Conditioned attention theory

Psychology of Learning and Motivation - Advances in Research and Theory

Volumn 15, Issue C, 1981, Pages 1-49

  Lubow, R E ^a   Weiner, I ^a   Schnur, Paul ^b  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b Malik and Seeme Hasan School of Business   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957067342     PISSN: 00797421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60171-1     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Ackil, J.E., Mellgren, R.L., Stimulus preexposure and instrumental learning. Psychonomic Science, 11, 1968, 339.
2. Ackil, J.E., Mellgren, R.L., Halgren, C, Frommer, G.P., Effects of CS preexposure on avoidance learning in rats with hippocampal lesions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 69 (1969), 739–747.
3. Badia, P., Defran, R.H., Orienting responses and GSR conditioning. Psychological Review 77 (1970), 171–181.
4. Baker, A.G., Learned irrelevance and learned helplessness: Rats learn that stimuli, reinforcers and responses are uncorrelated. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 2 (1976), 130–141.
5. Bolles, R.C., Reinforcement, expectancy and learning. Psychological Review 79 (1972), 394–409.
6. Brogden, W.S., Sensory preconditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 25 (1939), 323–332.
7. Bruner, A., UCS properties in classical conditioning of the albino rabbit's nictitating membrane response. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 69 (1965), 186–192.
8. Cantor, G.N., Cantor, J.H., Discriminative reaction time in children as related to amount of stimulus familiarization. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 4 (1966), 150–157.
9. Cantor, G.N., Fenson, L., New data regarding the relationship of amount of familiarization to the stimulus familiarization effect (SFE. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 6 (1968), 167–173.
10. Carlton, P.L., Brain acetylcholine and inhibition. In. Tapp, J.T., (eds.) Reinforcement and behavior, 1969, Academic Press, New York.
11. Carlton, P.L., Vogel, J.R., Habituation and conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 63 (1967), 348–351.
12. Chacto, C., Lubow, R.E., Classical conditioning and latent inhibition in the white rat. Psychonomic Science 9 (1967), 135–136.
13. Clarke, M.E., Hupka, R.B., The effects of stimulus duration and frequency of daily preconditioning stimulus exposures on LI in Pavlovian conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 4 (1974), 225–228.
14. Crowell, C.R., Anderson, D.C., Variations in intensity, interstimulus interval and interval between CS exposure and conditioning with rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 79 (1972), 291–298.
15. Davis, M., Effects of interstimulus interval length and variability on startle response habituation in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 72 (1970), 177–192.
16. Davis, M., Wagner, A.R., Startle responsiveness after habituation to different intensities of tone. Psychonomic Science 12 (1968), 337–338.
17. Davis, M., Wagner, A.R., Habituation of startle response under incremental sequence of stimulus intensities. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 67 (1969), 486–492.
18. Dickinson, A., Hall, G., Mackintosh, N.J., Surprise and the attentuation of blocking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2 (1916), 313–322.
19. Dickinson, A., Mackintosh, N.J., Classical conditioning in animals. Annual Review of Psychology 28 (1978), 587–612.
20. Dickinson, A., Mackintosh, N.J., Reinforcer specificity in the enhancement of conditioning by posttrial surprise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 5 (1979), 162–177.
21. Dickinson, A., Pearce, J.M., Inhibitory interactions between appetitive and aversive stimuli. Psychological Bulletin 84 (1977), 690–711.
22. Domjan, M., Siegel, S., Conditional suppression following CS preexposure. Psychonomic Science 25 (1971), 11–12.
23. Donegan, H.H., Whitlow, J.W. Jr, Wagner, A.R., Post-trial reinstatement of the CS in Pavlovian conditioning: Facilitation or impairment of acquisition as a function of individual differences in responsiveness to the CS. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 3 (1977), 357–376.
24. Epstein, W., Varieties of perceptual experiences, 1967, McGraw-Hill, New York.
25. Fowler, H., Fago, G.C., Dember, E.A., Hochhauser, M., Signalling and affective functions in Pavlovian conditioning. Animal Learning and Behavior 1 (1973), 81–89.
26. Frey, P.W., Maisiak, R., Dugue, G., Unconditional stimulus characteristics in rabbit eyelid conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2 (1976), 175–190.
