Revisiting the medieval black death of 1347-1351: Spatiotemporal dynamics suggestive of an alternate causation

Geography Compass

Volumn 4, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 561-575

  Welford, Markm ^a   Bossak, Brian H ^a  

^a GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAUSE OF DEATH; MEDIEVAL; MORTALITY; RESEARCH; SOCIAL HISTORY; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); YERSINIA PESTIS;

EID: 77957163860     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17498198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00335.x     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Abbey H. An examination of the Reed Frost theory of epidemics. Human Biology 1952, 24:201-233. pp
2. Aberth J. The Black Death: the great mortality of 1348-1350, a brief history with documents 2005, Boston, Bedford/St. Martins
3. Abu-Lughod J L. Before European hegemony: the world system A.D. 1250-1350 1991, New York, Oxford University Press, p
4. Alkhatib G, Combadiere C, Broder C C, Feng Y, Kennedy P E, Murphy P M. CC CKR5: a RANTES, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Science 1996, 272:1955-1958. pp
5. Amori G, Cristaldi M. The Atlas of European mammals 1999, 278-279. Mitchell-Jones A J, ed, London, Academic Press, pp
6. Bailey M. Medieval suffolk: an economic and social history, 1200-1500 2007, Woddbridge, Suffolk, Boydell Press
7. Begier E M, Asiki G, Anywaine Z, Yockey B, Schriefer M E, Aleti P, Ogen-Odoi A, Staples J E, Sexton C, Bearden S W, Kool J L. Pneumonic plague cluster, Uganda, 2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2006, 12(3):460-467. pp
8. Bellazzini M A, Myint M. Yersinia pestis: new challenges in the age of Bioterrorism. Resident and Staff Physician 2006, 52(3):21-30. pp
9. Benedict C. Bubonic plague in nineteenth-century China 1996, Stanford, Stanford University Press
10. Benedictow O J. The Black Death 1346-1353: the complete history 2004, Woodbridge, Suffolk, Boydell Press
11. Berthe M. Famines et épidémies dans les campagnes navarraises à la fin du Moyen-Age 1984, Paris, S.F.I.E.D
12. Biloglav Z, Zgaga L, Smoljanovic M, Hayward C, Polasek O, Kolcic I, Vitart V, Zemunik T, Boraska V, Torlak V, Mulic R, Ropac D, Grkovic I, Rudan D, Ristic S, Barbalic M, Campbell H, Wright A F, Rudan I. Historic, demographic, and genetic evidence for increased population frequencies of CCR5-Δ32 mutation in croatian island isolates after lethal 15th century epidemics. Croatian Medical Journal 2009, 50:34-42. pp
13. Boccaccio G. The Decameron: Prencipe Galeotto. Reprinted (2002) 1353, Mark MusaThomas G Bergin. translated by, New York, Signet Classic
14. Bossak B H. AIDS and the Black Death. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 2007, 100:144-145. pp
15. Bossak B H, Welford M R. Did medieval trade activity and a viral etiology control the spatial extent and seasonal distribution of Black Death mortality? Medical Hypotheses 2009, 72:749-752. pp
16. Cantor N F. In the wake of the plague: The Black Death and the world it made 2001, New York, The Free Press
17. Cavanaugh D C. Specific effect of temperature upon transmission of the plague bacillus by the oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1971, 20(2):264-273. pp
18. Chanteau S, Rabarijaona L, O'Brien T, Hager J, Boisier P, Burans J. F1 antigenaemia in bubonic plague patients, a marker of gravity and efficacy of therapy. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1998, 92:572-573. pp
19. Chernin E. Richard Pearson strong and the Manchurian epidemic of pneumonic plague 1910-11. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 1989, 44(3):296-319. pp
20. Christakos G, Olea R A, Serre M L, Yu H L, Wang L-L. Interdisciplinary public health reasoning and epidemic modelling: the case of Black Death 2005, New York, Springer-Verlag
21. Christakos G, Olea R A, Yu H L. Recent results on the spatiotemporal modelling and comparative analysis of Black Death and bubonic plague epidemics. Public Health 2007, 121:700-720. pp
22. Cliff A D, Haggett P. A swash-backwash model of the single epidemic wave. Journal of Geographic Systems 2006, 8(3):227-252. pp
23. Cohn S K. The Black Death transformed: disease and culture in early renaissance Europe 2002, London, Hodder Arnold
24. Creighton C. A history of epidemics in Britain 1894, Cambridge University Press, p
