메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 17-47

Environmental change and migration in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author keywords

environmental degradation; migration; natural disasters; SSA; Sub Saharan Africa; vulnerability

Indexed keywords


EID: 77957104251     PISSN: 17582083     EISSN: 17582091     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/IJGW.2010.032193     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (25)

References (110)
  • 1
    • 33751519139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African Development Bank, European Commission and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Accessed on 15/06/2008 at
    • ADB/EC/FAO (2003) Forestry Outlook Study for Africa: Sub Regional Report — Southern Africa, African Development Bank, European Commission and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Accessed on 15/06/2008 at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/y8672e/y8672e00.pdf
    • (2003) Forestry Outlook Study for Africa: Sub Regional Report — Southern Africa
    • ADB/EC/FAO1
  • 3
    • 33747387399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working Paper C4, Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, University of Sussex
    • Anarfi, J. and Kwankye, S. (2003) Migration from and to Ghana: A Background Paper, Working Paper C4, Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, University of Sussex.
    • (2003) Migration from and to Ghana: A Background Paper
    • Anarfi, J.1    Kwankye, S.2
  • 4
    • 84971955470 scopus 로고
    • International labor migration patterns in West Africa
    • Arthur, J.A. (1991) ‘International labor migration patterns in West Africa’, African Studies Review, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp.65–87.
    • (1991) African Studies Review , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 65-87
    • Arthur, J.A.1
  • 5
    • 13244252561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some benefits of migrants’ return visits to Ghana
    • Asiedu, A. (2005) ‘Some benefits of migrants’ return visits to Ghana’, Population, Space and Place, Vol. 11, pp.1–11.
    • (2005) Population, Space and Place , vol.11 , pp. 1-11
    • Asiedu, A.1
  • 6
    • 0005690997 scopus 로고
    • The new nomads. An overview of involuntary migration in Africa
    • Baker, J. and Aina, T.A. (Eds.) Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala
    • Bascom, J. (1995) ‘The new nomads. An overview of involuntary migration in Africa’, in Baker, J. and Aina, T.A. (Eds.): The Migration Experience in Africa, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala, pp.197–219.
    • (1995) The Migration Experience in Africa , pp. 197-219
    • Bascom, J.1
  • 7
    • 0036092105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental refugees?: Classifying human migration caused by environmental change
    • Bates, D. (2002) ‘Environmental refugees?: Classifying human migration caused by environmental change’, Population and Environment: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp.465–477.
    • (2002) Population and Environment: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies , vol.23 , Issue.5 , pp. 465-477
    • Bates, D.1
  • 11
    • 84951726436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter Press Service News Agency (IPS), Cotonou, Accessed on 16/06/2008 at
    • Boko, M. (2007) ENVIRONMENT-NIGER: Projects Aplenty to Halt the Desert, Inter Press Service News Agency (IPS), Cotonou, Accessed on 16/06/2008 at http://ipsnews.net/africa/nota.asp?idnews=36659
    • (2007) ENVIRONMENT-NIGER: Projects Aplenty to Halt the Desert
    • Boko, M.1
  • 12
    • 70350118587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Organization for Migration (IOM): Research Series No. 31, IOM Geneva
    • Brown, O. (2008) Migration and Climate Change, International Organization for Migration (IOM): Research Series No. 31, IOM Geneva.
    • (2008) Migration and Climate Change
    • Brown, O.1
  • 16
    • 84872108907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed on 16/06/2008 at
    • CIA (2008) WorldFactbook, Accessed on 16/06/2008 at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html
    • (2008) WorldFactbook
    • CIA1
  • 17
    • 0035080766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human and natural impacts on the water resources of the lake Chad basin
    • Coe, M.T. and Foley, J.A. (2001) ‘Human and natural impacts on the water resources of the lake Chad basin’, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 106, No. D4, pp.3349–3356.
    • (2001) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.106 , Issue.D4 , pp. 3349-3356
    • Coe, M.T.1    Foley, J.A.2
  • 19
    • 84904977911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 28. UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, Geneva
    • Crisp, J. (2000) Africa’s Refugees: Patterns, Problems and Policy Challenges, New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 28. UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit, Geneva.
    • (2000) Africa’s Refugees: Patterns, Problems and Policy Challenges
    • Crisp, J.1
  • 22
    • 0141943778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working Paper at Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford, UK
    • Dercon, S. (2001) Assessing Vulnerability to Poverty, Working Paper at Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford, UK.