27. Frey, P.W., Sears, R.J., Model of conditioning incorporating the Rescorla-Wagner associative axiom, a dynamic attention process, and a catastrophe rule. Psychological Review 85 (1978), 321–340.
28. Germana, J., Response characteristics and the orienting reflex. Journal of Experimental Psychology 78 (1968), 610–616.
29. Gibson, E.J., Principles of perceptual learning and development, 1969, Appleton, New York.
30. Gibson, E.J., Walk, R.D., The effect of prolonged exposure to visually presented patterns on learning to discriminate them. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 49 (1956), 239–242.
31. Grant, D.A., Hake, H.W., Riopelle, A.J., Kostlan, A., Effects of repeated pretesting with conditioned stimulus upon extinction of the conditioned eyelid response to light. American Journal of Psychology 54 (1951), 247–251.
32. Gray, T., Appignanesi, A.A., Compound conditioning elimination of the blocking effect. Learning and Motivation 41 (1973), 374–380.
33. Groves, P.M., Thompson, R.F., Habituation: A dual-process theory. Psychological Review 77 (1970), 419–450.
34. Halgren, C.R., Latent inhibition in rats: Associative or non-associative. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 86 (1974), 74–78.
35. Hall, G., Pearce, J.M., Latent inhibition of a CS during CS-US pairings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 5 (1979), 31–42.
36. Hearst, E., Some persistent problems in the analysis of conditioned inhibition. In. Boakes, R.A., Halliday, M.S., (eds.) Inhibition and learning, 1972, Academic Press, New York.
37. Hearst, E., Pavlovian conditioning and directed movements. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation 9 (1975), 215–262.
38. Hearst, E., Stimulus relationships and feature selection in learning and behavior. In. Hulse, S.H., Fowler, H., Honig, W.K., (eds.) Cognitive processes in animal behavior., 1978, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J.
39. Hearst, E., Jenkins, H.M., Sign-tracking: The stimulus-reinforcer relationship and directed action., 1974, Psychonomic Society, Austin.
40. Hiroto, D.S., Learned helplessness and locus of control. Journal of Experimental Psychology 102 (1974), 187–193.
41. Hiroto, D.S., Seligman, M.E.P., Generality of learned helplessness in man. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 (1975), 311–327.
42. Hoffeld, D.R., Kendall, S.B., Thompson, R.F., Brogden, W.S., Effect of amount of preconditioning training upon the magnitude of sensory preconditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 59 (1960), 198–204.
43. Holland, P.C., Forbes, D.T., Effects of compound or element preexposure on compound flavor aversion conditioning. Animal Learning and Behavior 8 (1980), 199–203.
44. Jeffrey, W.A., Habituation as a mechanism for perceptual development. In. Tighe, T.J., Leaton, R.N., (eds.) Habituation: Perspectives from child development, animal behavior and neurophysiology., 1976, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J.
45. Kamin, L.J., Predictability, surprise, attention and conditioning. In. Campbell, B.A., Church, R.M., (eds.) Punishment and aversive behavior., 1969, Appleton, New York a.
46. Kamin, L.J., Selective association and conditioning. In. Mackintosh, N.J., Honig, W.K., (eds.) Fundamental issues in associative learning., 1969, Dalhousie University Press, Halifax, Can. b.
47. Kimble, G.A., Hilgard and Marquis' conditioning and learning., 1961, Appleton, New York.
48. Kimmel, H.D., Burns, R.A., Adaptational aspects of conditioning. In. Estes, W.K., (eds.) Handbook of learning and cognitive processes. Conditioning and behavior theory, 2, 1975, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J.
49. Kimmel, W., Judgements of UCS intensity and diminution of the UCR in classical GSR conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 73 (1967), 532–543.
50. Krauter, E.E. Habituation and latent inhibition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Rochester, 1973.
51. Krechevsky, I., “Hypotheses” in rats. Psychological Review 39 (1932), 516–532.
52. Kremer, E.F., Effect of posttrial episodes on conditioning in compound conditioned stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 5 (1979), 130–141.
53. Lantz, A.E., Effect of number of trials, interstimulus interval, and dishabituation during CS habituation on subsequent conditioning in a CER paradigm. Animal Learning and Behavior 1 (1973), 273–277.
