Female genital cutting and mother's age at birth are associated with the sex of offspring in Africa

Biodemography and Social Biology

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 141-151

  Martin, John F ^a   Williams, Robert C ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICA; AGE; ARTICLE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; FEMALE; FEMALE CIRCUMCISION; HUMAN; MALE; MOTHER; PREGNANCY; RISK; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICA; AGE FACTORS; CIRCUMCISION, FEMALE; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LINEAR MODELS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MODELS, STATISTICAL; MOTHERS; ODDS RATIO; PREGNANCY; SEX FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77957271580     PISSN: 19485565     EISSN: 19485573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2008.9989139     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. ABDEL MAGIED A. and S. AHMED, 2002. Sexual experiences and psychosexual effect of female genital mutilation (FGM) or female circumcision (FC) on Sudanese women. Ahfad Journal 19: 21-29.
2. ANDERSSON R. and S. BERSTROM, 1998. Is malnutrition associated with a low sex ratio at birth? Hum. Biol. 70: 1101-1106. (Pubitemid 28532145)
3. BAKER R. and M. BELLIS, 1993. Human sperm competition: ejaculate manipulation by females and a function for the female orgasm. Animal. Behav. 46: 887-909.
4. BEERNINK F., W. DIMOWSKI, and R. ERICSSON, 1973. Sex preselection through albumin separation of sperm. Fertil. Steril. 59: 382-386.
5. BLAICHER W., C. GRUBER, A. BEGLMAYER, A. BLAICHER, W. KNOGLER, and C. HUBER, 1999. The role of oxytocin in relation to female sexualarousal. Gyn. Obstet. Investigation 47: 125-126. (Pubitemid 29082165)
6. BLONDEAU B., J. LESAGE, J. CZERNICHOW, J. DUPOUY, and B. BREANT, 2001. Glucocorticoids impair fetal B-cell development in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 281:E592-E599.
7. BORGERHOFF MULDER M., 1989. Marital status and reproductive performance in Kipsigis women: re-evaluating the polygyny-fertility hypothesis. Population Studies 43: 285-304.
8. BORGERHOFF MULDER M., 1994. On polygyny and sex ratio at birth: an evaluation of Whiting's study. Curr. Anthropol. 35: 625-627.
9. CARMICHAEL M., R. HUMBERT, J. DIXEN, G. PALMISANO, W. GREENLEAF, and J. DAVIDSON, 1987. Plasma oxytocin in the human sexual response. J. Clini. Endocrinol. Metab. 64: 27-31. (Pubitemid 17015873)
10. CATALANO R., J. BRUCKNER, B. GOULD, B. ESKENAZI, and E. ANDERSON, 2005. Sex ratios in California following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Hum. Reprod. 20: 1221-1227. (Pubitemid 40790244)
11. CATALANO R, T. BRUCKNER, A. MARKS, and B. ESKENAZI, 2006. Exogenous shocks to the human sex ratio: the case of September 11, 2001 in New York City. Hum. Reprod. 21: 3127-3131. (Pubitemid 44811614)
12. CNATTINGIUS S., B. HAGLUND, and M. KRAMER, 1998. Differences in late fetal death rates in association with determinants of small for gestational age fetuses: population based cohort study. Br.Med. J. 316: 1483-1487. (Pubitemid 28224955)
13. DAHRI S., B. REUSENS, C. REMACLE, and J. HOET, 1995. Nutritional influences on pancreatic development and potential links with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 54: 345-356.
14. DEL RIO GOMEZ I., T. MARSHALL, P. TSAI, Y. SHAO, and Y. Guo, 2002. Number of boys bom to men exposed to polychlorinated byphenyls. Lancet 360:1887.
15. Demographic and Health Surveys, 2006. Measure DHS, www.measuredhs.com, Calverton, Maryland, USA: ORC Macro.
16. ELCHALAL, U., B. BEN-AMI, and A. BRZEZINSKI, 1999. Female circumcision: the peril remains. B.J.U. International 83, Suppl. 1: 103-108. (Pubitemid 29150298)
17. ELMUSHARAF S., E. NAGLA, and L. ALMROTH, 2006. Reliability of self reported form of female genital mutilation and WHO classification: cross sectional study. Br. Med. J. 333:124.
