobacter empyema due to food aspiration
    • Behl D, Manchanda R, Thomas C. Camplyobacter empyema due to food aspiration. JHosp Med. 2008;3:81-83.
    • (2008) JHosp Med , vol.3 , pp. 81-83
    • Behl, D.1    Manchanda, R.2    Thomas, C.3
  • 3
    • 0032138208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Campylobacter fetus\emerging infection and model system for bacterial pathogenesis at mucosal surfaces
    • Blaser MJ. Campylobacter fetus\emerging infection and model system for bacterial pathogenesis at mucosal surfaces. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:256-258.
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.27 , pp. 256-258
    • Blaser, M.J.1
  • 4
    • 0022689820 scopus 로고
    • Extraintestinal Campylobacter infections
    • Blaser MJ. Extraintestinal Campylobacter infections. West J Med. 1986;144:353-354.
    • (1986) West J Med , vol.144 , pp. 353-354
    • Blaser, M.J.1
  • 5
    • 0031872025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Campylobacter upsaliensis: Waiting in the wings
    • Bourke B, Chan VL, Sherman P. Campylobacter upsaliensis: waiting in the wings. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11:440-449.
    • (1998) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.11 , pp. 440-449
    • Bourke, B.1    Chan, V.L.2    Sherman, P.3
  • 6
    • 0027510189 scopus 로고
    • Hematologic manifestations in Campylobacter coli septicemia. Apropos of a case
    • Brunel V, Allegre T, Cailleres S, Blanc AP. [Hematologic manifestations in Campylobacter coli septicemia. Apropos of a case]. Rev Med Interne. 1993;14:39-40.
    • (1993) Rev Med Interne , vol.14 , pp. 39-40
    • Brunel, V.1    Allegre, T.2    Cailleres, S.3    Blanc, A.P.4
  • 8
    • 0031823540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia in an HIV-positive patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
    • Callahan C, Greene JN, Sandin RL, Ruge D, Johnson J. Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia in an HIV-positive patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer Control. 1998;5:357-360.
    • (1998) Cancer Control , vol.5 , pp. 357-360
    • Callahan, C.1    Greene, J.N.2    Sandin, R.L.3    Ruge, D.4    Johnson, J.5
  • 9
    • 0028129106 scopus 로고
    • Detection of Campylobacter upsaliensis from a blood culture by using the BacT/Alert system
    • Carnahan AM, Beadling J, Watsky D, Ford N. Detection of Campylobacter upsaliensis from a blood culture by using the BacT/Alert system. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:2598-2599.
    • (1994) J Clin Microbiol , vol.32 , pp. 2598-2599
    • Carnahan, A.M.1    Beadling, J.2    Watsky, D.3    Ford, N.4
  • 11
    • 33646696219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Wayne PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. M-100-S19; 29 (3, January Informational Supplement)
    • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Wayne PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. M-100-S19; 29 (3, January Informational Supplement); 2009.
    • (2009) Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
  • 15
    • 23844523937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ciprofloxacin resistance among human Campylobacter isolates 1991-2004: An update
    • Dingle KE, Clarke L, Bowler IC. Ciprofloxacin resistance among human Campylobacter isolates 1991-2004: an update. JAntimicrob Chemother. 2005;56:435-437.
    • (2005) JAntimicrob Chemother. , vol.56 , pp. 435-437
    • Dingle, K.E.1    Clarke, L.2    Bowler, I.C.3
  • 16
    • 2442526655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic 16S rRNA gene sequencing of atypical clinical isolates identified 27 new bacterial species associated with humans
    • Drancourt M, Berger P, Raoult D. Systematic 16S rRNA gene sequencing of atypical clinical isolates identified 27 new bacterial species associated with humans. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42: 2197-2202.