54. Lashley, K.S., 3Brain mechanisms and intelligence: A quantitative study of injuries to the brain., 1929, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
55. Lawrence, D.H., Acquired distinctiveness of cues: I. Transfer between discriminations on the basis of familiarity with the stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology 39 (1949), 770–784.
56. Lovejoy, E., Analysis of the overlearning reversal effect. Psychological Review 73 (1966), 87–103.
57. Lubow, R.E., Latent inhibition : Effects of frequency of non-reinforced preexposure to the CS. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 60 (1965), 454–455.
58. Lubow, R.E., Latent inhibition. Psychological Bulletin 79 (1973), 398–407.
59. Lubow, R.E., Alek, M., Arzy, J., Behavioral decrement following stimulus preexposure: Effects of number of preexposures, presence of a second stimulus, and interstimulus interval in children and adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 104 (1975), 178–188.
60. Lubow, R.E., Markman, R.E., Allen, J., Latent inhibition and conditioning of the rabbit pinna response. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 66 (1968), 688–694.
61. Lubow, R.E., Moore, A.U., Latent inhibition : The effect of non-reinforced preexposure to the conditioned stimulus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 53 (1959), 415–419.
62. Lubow, R.E., Rifkin, B., Alek, M., The context effect: The relationship between stimulus preexposure and environmental preexposure determines subsequent learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2 (1976), 38–47 a.
63. Lubow, R.E., Rollnick, A., & Weiner, I. Stimulus control during preexposure attenuates latent inhibition. Unpublished manuscript, 1977. (Available from authors.
64. Lubow, R.E., Rosenblatt, R., & Weiner, I. The confounding of controllability in the triadic design for demonstrating learned helplessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1981, in press.
65. Lubow, R.E., Schnur, P., Rifkin, B., Latent inhibition and conditioned attention theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2 (1976), 163–174 b.
66. Lubow, R.E., Siebert, L., Latent inhibition within the CER paradigm. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 68 (1969), 136–138.
67. Lubow, R.E., Wagner, M., & Weiner, I. Tests of the conditioned attention theory of latent inhibition: Stimulus compound preexposure of two elements differing in salience. Unpublished manuscript, 1979. (b) (Available from authors.
68. Lubow, R.E., Weiner, L, Rosenblatt, R., Lindenbaum, U., & Margolit, H. The confounding of controllability in the triadic design for demonstrating learned helplessness. Unpublished manuscript, 1979. (b) (Available from authors.
69. Mackintosh, N.J., Stimulus selection: Learning to ignore stimuli that predict no change in reinforcement. In. Hinde, R.A., Hinde, J.S., (eds.) Constraints on learning., 1973, Academic Press, New York.
70. Mackintosh, N.J., The psychology of animal learning., 1974, Academic Press, New York.
71. Mackintosh, N.J., A theory of attention: Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement. Psychological Review 82 (1975), 276–298 (a).
72. Mackintosh, N.J., Blocking of conditioned suppression: Role of the first compound trial. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1 (1975), 335–345 b.
73. Mackintosh, N.J., Cognitive or associative theories of conditioning: Implications of an analysis of blocking. In. Hulse, S.H., Fowler, H., Honig, W.K., (eds.) Cognitive processes in animal behavior., 1978, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J.
74. Mackintosh, N.J., Bygrave, D.J., Picton, B.M.B., Locus of the effect of a surprising reinforcer in the attenuation of blocking. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 29 (1977), 327–336.
75. Maier, S.F., Seligman, M.E.P., Learned helplessness : Theory and evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1 (1976), 3–46.
76. Maier, S.F., Seligman, M.E.P., Solomon, R.L., Pavlovian fear conditioning and learned helplessness: Effects on escape and avoidance behavior of (a) the CS-US contingency and (b) the independence of the US and voluntary responding. In. Campbell, B.A., Church, R.M., (eds.) Punishment and aversive behavior, 1969, Appleton, New York.
77. Maltzman, I., Orienting in classical conditioning and generalization of the galvanic skin response to words: An overview. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106 (1977), 111–119.
78. Maltzman, I., Weissbluth, S., Wolff, C., Habituation of orienting reflexes in repeated GSR semantic conditioning sessions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 107 (1978), 309–333.