25. Davis D E. The scarcity of rats and the Black Death: an ecological history. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 1986, 16:455-470. pp
26. Deng H, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M. Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1 [see comments]. Nature 1996, 381:661-666. pp, Comment in: Nature 381, pp. 647-648
27. Duncan C J, Scott S. What caused the Black Death? Postgraduate Medical Journal 2005, 81:315-320. pp
28. Duncan S R, Scott S, Duncan C J. Reappraisal of the Historical Selective Pressures for the CCR5-32 mutation. Journal of Medical Genetics 2005, 42:205-208. pp
29. Ewald P W. Guarding against the most dangerous emerging pathogens: insights from evolutionary biology. Emerging Infectious Diseases 1996, 2:245-257. pp
30. Galvani A P. Epidemiology meets evolutionary ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2003, 18:132-139. pp
31. Galvani A P, Slatkin M. Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the CCR5-Δ32 HIV-resistance allele. PNAS 2003, 100(25):15276-15279. pp
32. Gani R, Leach S. Epidemiologic determinants for modeling pneumonic plague outbreaks. Emergent Infectious Diseases 2004, 10:608-614. pp
33. Gilbert M T, Cuccui J, White W, Lynnerup N, Titball R W, Cooper A, Prentice M B. Absence of Yersinia pestis-specific DNA in human teeth from five European excavations of putative plague victims. Microbiology 2004, 150(2):341-354. pp
34. Gilg A W. A study in agricultural disease diffusion: the case of the 1970-71 fowl-pest epidemic. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 1973, 59:77-97. pp
35. Gras P. Le registre paroissial de Givry (1334-1357) et la peste noire en Bourgogne. Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, Année 1939, 100(1):295-308. p
36. Haggett P. The geographical structure of epidemics 2000, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p
37. Hatcher J. The Black Death: a personal history 2008, Philadelphia, Da Capo Press
38. Horrox R. The Black Death 1994, Manchester and New York, Manchester University Press
39. Hummel S, Schmidt D, Kremeyer B, Herrmann B, Oppermann M. Detection of the CCR5-Δ32 HIV resistance gene in Bronze Age skeletons. Genes and Immunity 2005, 6:371-374. pp
40. Inglesby T V, Dennis D T, Henderson D A. Plague as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 2000, 283:2281-2290. pp
41. Karlsson G. Plague without rats: the case of fifteenth century Iceland. Journal of Medieval History 1996, 22:263-284. pp
42. Kelly J. The great mortality: an intimate history of the Black Death, the most devastating plague of all time 2005, New York, Harper Collins
43. Kool J L. Risk of person-to-person transmission of pneumonic plague. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2005, 40:1166-1172. pp
44. Lindahl T. Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Nature 1993, 362(6422):709-715. pp
45. Lock R. The Black Death in Walsham-le-Willows. Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History 1992, 37(4):316-337. pp
46. Martinson J J, Chapman N H, Rees D C, Liu Y T, Clegg J B. Global distribution of the CCR5 gene 32-basepair deletion. Nature Genetics 1997, 16(1):100-103. pp
47. Massad E, Coutinho F A B, Burattini M N, Lopex L F. The Eyam plague revisited: did the village isolation change transmission from fleas to pulmonary? Medical Hypotheses 2004, 63:911-915. pp
48. McNeill W H. Plagues and peoples 1979, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books
49. Mecsas J, Franklin G, Kuziel W A, Brubaker R R, Falkow S, Mosier D E. Evolutionary genetics: CCR5 mutation and plague protection. Nature 2004, 427. p
50. Nishiura H, Schwehm M, Kakehashi M, Eichner M. Transmission potential of primary pneumonic plague: time-inhomogeneous evaluation based on historical documents of the transmission network. Journal of Epidemiological Community Health 2006, 60:640-645. pp
51. Novembre J, Galvani A P, Slatkin M. The geographic spread of the CCR5 Δ32 HIV-resistance allele. PLoS Biology 2005, 3:1954-1962. pp
52. Olea R A, Christakos C. Duration of urban mortality for the 14th-century Black Death epidemic. Human Biology 2005, 77(3):291-303. pp
53. Paterson R. Yersinia seeks pardon for Black Death. The Lancet 2002, 2.
54. Perry R D, Fetherston J D. Yersinia pestis- etiologic agent of plague. Clinical Microbiological Review 1997, 10(1):35-66. pp