    • (2001) Assessing Vulnerability to Poverty
    • Dercon, S.1
  • 23
    • 34147102578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of climate change on Drylands, with a Focus on West Africa
    • (Eds.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London xviii
    • Dietz, A.J., Ruben, R. and Verhagen, A. (Eds.) (2004) ‘The impact of climate change on Drylands, with a Focus on West Africa’, Environment and Policy Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, Vol. 39, pp.465, xviii.
    • (2004) Environment and Policy Series , vol.39 , pp. 465
    • Dietz, A.J.1    Ruben, R.2    Verhagen, A.3
  • 24
    • 79955400666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The World’s Drylands: a classification
    • Dietz, A.J., Ruben, R. and Verhagen, A. (Eds.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, Environment and Policy Series
    • Dietz, T. and Veldhuizen, E. (2004) ‘The World’s Drylands: a classification’, in Dietz, A.J., Ruben, R. and Verhagen, A. (Eds.): The Impact of Climate Change on Drylands, with a Focus on West Africa, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, Environment and Policy Series, Vol. 39, pp.19–26.
    • (2004) The Impact of Climate Change on Drylands, with a Focus on West Africa , vol.39 , pp. 19-26
    • Dietz, T.1    Veldhuizen, E.2
  • 25
    • 84951716881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No. DMCN/01/337/19/07/2000, Drought Monitoring Centre, Nairobi, Kenya
    • DMC (2000) DEKAD 19 Report (1-10 July, 2000) Ten Day Bulletin. No. DMCN/01/337/19/07/2000, Drought Monitoring Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.
    • (2000) DEKAD 19 Report (1-10 July, 2000) Ten Day Bulletin
    • DMC1
  • 26
    • 3142593140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • www.em-dat.net, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium, 2007 retrieved: 24/05/2007
    • Emergency Disasters Database (EM-DAT) (2007) The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, www.em-dat.net, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium, 2007, Available at: http://www.em-dat.net/disasters/Visualisation/profiles/countryprofile.php, retrieved: 24/05/2007.
    • (2007) The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database
    • Emergency Disasters Database (EM-DAT)1
  • 27
    • 84951726440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved 15/06/2008 from Encyclopedia Britannica Online at
    • Encyclopedia Britannica (2008) Ghana: In Encyclopedia Britannica, Retrieved 15/06/2008 from Encyclopedia Britannica Online at http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9110781
    • (2008) Ghana: In Encyclopedia Britannica
    • Encyclopedia Britannica1
  • 32
    • 84951726442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction and status of the forestry sector in forestry in Ghana
    • FAO Country Report, Rome
    • FAO (2004b) ‘Introduction and status of the forestry sector in forestry in Ghana’, Outlook Study for Africa, FAO Country Report, Rome.
    • (2004) Outlook Study for Africa
    • FAO1
  • 33
    • 84951715845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Special report, FAO, Rome, Accessed on 17/06/2008 at
    • FAO (2004c) FAO/WFP Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to Niger, Special report, FAO, Rome, Accessed on 17/06/2008 at http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j3969e/j3969e00.htm
    • (2004) FAO/WFP Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to Niger
    • FAO1
  • 34
    • 59449105787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin
    • Land and Water Discussion Paper 4, Prepared by the FAO Subregional Office for Southern and East Africa, Harare, Accessed on 19/06/2008 at
    • FAO (2004d) ‘Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin’, A Situation Analysis, Land and Water Discussion Paper 4, Prepared by the FAO Subregional Office for Southern and East Africa, Harare, Accessed on 19/06/2008 at ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/lwdp4_e.pdf
    • (2004) A Situation Analysis
    • FAO1
  • 36
    • 84876625984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome
    • FAOSTAT (2000) FAO STATISTICS Database, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome.
    • (2000) FAO STATISTICS Database
    • FAOSTAT1
  • 37
    • 0028665645 scopus 로고
    • Does drought increase migration? A study of migration from rural Mali during the 1983-1985 drought
    • Findley, S.E. (1994) ‘Does drought increase migration? A study of migration from rural Mali during the 1983-1985 drought’, International Migration Review, Vol. 28, pp.539–553.
    • (1994) International Migration Review , vol.28 , pp. 539-553
    • Findley, S.E.1
  • 38
    • 84951726445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed on 06/01/2009
    • Forestry Commission (2009) Accessed on 06/01/2009 at http://www.fcghana.com/publications/laws/act_583/index.htm
    • (2009)
    • Forestry Commission1
  • 43
    • 78149496423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Desertification and migration. A political ecology of environmental migration in West Africa
    • Unruh, J.D., Krol, M.S. and Kliot, N. (Eds.) Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht, Boston, London
    • Hammer, Th. (2004) ‘Desertification and migration. A political ecology of environmental migration in West Africa’, in Unruh, J.D., Krol, M.S. and Kliot, N. (Eds.): Environmental Change and Its Implications for Population Migration, Advances in Global Change Research, Vol. 20, Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht, Boston, London, pp.231–246.