18. ERICSSON R., C. LANGEVIN, and M. NISHINO, 1973. Isolation of fractions rich in human Y sperm. Nature 246: 421-424.
19. FLAHERTY S., J. MICHALOWSKA, N. SWANN, W. DMOWSKI, C. MATHEWS, and R. AITKEN, 1997. Albumin gradients do not enrich Y-bearing human spermatozoa. Hum. Reprod. 12: 938-942. (Pubitemid 27271748)
20. FRANCE J., F. GRAHAM, L. GOSLING, and P. HAIR, 1984. A prospective study of the pre-selection of the sex of offspring by timing intercourse relative to ovulation. Fertil. Steril. 41: 894-900. (Pubitemid 14119937)
21. FUKUDA M., K. FUKUDA, T. SHIMIZU, and H. MOLLER, 1998. Decline in sex ratio at birth after Kobe earthquake. Hum. Reprod. 13: 2321-2322. (Pubitemid 28425137)
22. FUKUDA M., K. FUKUDA, T. SHIMIZU, C. ANDERSEN, and A. BYSKOV, 2002. Parental periconceptional smoking and male: female ratio of newborn infants. Lancet 359: 1407-1408. (Pubitemid 34442385)
23. GIBSON M. and R. MACE, 2003. Strong mothers bear more sons in rural Ethiopia. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (Suppl.) 270:S108-S109. (Pubitemid 36960328)
24. GUERRERO R., 1974. Association of the type and time of insemination within the menstrual cycle with the human sex ratio at birth. N. Engl. J. Med. 300: 1445-1448.
25. HALES C. and D. BARKER, 1992. Type 2 (noninsulin- dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia 35: 595-601.
26. HANSEN D., H. MOLLER, and J. OLSEN, 1999. Severe periconceptional life events and the sex in offspring: follow up study based on five national registers. Br. Med. J. 319: 548-549. (Pubitemid 29403635)
27. HOLEMANS K., L. AERTS, and F. VAN ASSCHE, 2003. Fetal growth restriction and consequences for the offspring in animal models. J. Soc. Gynecol. Investigation 10: 392-399. (Pubitemid 37159224)
28. JACOBSEN R., H. MOLLER, and A. MOURITSEN, 1999. Natural variation in the human sex ratio. Hum. Reprod. 14(12): 3120-3125.
29. JONES H., D. NAFISSATOU, I. ASKEW, and I. KABORE, 1999. Female genital cutting practices in Burkina Faso and Mali and their negative health outcomes. Studies in Family Planning 30(3): 219-230.
30. KATZ D. 1991. Human cervical mucus: research update. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 165: 1984-1986.
31. KLEINBAUM, D. 1994. Logistic Regression. Springer- Verlag, New York, New York, USA
32. KUNZ G., D. BEIL, H. DEININGER, L. WILDT, and G. LEYENDECKER, 1996. The dynamics of rapid sperm transport through the female genital tract: evidence from vaginal sonography of uterine peristalsis and hysterosalpingoscintigraphy. Hum. Reprod. 11: 627-632. (Pubitemid 26126092)
33. KUNZ G., M. NOE, M. HERBERTZ, and G. LEYENDECKER, 1998. Uterine peristalsis during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle: effects of oestrogen, antioestrogen, and oxytocin. Hum. Reprod. Update 4: 647-654. (Pubitemid 29041478)
34. LLOYD E. 2005. The Case of the Female Orgasm. Bias in the Science of Evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
35. MARTIN J. 1994. Changing sex ratios. The history of Havasupai fertility and its implications for human sex ratio variation. Curr. Anthropol. 35: 235-279.
36. MARTIN J. 1995. Hormonal and behavioral determinants of the secondary sex ratio. Soc. Biol. 42: 226-238.
37. MARTIN J. 1997. Length of the follicular phase, time of insemination, coital rate and the sex of offspring. Hum. Reprod. 12: 611-616. (Pubitemid 27156465)
38. MARTIN R. 1994. Human sex pre-selection by sperm manipulation. Hum. Reprod. 9: 1790-1791. (Pubitemid 24322369)
39. MATHEWS T. and B. HAMILTON (2005) Trend analysis of the sex ratio at birth in the United States. National Vital Statistics Reports 53(20): 1-20.
40. MOCARELLI P., P. GERTHOUX, E. FERRARI, D. PATTERSON, S. KIESZAK Jr., P. BRAMBILLA, N. Vincoli, S. SIGNORINI, P. TRAMACERE, V. CARRERI, E. SAMPSON, W. TURNER, and L. NEEDHAM, 2000. Paternal concentrations of dioxin and sex ratio of offspring. Lancet 355: 1858-1863. (Pubitemid 30311877)
41. MOGHISSI K. 1973. Sperm migration through the human cervix, p. P128-152, In ELSTEIN M., K. MOGHISSI, and R. BORTH (eds). Cervical Mucus in Human Reproduction. Scriptor, Copenhagen.
42. MUKORO U. 2004. A survey on the psychosexual implications of female genital mutilation on Urhobo women of the Niger delta communities of Nigeria. J. Hum. Ecol. 16: 147-150.
43. NORBERG K. 2004. Partnership status and the human sex ratio at birth. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 271: 2403-2410.
44. NORDENTOFT M., H. Lou, D. HANSEN, O. PYRDS, P. RUBIN, and R. HEMMINGSEN, 1996. Intrauterine growth retardation and premature delivery: the influence of maternal smoking and psychosocial factors. American J. Pub. Health 86: 347-354. (Pubitemid 26085126)
45. PEREZ A., R. EGER, V. DOMENICHINI, R. KAMBIC, and R. GRAY, 1982. Sex ratio associated with natural family planning. Fertil. Steril. 43: 152-153.
