The role of water in atmosphertc dynamics and climate

International Geophysics

Volumn 83, Issue C, 2002, Pages 62-71

  Emanuel, Kerry ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957171091     PISSN: 00746142     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80157-7     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Arrhenius S. On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground. Phil. Mag. 41 (1896) 237-276
2. Browning K.A. Conceptual models of precipitation systems. Weath.. Forecast 1 (1986) 23-41
3. Browning K.A. Organization and internal structure of synoptic and mesoscale precipitation systems in midlatitudes. In: Atlas D. (Ed). Radar in Meteorology: Battan Memorial and 40th Anniversary Radar Meteorology Conference (1990), American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA 433-460
4. Browning K.A. Structure of a frontal cyclone. Q.J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 120 (1994) 1535-1557
5. Buchan A. A Handybook of Meteorology (1868), Blackwood Press, Edinburgh
6. Cess, R.D., a.30 c.-a. Intercomparison and interpretation of climate feedback processes in 19 atmospheric general circulation models. J.Geophys. Res. 95 (1990) 16601-16615
7. Chan J.C.-L., and Williams R.T. Analytical and numerical studies of the beta-effect in tropical cyclone motion. J.Atmos. Sci. 44 (1987) 1257-1264
8. Charney J.G. The dynamics of long waves in a westerly baroclinic current. J.Meteor. 4 (1947) 135-163
9. Charney J.G., and Eliassen A. On the growth of the hurricane depression. J.Atmos. Sci. 21 (1964) 68-75
10. Chou M.-D., Krats D.P., and Ridgwa W. Infrared radiation parameterization in numerical climate models. J.Climate 4 (1991) 424-437
11. Eady E.T. Long waves and cyclone waves. Tellus 1 (1949) 33-52
12. Emanuel K.A. The Lagrangian parcel dynamics of moist symmetric instability. J.Atmos. Sci. 40 (1983) 2368-2376
13. Emanuel K.A. Frontal circulations in the presence of small moist symmetric stability. J.Atmos. Sci. 42 (1985) 1062-1071
14. Emanuel K.A. Observational evidence of slantwise convective adjustment. Mon. Wealth. Rev. 116 (1988) 1805-1816
15. Emanuel K.A. A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models. J.Atmos. Sci. 48 (1991) 2313-2335
16. Emanuel K.A., and Bister M. Moist convective velocity and buoyancy scales. J.Atmos. Sci. 53 (1996) 3276-3285
17. Emanuel K.A., and Zivkovic-Rothman M. Development and evaluation of a convection scheme for use in climate models. J.Atmos. Sci. 56 (1999) 1766-1782
18. Emanuel K.A., Fantini M., and Thorpe A.J. Baroclinic instability in an environment of small stability to slantwise moist convection. Part I: Two-dimensional models. J.Atmos. Sci. 44 (1987) 1559-1573
19. Emanuel K.A., Neelin J.D., and Bretherton C.S. On largescale circulations in convecting atmospheres. Q.J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 120 (1994) 1111-1143
20. Espy J.P. The Philosophy of Storms (1841), Little and Brown, Boston
21. Fantini M. A numerical study of two-dimensional moist baroclinic instability. J.Atmos. Sci. 50 (1993) 1199-1210
22. Fantini M. Moist Eady waves in a quasigeostrophic threedimensional model. J.Atmos. Sci. 52 (1995) 2473-2485
23. Frisinger H.H. The history of meteorology: to 1800 (1977), American Meteorological Society, 45 Beacon St., Boston
24. Hoskins B.J., McIntyre M.E., and Robertson A.W. On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Q.J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 111 (1985) 877-946
25. Islam S., Bras R.L., and Emanuel K.A. Predictability of mesoscale rainfall in the tropics. J.Appl. Meteorol. 32 (1993) 297-310
26. Kutzbach G. The thermal theory of cyclones (1979), American Meteorological Society, 45 Beacon St., Boston
27. Lindzen R.S. Baroclinic neutrality and the tropopause. J.Atmos. Sci. 50 (1993) 1148-1151
28. in press. Lindzen R.S., Chou M.-D., and Hou A.Y. Does the earth have an adaptive iris? Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 81 (2000)
29. Loomis E. On two storms which were experienced throughout the United States in the month of February, 1842. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 9 (1843) 161-184
30. Loomis E. Contributions to meteorology. Am. J. Sci. 14 (1877) 16
31. Manabe S., Smagorinsky J., and Strickler R.F. Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrologic cycle. Mon. Weath. Rev. 93 (1965) 769-798
32. Parsons D.B., and Hobbs P.V. Mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. Pt 7: Formation, development, interaction, and dissipation of rainbands. J.Atmos. Sci. 40 (1983) 559-579
33. Rennó N.O., and Ingersoll A.P. Natural convection as a heat engine: A theory for CAPE. J.Atmos. Sci. 53 (1996) 572-585
34. Rennó N.O., Emanuel K.A., and Stone P.H. Radiativeconvective model with an explicit hydrological cycle. Part 1: Formulation and sensitivity to model parameters. J.Geophys. Res. 99 (1994) 14429-14441
35. Sun D.-Z., and Oort A.H. Humidity-temperature relationships in the tropical troposphere. J.Climate 8 (1995) 1974-1987
36. Thorpe A.J., and Emanuel K.A. Frontogenesis in the presence of small stability to slantwise convection. J.Atmos. Sci. 42 (1985) 1809-1824
37. Wheeler M., and Kiladis G.N. Convectively coupled equatorial waves: analysis of clouds and temperature in the wavenumber-frequency domian. J.Atmos. Sci. 56 (1999) 374-399