    • (2004) Environmental Change and Its Implications for Population Migration, Advances in Global Change Research , vol.20 , pp. 231-246
    • Hammer, T.1
  • 44
    • 21444449626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of rainfall on the first out-migration: a multi-level event-history analysis in Burkina Faso
    • Henry, S., Schoumaker, B. and Beauchemin, C. (2004) ‘The impact of rainfall on the first out-migration: a multi-level event-history analysis in Burkina Faso’, Population and Environment, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp.423–460.
    • (2004) Population and Environment , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 423-460
    • Henry, S.1    Schoumaker, B.2    Beauchemin, C.3
  • 47
    • 0030088499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental concerns and international migration
    • Hugo, G. (1996) ‘Environmental concerns and international migration’, International Migration Review, Vol. 30, pp.105–131.
    • (1996) International Migration Review , vol.30 , pp. 105-131
    • Hugo, G.1
  • 48
    • 17844371340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Migration and environmental hazards
    • Hunter, L.M. (2005) ‘Migration and environmental hazards’, Population and Environment, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp.273–302.
    • (2005) Population and Environment , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 273-302
    • Hunter, L.M.1
  • 49
    • 84883730350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working Paper No. 49, May, German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Hamburg, Accessed on 17/06/2008 at
    • Kohnert, D. (2007) African Migration to Europe: Obscured Responsibilities and Common Misconceptions, Working Paper No. 49, May, German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA), Hamburg, Accessed on 17/06/2008 at http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/publikationen/pdf/wp49_kohnert.pdf
    • (2007) African Migration to Europe: Obscured Responsibilities and Common Misconceptions
    • Kohnert, D.1
  • 51
    • 0000282410 scopus 로고
    • A theory of migration
    • Lee, E.S. (1966) ‘A theory of migration’, Demography, Vol. 47, pp.49–56.
    • (1966) Demography , vol.47 , pp. 49-56
    • Lee, E.S.1
  • 52
    • 78649884025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Desertification and migration
    • Johnson, P.M., Mayrand, K. and Paquin, M. (Eds.) Ashgate, UK
    • Leighton, M. (2006) ‘Desertification and migration’, in Johnson, P.M., Mayrand, K. and Paquin, M. (Eds.): Governing Global Desertification, Ashgate, UK, pp.43–58.
    • (2006) Governing Global Desertification , pp. 43-58
    • Leighton, M.1
  • 54
    • 0038421959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in infant and child mortality in Mozambique during and after a period of conflict
    • 2 August 2007
    • Macassa, G., Ghilagaber, G., Bernhardt, E. and Burström, B. (2003) ‘Trends in infant and child mortality in Mozambique during and after a period of conflict’, Public Health, Vol. 117, 2 August 2007, pp.221–227.
    • (2003) Public Health , vol.117 , pp. 221-227
    • Macassa, G.1    Ghilagaber, G.2    Bernhardt, E.3    Burström, B.4
  • 55
    • 0022266982 scopus 로고
    • Cumulative causation and selectivity in labour market oriented migration caused by imperfect information
    • Maier, G. (1985) ‘Cumulative causation and selectivity in labour market oriented migration caused by imperfect information’, Regional Studies, Vol. 19, pp.231–241.
    • (1985) Regional Studies , vol.19 , pp. 231-241
    • Maier, G.1
  • 58
    • 0037192931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century
    • Myers, N. (2002) ‘Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century’, Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 357, No. 1420, pp.609–613.
    • (2002) Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , vol.357 , Issue.1420 , pp. 609-613
    • Myers, N.1
  • 59
    • 33845669645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of non-farm activities and migration in reducing poverty: evidence from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda
    • Matsumoto, T., Kijima, Y. and Yamano, T. (2006) ‘The role of non-farm activities and migration in reducing poverty: evidence from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda’, Agric. Eco., Vol. 35 (Suppl.), pp.449–458.
    • (2006) Agric. Eco. , vol.35 , pp. 449-458
    • Matsumoto, T.1    Kijima, Y.2    Yamano, T.3
  • 62
    • 0037192931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century
    • Myers, N. (2001) ‘Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century’, Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 357, No. 1420, pp.609–613.