    • (2004) J Clin Microbiol , vol.42 , pp. 2197-2202
    • Drancourt, M.1    Berger, P.2    Raoult, D.3
  • 17
    • 34248186179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EBacteremia due to Campylobacter fetus isolated by conventional methods from an immunocompromised patient
    • Epifane G, Barbon S, Sadino G, Bouchet D, Suarez ME, Mangiaterra S. EBacteremia due to Campylobacter fetus isolated by conventional methods from an immunocompromised patient. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2007;39:34-37.
    • (2007) Rev Argent Microbiol , vol.39 , pp. 34-37
    • Epifane, G.1    Barbon, S.2    Sadino, G.3    Bouchet, D.4    Suarez, M.E.5    Mangiaterra, S.6
  • 18
    • 43049132931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of hyperinvasive Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from poultry and human clinical sources
    • Fearnley C, Manning G, Bagnall M, Javed MA, Wassenaar TM, Newell DG. Identification of hyperinvasive Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from poultry and human clinical sources. J Med Microbiol. 2008;57:570-580.
    • (2008) J Med Microbiol , vol.57 , pp. 570-580
    • Fearnley, C.1    Manning, G.2    Bagnall, M.3    Javed, M.A.4    Wassenaar, T.M.5    Newell, D.G.6
  • 21
    • 33846811454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent bacterial infections and primary immune disorders
    • Freeman AF, Holland SM. Persistent bacterial infections and primary immune disorders. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2007;10:70-75.
    • (2007) Curr Opin Microbiol , vol.10 , pp. 70-75
    • Freeman, A.F.1    Holland, S.M.2
  • 22
    • 34548733036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Campylobacter and bacterial gastroenteritis
    • Galanis E. Campylobacter and bacterial gastroenteritis. CMAJ. 2007;177:570-571.
    • (2007) CMAJ , vol.177 , pp. 570-571
    • Galanis, E.1
  • 25
    • 0018219870 scopus 로고
    • Campylobacteriosis in man: Pathogenic mechanisms and review of 91 bloodstream infections
    • Guerrant RL, Lahita RG, Winn WC Jr, Roberts RB. Campylobacteriosis in man: pathogenic mechanisms and review of 91 bloodstream infections. Am J Med. 1978;65:584-592.
    • (1978) Am J Med , vol.65 , pp. 584-592
    • Guerrant, R.L.1    Lahita, R.G.2    Winn Jr., W.C.3    Roberts, R.B.4
  • 26
    • 0028082204 scopus 로고
    • Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia and Guillain-Barre syndrome in a patient with GVHD after allogeneic BMT
    • Hagensee ME, Benyunes M, Miller JA, Spach DH. Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia and Guillain-Barre syndrome in a patient with GVHD after allogeneic BMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1994;13: 349-351.
    • (1994) Bone Marrow Transplant , vol.13 , pp. 349-351
    • Hagensee, M.E.1    Benyunes, M.2    Miller, J.A.3    Spach, D.H.4
  • 28
    • 0030932981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotype analysis of human blood isolates of Campylobacter jejuni in England and Wales
    • Jackson CJ, Fox AJ, Wareing DR, Sutcliffe EM, Jones DM. Genotype analysis of human blood isolates of Campylobacter jejuni in England and Wales. Epidemiol Infect. 1997;118:81-89.
    • (1997) Epidemiol Infect , vol.118 , pp. 81-89
    • Jackson, C.J.1    Fox, A.J.2    Wareing, D.R.3    Sutcliffe, E.M.4    Jones, D.M.5
  • 29
    • 17144455609 scopus 로고
    • EUnusual forms of bacteremia due to Campylobacter jejuni in patients with HIV infection
    • Knobel H, Lopez-Colomes J, Saballs P, Drobnic L. EUnusual forms of bacteremia due to Campylobacter jejuni in patients with HIV infection. Med Clin (Barc). 1994;103:239.
    • (1994) Med Clin (Barc) , vol.103 , pp. 239
    • Knobel, H.1    Lopez-Colomes, J.2    Saballs, P.3    Drobnic, L.4
  • 30
    • 0036773804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of campylobacter species: A comparison of culture and polymerase chain reaction based methods
    • Kulkarni SP, Lever S, Logan JM, Lawson AJ, Stanley J, Shafi MS. Detection of campylobacter species: a comparison of culture and polymerase chain reaction based methods. J Clin Pathol. 2002;55: 749-753.