55. Pollitzer R. Plague. World Health Organization Mono-graph Series No. 22 1954, Geneva, World Health Organization
56. Poos L R. A rural society after the Black Death: Essex 1350-1525 1991, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
57. Quillent C, Oberlin E, Braun J, Rousset D, Gonzalez-Canali G, Métais P, Montagnier L, Virelizier J, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Beretta A. HIV-1-resistance phenotype conferred by combination of two separate inherited mutations of gene. The Lancet 1998, 351:14-18. pp
58. Raoult D, Aboudharam G, Crubezy E, Larrouy G, Ludes B, Drancourt M. Molecular identification by ''suicide PCR'' of Yersinia pestis as the agent of Medieval Black Death. PNAS 2000, 97(23):12800-12803. pp
59. Ratsitorahina M, Chanteau S, Rahalison L, Ratsifasoamanana L, Boisier P. Epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of the outbreak of pneumonic plague in Madagascar. Lancet 2000, 355:111-113. pp
60. Ristic S, Cizmarevic N S, Brajenovic-Milic B, Crnic-Martinovic M, Kapovic M. Frequency of CCR5 gene 32-basepair deletion in Croatian normal population. Croatian Medical Journal 2005, 46:693-694. pp
61. Schliekelman P, Garner C, Slatkin M. Natural selection and resistance to HIV. Nature 2001, 411:545-546. pp
62. Scott S, Duncan C J. Human demography and disease 1998, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
63. Scott S, Duncan C J. Biology of plagues: evidence from historical populations 2001, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
64. Scott S, Duncan C J. Return of the Black Death: the World's greatest serial killer 2004, Hoboken, NJ, Wiley
65. Seal S C. Epidemiological studies of plague in India: the present position. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1969, 23:283-292. pp
66. Shafonskii A. Opisanie morovoi iazvy, byvshei v stolichnom gorode Moskve s 1770 po 1772 god 1787, Russia, Moscow University Press, 1775, repr. 1787
67. Simond P-L. La propagation de la peste. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur 1898, 8:625-687. pp
68. Simonet M, Riot B, Fortineau N, Berche P. Invasin production by Yersinia pestis is abolished by insertion of an IS200-like element within the inv gene. Infection and Immunity 1996, 64(1):375-379. pp
69. Stephens J C, Reich D E, Goldstein D B, Shin H D, Smith M W, Carrington M, Winkler C, Huttley G A, Allikmets R, Schriml L, Gerrard B, Malasky M, Ramos M D, Morlot S, Tzetis M, Oddoux C, di Giovine F S, Nasioulas G, Chandler D, Aseev M, Hanson M, Kalaydjieva L, Glavac D, Gasparini P, Kanavakis E, Claustres M, Kambouris M, Ostrer H, Duff G, Baranov V, Sibul H, Metspalu A, Goldman D, Martin N, Duff D, Schmidtke J, Estivill X, O'Brien S J, Dean M. Dating the origin of the CCR5-Δ32 AIDS-resistance allele by the coalescence of haplotypes. American Journal of Human Genetics 1998, 62:1507-1515. pp
70. Thompson A H. The pestilences of the fourteenth century in the Diocese of York. Archaeological Journal 1911, 71:132-134. pp
71. Tuchman B W. A distant mirror: The Calamitous 14th century 1978, New York, Ballantine Books
72. Twigg G. The Black Death: a biological appraisal 1984, London, Batsford Academic & Educational
73. Twigg G. The Black Death in England: an epidemiological dilemma. Maladie et Societe, siecles 1989, XII-XVII:75-98. pp
74. Wallinga J, Lipsitch M. How generation intervals shape the relationship between growth rates and reproductive numbers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2007, 274:599-604. pp
75. Wood J W, DeWitte-Aviña S N. Was the Black Death yersinial plague? Lancet 2003, 3. p
76. Wood J W, Ferrell R J, DeWitte-Aviña S N. The temporal dynamics of the fourteenth-century Black Death: new evidence from English ecclesiastical records. Human Biology 2003, 75(4):427-448. pp
77. Wu L-T, Chun J W H, Pollitzer R. Plague: a manual for medical and public health workers 1936, 547. Shanghai, Weishengshu National Quarantine Service, pp
78. Yersin A. La peste bubonique a Hong Kong. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur 1894, 8:662-667. pp
79. Yu H L, Christakos G. Spatiotemporal modeling and mapping of the Bubonic Plague Epidemic in India. International Journal of Health Geographics 2006, 5(12). http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/, [Online:]