79. Mellgren, R.L., Ost, J.W.P., Discriminative stimulus preexposure and the learning of an operant discrimination. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 77 (1972), 179–187.
80. Miller, F.D. The effects of differential amounts of stimulus familiarization on discriminative reaction time in children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, 1966.
81. Mostofsky, D.I., The semantics of attention. In. Mostofsky, D.I., (eds.) Attention: Contemporary theory and analysis., 1970, Appleton, New York.
82. Oliverio, A., Effects of scopolamine on avoidance conditioning and habituation of mice. Psychopharmacologia 12 (1968), 214–216.
83. Oswalt, R.M., The relationship between level of visual pattern difficulty during rearing and subsequent discrimination in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 81 (1972), 122–125.
84. Overmier, J.B., Bull, J.A., III. Influences of appetitive Pavlovian conditioning upon avoidance behavior. In. Reynierse, J.H., (eds.) Current issues in animal learning., 1970, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
85. Pearce, J.M., Hall, G., Loss of associability by a compound stimulus comprising excitatory and inhibitory elements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 5 (1979), 19–30.
86. Pearce, J.M., Hall, G., A model of Pavlovian learning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli. Psychological Review 87 (1980), 532–552.
87. Petrinovitch, L., A species -meaningful analysis of habituation. In. Peeke, H.V.S., Herz, M.J., (eds.) Habituation Behavioral studies, 1, 1973, Academic Press, New York.
88. Pfautz, P.L., Donegan, N.H., Wagner, A.R., Sensory preconditioning versus protection from habituation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 4 (1978), 286–295.
89. Prokasy, W.F., Developments with the two-phase model applied to human eyelid conditioning. In. Black, A.H., Prokasy, W.F., (eds.) Classical conditioning II: Current theory and research., 1972, Appleton, New York.
90. Reiss, S., Wagner, A.R., CS habituation produces a “latent inhibition” effect but no active “conditioned inhibition”. Learning and Motivation 3 (1972), 237–245.
91. Rescorla, R.A., Pavlovian conditioned inhibition. Psychological Bulletin 72 (1969), 77–94.
92. Rescorla, R.A., Summation and retardation tests of latent inhibition. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 75 (1971), 77–81.
93. Rescorla, R.A., Pavlovian excitatory and inhibitory conditioning. In. Estes, W.K., (eds.) Handbook of learning and cognitive processes (Vol. 2). Conditioning and behavior theory., 1975, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J.
94. Rescorla, R.A., Some implications of a cognitive perspective on Pavlovian conditioning. In. Hulse, S.H., Fowler, H., Honig, W.K., (eds.) Cognitive processes in animal behavior, 1978, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J.
95. Rescorla, R.A., Solomon, R.L., Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning. Psychological Review 74 (1967), 151–182.
96. Rescorla, R.A., Wagner, A.R., A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In. Black, A.H., Prokasy, W.F., (eds.) Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory., 1972, Appleton, New York.
97. Rudy, J.W., Cheatle, M.D., Ontogeny of associative learning: Acquisition of odor aversions by neonatal rats. In. Spear, N.E., Campbell, B.A., (eds.) Ontogeny of learning and memory, 1979, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J.
98. Rudy, J.W., Krauter, E.E., Gaffuri, A., Attenuation of the latent inhibition effect by prior exposure to another stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2 (1976), 235–247.
99. Rudy, J.W., Rosenberg, L., Sandell, J.H., Disruption of a taste familiarity effect by novel exteroceptive stimulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 3 (1977), 26–36.
100. Sainsbury, R.S., Effect of proximity of elements on the feature-positive effect. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior 16 (1971), 315–325.
101. Sainsbury, R.S., Discrimination learning utilizing positive or negative cues. Canadian Journal of Psychology 27 (1973), 46–57.
102. Salafia, W.R., Allan, A.M., Borkouski, G.J., Attention of latent inhibition by electrical stimulation of the hippocampus. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, San Antonio, November 1978. Scavio, M., Jr. Classical-classical transfer effects of prior aversive conditioning upon appetitive conditioning in rabbits. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 86 (1974), 107–115.
103. Schneiderman, N., Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning., 1973, General Learning Press, Morristown, N.J.
104. Schnur, P., Selective attention : Effect of element preexposure on compound conditioning in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 76 (1971), 123–130.