    • (2002) J Clin Pathol , vol.55 , pp. 749-753
    • Kulkarni, S.P.1    Lever, S.2    Logan, J.M.3    Lawson, A.J.4    Stanley, J.5    Shafi, M.S.6
  • 31
    • 0036197260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of cotrimoxazole-and quinolone-resistant Campylobacter infections in bone marrow transplant recipients
    • Lau SK, Woo PC, Leung KW, Yuen KY. Emergence of cotrimoxazole-and quinolone-resistant Campylobacter infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;21:127-129.
    • (2002) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.21 , pp. 127-129
    • Lau, S.K.1    Woo, P.C.2    Leung, K.W.3    Yuen, K.Y.4
  • 32
    • 0033845084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteremia due to Campylobacter species: High rate of resistance to macrolide and quinolone antibiotics
    • Lu PL, Hsueh PR, Hung CC, Chang SC, Luh KT, Lee CY. Bacteremia due to Campylobacter species: high rate of resistance to macrolide and quinolone antibiotics. J Formos Med Assoc. 2000; 99:612-617.
    • (2000) J Formos Med Assoc , vol.99 , pp. 612-617
    • Lu, P.L.1    Hsueh, P.R.2    Hung, C.C.3    Chang, S.C.4    Luh, K.T.5    Lee, C.Y.6
  • 33
    • 0031761501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia and Guillain-Barre syndrome in a renal transplant recipient
    • Maccario M, Tarantino A, Nobile-Orazio E, Ponticelli C. Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia and Guillain-Barre syndrome in a renal transplant recipient. Transpl Int. 1998;11:439-442.
    • (1998) Transpl Int , vol.11 , pp. 439-442
    • MacCario, M.1    Tarantino, A.2    Nobile-Orazio, E.3    Ponticelli, C.4
  • 34
    • 0037493205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of culture methods and a DNA probe-based PCR assay for detection of Campylobacter species in clinical specimens of feces
    • Maher M, Finnegan C, Collins E, Ward B, Carroll C, Cormican M. Evaluation of culture methods and a DNA probe-based PCR assay for detection of Campylobacter species in clinical specimens of feces. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:2980-2986.
    • (2003) J Clin Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 2980-2986
    • Maher, M.1    Finnegan, C.2    Collins, E.3    Ward, B.4    Carroll, C.5    Cormican, M.6
  • 35
    • 0033814207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the temporal trend of diagnosis of AIDS and AIDS-defining disorders
    • Manfredi R. [Effects of the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the temporal trend of diagnosis of AIDS and AIDS-defining disorders]. Infez Med. 2000;8:134-138.
    • (2000) Infez Med , vol.8 , pp. 134-138
    • Manfredi, R.1
  • 36
    • 0036178980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enteric and disseminated Campylobacter species infection during HIV disease: A persisting but significantly modified association in the HAART era
    • Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F. Enteric and disseminated Campylobacter species infection during HIV disease: a persisting but significantly modified association in the HAART era. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:510-511.
    • (2002) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.97 , pp. 510-511
    • Manfredi, R.1    Calza, L.2    Chiodo, F.3
  • 37
    • 0032854264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chiodo F Fatal Campylobacter jejuni bacteraemia in patients with AIDS
    • Manfredi R, Nanetti A, Ferri M, Chiodo F Fatal Campylobacter jejuni bacteraemia in patients with AIDS. J Med Microbiol. 1999;48: 601-603.
    • (1999) J Med Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 601-603
    • Manfredi, R.1    Nanetti, A.2    Ferri, M.3
  • 39
    • 18544383173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extended multilocus sequence typing system for Campylobacter coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, and C. helveticus
    • Miller WG, On SL, Wang G, Fontanoz S, Lastovica AJ, Mandrell RE. Extended multilocus sequence typing system for Campylobacter coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, and C. helveticus. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43: 2315-2329.