46. PYRSAK R. 1994. Separation of X- and Y- bearing human spermatozoa using albumin gradients. Hum. Reprod. 9: 1788-1790.
47. ROSE G. and A. WONG, 1998. Experiences in Hong Kong with the theory and practice of the albumin column method of sperm separation for sex selection. Hum. Reprod. 13: 146-149. (Pubitemid 28075291)
48. SPIRA A., B. DUCOT, M. GUMARD-MOSCATO, N. JOB-SPIRA, M. MAYAUX, J. MENETRIER, and J. WATTIAUX, 1993. Conception probability and pregnancy outcome in relation to age, cycle regularity, and timing of intercourse, p. 271-284. In Gray R., H. Leridon, and A. Spira (eds), in Biomedical and demographic determinants of reproduction. Clarendon, Oxford.
49. SUAREZ S. and A. PACEY, 2005. Sperm transport in the female reproductive tract. Hum. Reprod. Update 12(1): 23-37.
50. TAMIMI R., P. LAGIOU, L. MUCCI, C. HSIEH, H. ADAMI, and D. TRICHOPOULOS, 2003. Average energy intake among pregnant women carrying a boy compared with a girl. Br. Med. J. 326: 1245-1246. (Pubitemid 36688082)
51. TEITELBAUM M. 1972. Factors associated with the sex ratio in human populations, p. 90-109. In Harrison G. and A. Boyce (eds.) The Structure of Human Populations. Oxford, England: Clarendon.
52. THABET S. and S. AHMED, 2003. Defective sexuality and female circumcision: the cause and the possible management. J. Obstet. and Gynaecol. Res. 29(1): 12-19. (Pubitemid 36456841)
53. VAN DE WALLE E. 1973a. Characteristics of African demographic data, p. 12-87. In Brass W., A. Coale, P. Demeny, D. Heisel, F. Lorimer, A. Romaniuk, and E. Van de walle (eds). The Demography of Tropical Africa. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., USA
54. VAN DE WALLE E. 1973b. Marriage in African censuses and inquiries, p. 183-238. In Brass W., A. Coale, P. Demeny, D. Heisel, F. Lorimer, A. Romaniuk, and E. Van De Walle (eds), The Demography of Tropical Africa. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., USA
55. VILORIA T., M. RUBIO, L. RODRIGO, G. CALDERON, A. MERCADER, E. MATEU, M. MESEGUER, J. REMOHI, and A. PELUCER, 2005. Smoking habits of parents and male: female ratio in spermatozoa and preimplantation embryos. Hum. Reprod. 20: 2517-2522. (Pubitemid 41222500)
56. WADLEY R. and J. MARTIN, 1997. Secondary sex ratios and coital frequency with an Iban case. Curr. Anthropol. 38: 79-81.
57. WEINBERG C, D. BAIRD, and D. WILCOX, 1995. The sex of the baby may be related to the length of the follicular phase in the conception cycle. Hum. Reprod. 10: 304-307.
58. WEINSTEIN S., T. PAQUIN, A. PRITSKER, and R. HABER, 1995. Glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance: dexamethasone inhibits the activation of glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle by both insulinand non-insulin related stimuli. Diabetes 44: 441-445.
59. WHITING J. 1993. The effect of polygyny on sex ratio at birth. Amer. Anthropol. 95: 435-442.
60. WHO, 1980. Temporal relationships between ovulation and defined changes in the concentration of plasma estradiol-17B, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and progesterone. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 138: 383-390.
61. WHO, 2006. Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries. Lancet 367: 1835-1841.
62. WILDT L., S. KISSLER, P. LicHT, and W. BECKER, 1998. Sperm transport in the human female genital tract and its modulation by oxytocin as assessed by hysterosalpingoscintigraphy, hysterotonography, electrohysterography and Doppler sonography. Hum. Reprod. Update 4: 655-666. (Pubitemid 29041479)
63. WILLIAMS R. and S. GLOSTER, 1992. Human sex ratio as it relates to caloric availability. Soc. Biol. 39: 285-291.
64. WILSON, K. and I. HARDY, 2002. Statistical analysis of sex ratios: an introduction, p. 48-92. In Hardy, I. (ed) Sex Ratios, Concepts and Research Methods, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
65. WOOD J. 1994. Dynamics of Human Reproduction. Biology, Biometry, Demography. Aldine De Grutyer, New York, N.Y. USA
66. YODER P., N. ABDERRAHIM, and A. ZHUZHUNI, 2004. Female Cutting in the Demographic and Health Surveys: A Critical Comparative Analysis, DHS Comparative Reports 7. ORC Macro, Calverton, MD., USA