    • (2001) Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , vol.357 , Issue.1420 , pp. 609-613
    • Myers, N.1
  • 66
    • 28244436608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing vulnerability following. flood disasters: issues and practices
    • Awatona, A. (Ed.) Ashgate
    • Parker, D., Islam, N. and Chan, N.W. (1997) ‘Reducing vulnerability following. flood disasters: issues and practices’, in Awatona, A. (Ed.): Reconstruction after Disaster: Issues and Practices, Ashgate, pp.23–44.
    • (1997) Reconstruction after Disaster: Issues and Practices , pp. 23-44
    • Parker, D.1    Islam, N.2    Chan, N.W.3
  • 67
    • 28244446206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence against disaster-induced migration: the 2004 tornado in north-central Bangladesh
    • Paul, B.K. (2005) ‘Evidence against disaster-induced migration: the 2004 tornado in north-central Bangladesh’, Disasters, Vol. 29, pp.370–385.
    • (2005) Disasters , vol.29 , pp. 370-385
    • Paul, B.K.1
  • 68
    • 0029483425 scopus 로고
    • Ghanaians abroad
    • Peil, M. (1995) ‘Ghanaians abroad’, African Affairs, Vol. 94, pp.345–367.
    • (1995) African Affairs , vol.94 , pp. 345-367
    • Peil, M.1
  • 69
    • 56549104073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Migration and remittances in Senegal
    • Development Prospects Group, World Bank, Washington DC Accessed on 15/06/2008
    • Ratha, D. and Xu, Z. (2007) ‘Migration and remittances in Senegal’, Migration and Remittances Factbook, Development Prospects Group, World Bank, Washington DC, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-1181678518183/SSA.pdf (Accessed on 15/06/2008).
    • (2007) Migration and Remittances Factbook
    • Ratha, D.1    Xu, Z.2
  • 71
    • 79956227524 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary report on desertification and migration: case studies and evaluation
    • Mendizábal, P.J. (Ed.) Geoforma Ediciones, Logrono, Spain
    • Schwartz, M.L. and Notini, J. (1995) ‘Preliminary report on desertification and migration: case studies and evaluation’, in Mendizábal, P.J. (Ed.): Desertification and Migrations, Geoforma Ediciones, Logrono, Spain, pp.69–113.
    • (1995) Desertification and Migrations , pp. 69-113
    • Schwartz, M.L.1    Notini, J.2
  • 73
    • 0000615349 scopus 로고
    • Residential satisfaction as an intervening variable in residential mobility
    • Speare Jr., A. (1974) ‘Residential satisfaction as an intervening variable in residential mobility’, Demography, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp.173–188.
    • (1974) Demography , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 173-188
    • Speare, A.1
  • 77
    • 0001239968 scopus 로고
    • Differential migration, networks, information and risk
    • Stark, O. (Ed.) Migration, Human Capital, and Development, Greenwich
    • Taylor, J.E. (1986) ‘Differential migration, networks, information and risk’, in Stark, O. (Ed.): Research in Human Capital and Development, Migration, Human Capital, and Development, Greenwich, Vol. 4, pp.147–171.
    • (1986) Research in Human Capital and Development , vol.4 , pp. 147-171
    • Taylor, J.E.1
  • 78
  • 80
    • 28544447309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York Accessed on 16/06/2008
    • UN (2006a) The Millennium Development Goals Report 2006, New York, http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Data/unsd%20mdg%20report%202006% 20statistical%20annex% 20r15.pdf (Accessed on 16/06/2008).
    • (2006) The Millennium Development Goals Report 2006
    • UN1
  • 82
    • 28544447309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York, Accessed on 16/06/2008 at
    • UN (2007) The Millennium Development Goals Report 2007, New York, Accessed on 16/06/2008 at http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2007/UNSD_ MDG_Report_2007e.pdf
    • (2007) The Millennium Development Goals Report 2007
    • UN1
  • 83
    • 84951716396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2007 Update, Accessed on 15/06/2008 at
    • UN (2008) Africa and the Millennium Development Goals, 2007 Update, Accessed on 15/06/2008 at http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/docs/MDGafrica07.pdf
    • (2008) Africa and the Millennium Development Goals
    • UN1
  • 84
    • 79955395994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed on 19/06/2008 (update January 2008)
    • UNCCD (2008a) Combating Desertification in Africa, Accessed on 19/06/2008 at http://www.unccd.int/publicinfo/factsheets/showFS.php?number=11 (update January 2008).