    • (2005) J Clin Microbiol , vol.43 , pp. 2315-2329
    • Miller, W.G.1    On, S.L.2    Wang, G.3    Fontanoz, S.4    Lastovica, A.J.5    Mandrell, R.E.6
  • 40
  • 41
    • 0025323584 scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular and bacteremic manifestations of Campylobacter fetus infection: Case report and review
    • Morrison VA, Lloyd BK, Chia JK, Tuazon CU. Cardiovascular and bacteremic manifestations of Campylobacter fetus infection: case report and review. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12:387-392.
    • (1990) Rev Infect Dis , vol.12 , pp. 387-392
    • Morrison, V.A.1    Lloyd, B.K.2    Chia, J.K.3    Tuazon, C.U.4
  • 43
    • 0004152159 scopus 로고
    • Murray PR Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds 6th ed. Washington DC: ASM Press
    • Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 6th ed. Washington DC: ASM Press; 1995.
    • (1995) Manual of Clinical Microbiology
  • 44
    • 0024445924 scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous Streptococcus pneumoniae Giardia lamblia and Campylobacter pylori infection: An adult presentation of X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia
    • Nathwani D, Morris AJ, Smith CC. Simultaneous Streptococcus pneumoniae, Giardia lamblia and Campylobacter pylori infection: an adult presentation of X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia. Scott Med J. 1989;34:502.
    • (1989) Scott Med J , vol.34 , pp. 502
    • Nathwani, D.1    Morris, A.J.2    Smith, C.C.3
  • 45
    • 0027325325 scopus 로고
    • A preliminary report of the steering group of the Second National Prevalence Survey
    • National Prevalence Survey of Hospital Acquired Infections: definitions
    • National Prevalence Survey of Hospital Acquired Infections: definitions. A preliminary report of the steering group of the Second National Prevalence Survey. J Hosp Infect. 1993;24: 69-76.
    • (1993) J Hosp Infect , vol.24 , pp. 69-76
  • 46
    • 0028340492 scopus 로고
    • Persistence of Campylobacter fetus bacteremia associated with absence of opsonizing antibodies
    • Neuzil KM, Wang E, Haas DW, Blaser MJ. Persistence of Campylobacter fetus bacteremia associated with absence of opsonizing antibodies. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:1718-1720.
    • (1994) J Clin Microbiol , vol.32 , pp. 1718-1720
    • Neuzil, K.M.1    Wang, E.2    Haas, D.W.3    Blaser, M.J.4
  • 48
    • 0032609667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Campylobacter fetus bacteremia and thrombophlebitis in a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
    • Ozaki M, Murase T, Park JW, Aoki M, Kawato M. [Campylobacter fetus bacteremia and thrombophlebitis in a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1999;73:86-89.
    • (1999) Kansenshogaku Zasshi , vol.73 , pp. 86-89
    • Ozaki, M.1    Murase, T.2    Park, J.W.3    Aoki, M.4    Kawato, M.5
  • 51
    • 0028769554 scopus 로고
    • Bacteremia due to Campylobacter sp. in patients with HIV infection
    • Pigrau C, Almirante B, Bartolome R, Pahissa A. [Bacteremia due to Campylobacter sp. in patients with HIV infection]. Med Clin (Barc). 1994;103:239.
    • (1994) Med Clin (Barc) , vol.103 , pp. 239
    • Pigrau, C.1    Almirante, B.2    Bartolome, R.3    Pahissa, A.4
  • 53
    • 0031434716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteremia due to Campylobacter species: Clinical findings and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns
    • Pigrau C, Bartolome R, Almirante B, Planes AM, Gavalda J, Pahissa A. Bacteremia due to Campylobacter species: clinical findings and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25: 1414-1420.
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.25 , pp. 1414-1420
    • Pigrau, C.1    Bartolome, R.2    Almirante, B.3    Planes, A.M.4    Gavalda, J.5    Pahissa, A.6
  • 58
    • 0029000855 scopus 로고
    • A survey of Campylobacter bacteremia in three Danish counties, 1989 to 1994
    • Schonheyder HC, Sogaard P, Frederiksen W. A survey of Campylobacter bacteremia in three Danish counties, 1989 to 1994. Scand J Infect Dis. 1995;27:145-148.
    • (1995) Scand J Infect Dis. , vol.27 , pp. 145-148
    • Schonheyder, H.C.1    Sogaard, P.2    Frederiksen, W.3
  • 59
    • 0031011471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serendipitous detection of persistent Campylobacter jejuni subspecies jejuni bacteremia in a patient undergoing bone marrow transplantation
    • Schuster M, Blaser MJ, Nachamkin I. Serendipitous detection of persistent Campylobacter jejuni subspecies jejuni bacteremia in a patient undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:1270.
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 1270
    • Schuster, M.1    Blaser, M.J.2    Nachamkin, I.3
  • 61
    • 0025951991 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of campylobacteriosis among patients with AIDS in Los Angeles County
    • Sorvillo FJ, Lieb LE, Waterman SH. Incidence of campylobacteriosis among patients with AIDS in Los Angeles County. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1991;4:598-602.
    • (1991) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.4 , pp. 598-602
    • Sorvillo, F.J.1    Lieb, L.E.2    Waterman, S.H.3
  • 62
    • 0017575138 scopus 로고
    • Campylobacter fetus associated with pulmonary abscess and empyema
    • Targan SR, Chow AW, Guze LB. Campylobacter fetus associated with pulmonary abscess and empyema. Chest. 1977;71:105-108.
    • (1977) Chest , vol.71 , pp. 105-108
    • Targan, S.R.1    Chow, A.W.2    Guze, L.B.3
  • 63
  • 64
    • 0031914436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected patients: Comparison of clinical features and review
    • Tee W, Mijch A. Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected patients: comparison of clinical features and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:91-96.
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.26 , pp. 91-96
    • Tee, W.1    Mijch, A.2
  • 65
    • 0019857098 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Campylobacter fetus from blood cultures
    • Tilse MH, McAlister TV. Isolation of Campylobacter fetus from blood cultures. Med J Aust. 1981;2:337-338.
    • (1981) Med J Aust , vol.2 , pp. 337-338
    • Tilse, M.H.1    McAlister, T.V.2
  • 66
    • 0025960666 scopus 로고
    • Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: Emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov
    • Vandamme P, Falsen E, Rossau R, Hoste B, Segers P, Tytgat R, De Ley J. Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1991;41:88-103.
    • (1991) Int J Syst Bacteriol , vol.41 , pp. 88-103
    • Vandamme, P.1    Falsen, E.2    Rossau, R.3    Hoste, B.4    Segers, P.5    Tytgat, R.6    De Ley, J.7
  • 67
    • 0036527714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypogammaglobulinaemia: Cumulative experience in 49 patients in a tertiary care institution
    • Van der Hilst JC, Smits BW, van der Meer JW. Hypogammaglobulinaemia: cumulative experience in 49 patients in a tertiary care institution. Neth J Med. 2002;60:140-147.
    • (2002) Neth J Med , vol.60 , pp. 140-147
    • Van Der Hilst, J.C.1    Smits, B.W.2    Van Der Meer, J.W.3
  • 68
    • 0022618880 scopus 로고
    • Campylobacter jejuni bacteraemia as a cause of recurrent fever in a patient with hypogammaglobulinaemia
    • van der Meer JW, Mouton RP, Daha MR, Schuurman RK. Campylobacter jejuni bacteraemia as a cause of recurrent fever in a patient with hypogammaglobulinaemia. J Infect. 1986;12: 235-239.
    • (1986) J Infect , vol.12 , pp. 235-239
    • Van Der Meer, J.W.1    Mouton, R.P.2    Daha, M.R.3    Schuurman, R.K.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.