    • (2008) Combating Desertification in Africa
    • UNCCD1
  • 85
    • 84951714707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed on 19/06/2008
    • UNCCD (2008b) Country Information Database, Accessed on 19/06/2008 at http://www.unccd.int/php/countryinfo.php?country=SEN
    • (2008) Country Information Database
    • UNCCD1
  • 88
    • 34247194406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNDP, New York Accessed on 31/07/07 at
    • UNDP (2006) Human Development Report 2006, UNDP, New York, Accessed on 31/07/07 at http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/
    • (2006) Human Development Report 2006
    • UNDP1
  • 90
    • 84951726450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African environment outlook 2
    • UNEP, Nairobi, Accessed on 19/06/2008 at
    • UNEP (2006) ‘African environment outlook 2’, Our Environment, Our Wealth, UNEP, Nairobi, Accessed on 19/06/2008 at http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/AEO-2/content/index.htm
    • (2006) Our Environment, Our Wealth
    • UNEP1
  • 91
    • 69549105236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNEP, Nairobi, Accessed on 15/06/2008 at
    • UNEP (2008) AFRICA Atlas of Our Changing Environment, UNEP, Nairobi, Accessed on 15/06/2008 at http://na.unep.net/AfricaAtlas/AfricaAtlas/
    • (2008) AFRICA Atlas of Our Changing Environment
    • UNEP1
  • 92
    • 84951726451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population division of the department of economic and social affairs
    • New York
    • UNESA (2006) ‘Population division of the department of economic and social affairs’, World Urbanization Prospects, The 2005 Revision, New York.
    • (2006) World Urbanization Prospects, The 2005 Revision
    • UNESA1
  • 93
    • 84911145993 scopus 로고
    • Accessed on 19/06/2008
    • UNHCR (1993) State of the World’s Refugees, Accessed on 19/06/2008 at http://www.unhcr.org/publ/3ef964df4.html
    • (1993) State of the World’s Refugees
    • UNHCR1
  • 94
    • 84925817233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical time for the environment
    • UNHCR (2002) ‘A critical time for the environment’, Refugees, No. 127, p.2.
    • (2002) Refugees , Issue.127 , pp. 2
    • UNHCR1
  • 95
    • 0004274637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed on 15.06.2008 (last update 12/03/2008)
    • UNHCR (2008) Statistical Yearbook, Accessed on 15.06.2008 at http://data.un.org/DocumentData.aspx?id=67#17 (last update 12/03/2008).
    • (2008) Statistical Yearbook
    • UNHCR1
  • 99
  • 102
    • 34247982826 scopus 로고
    • Migration as an adjustment to environmental stress
    • Wolpert, J. (1966) ‘Migration as an adjustment to environmental stress’, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp.92–102.
    • (1966) Journal of Social Issues , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 92-102
    • Wolpert, J.1
  • 103
    • 84951726455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Niger poverty assessment
    • July 26 2007
    • World Bank (1996) ‘Niger poverty assessment’, A Resilient People in a Harsh Environment, http://poverty2.forumone.com/library/view/8706/, July 26 2007
    • (1996) A Resilient People in a Harsh Environment
    • World Bank1
  • 104
    • 84951715856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed on 15/06/2008
    • World Bank (2005) Focus on Africa, Accessed on 15/06/2008 at www.worldbank.org/africa
    • (2005) Focus on Africa
    • World Bank1
  • 106
    • 84951726457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghana data profile
    • From the April Accessed on 31/07/07
    • World Bank (2007) ‘Ghana data profile’, From the World Development Indicators (WDI) Database, April, http://www.worldbank.org/, Accessed on 31/07/07.
    • (2007) World Development Indicators (WDI) Database
    • World Bank1
  • 107
    • 84951726458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed on 16/06/2008
    • World Bank (2008) Africa Country Briefs, Accessed on 16/06/2008, at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/0,menuPK:258664~pagePK:146748~piP K:146812~theSitePK:258644,00.html
    • (2008) Africa Country Briefs
    • World Bank1
  • 108
    • 84951713288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed on 19/06/2008
    • World Health Organization (WHO) (2007) Mozambique Flood. Preliminary Report 21 February 2007, Accessed on 19/06/2008, at http://www.who.int/hac/crises/moz/sitreps/mozambique_floods_report1_21feb2007.pdf
    • (2007) Mozambique Flood. Preliminary Report 21 February 2007
  • 110
    • 84951726460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organisation of African Unity
    • Organisation of African Unity.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.