105. Schnur, P., Ksir, C.J., Latent inhibition in human eyelid conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 80 (1969), 388–389.
106. Schnur, P., Lubow, R.E., Tests of the conditioned attention theory of latent inhibition: The effects of ITI and CS intensity during preexposure. Learning and Motivation 7 (1976), 540–550.
107. Seidel, R.J., A review of sensory preconditioning. Psychological Bulletin 56 (1959), 58–73.
108. Seligman, M.E.P., Helplessness: On depression, development and death., 1975, Freeman, San Francisco.
109. Siegel, S., Effect of CS habituation on eyelid conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 68 (1969), 245–248 a.
110. Siegel, S., Generalization of latent inhibition. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 69 (1969), 157–159 b.
111. Siegel, S., Retention of latent inhibition. Psychonomic Science 20 (1970), 161–162.
112. Sokolov, Y.N., Perception and the conditioned reflex., 1963, Pergamon, Oxford.
113. Solomon, P.R., Role of the hippocampus in blocking and conditioned inhibition of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91 (1977), 407–417.
114. Solomon, P.R., Kiney, C.A., Scott, D.S., Disruption of latent inhibition following systemic administration of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA. Physiology of Behavior 20 (1978), 265–271.
115. Solomon, P.R., Lohr, C.A., Moore, J.W., Latent inhibition of the rabbit's nictitating response: Summation tests for active inhibition as a function of a number of CS preexposures. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 4 (1974), 557–559.
116. Solomon, P.R., Moore, J.W., Latent inhibition and stimulus generalization of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response in rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus following dorsal hippocampal ablation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 89 (1975), 1192–1203.
117. Solomon, P.R., Nichols, G.L., Kiernan, J.M., Kamer, R.S., & Kaplan, L.J. Differential effects of median and dorsal raphe lesions in the rat: Latent inhibition and septo-hippocampal serotonin levels. Unpublished manuscript, 1979. (Available from authors.
118. Stein, L., Habituation and stimulus novelty: A model based on classical conditioning. Psychological Review 73 (1966), 352–356.
119. Sutherland, N.S., Mackintosh, N.J., Mechanisms of animal discrimination learning., 1971, Academic Press, New York.
120. G.A. Szakmary. Latent inhibition with sequentially preexposed stimuli. 1977 Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society Washington. D.C. November.
121. Szakmary, G.A., A note regarding conditioned attention theory. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9 (1977), 142–144 b.
122. Szakmary, G.A. Latent inhibition with sequentially preexposed stimuli: More data. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, San Antonio, November 1978.
123. Thompson, R.F., Sensory preconditioning. In. Thompson, R.F., Voss, M.R., (eds.) Topics in learning and performance., 1972, Academic Press, New York.
124. Thompson, R.F., Groves, P.M., Teyler, T.J., Roemer, R.A., A dual -process theory of habituation: Theory and behavior. In. Peeke, H.V.S., Herz, M.J., (eds.) Habituation (Vol. 1). Behavioral studies., 1973, Academic Press, New York.
125. Trabasso, T., Bower, G.H., Attention in learnings Theory and research., 1968, Wiley, New York.
126. Trapold, M.A., Overmier, J.B., The second learning process in instrumental learning. In. Black, A.H., Prokasy, W.F., (eds.) Classical conditioning II: Current theory and research., 1972, Appleton, New York.
127. Wagner, A.R., Priming in STM: An information processing mechanism for self-generated or retrieval-generated depression in performance. In. Tighe, T.J., Leaton, R.N., (eds.) Habituation: Perspectives from child development, animal behavior and neurophysiology., 1976, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J.
128. Wagner, A.R., Expectancies and the primings of STM. In. Hulse, S.H., Fowler, H., Honig, W.K., (eds.) Cognitive processes in animal behavior., 1978, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J.
129. Wagner, A.R., Rescorla, R.A., Inhibition in Pavlovian conditioning: Application of a theory. In. Boakes, R.A., Halliday, M.S., (eds.) Inhibition and learning., 1972, Academic Press, New York.
130. Weiner, I. The effects of arousal on latent inhibition: Tests of the conditioned attention theory. Unpublished master's thesis, Tel-Aviv University, 1979.
131. Weiss, K.R., Brown, B.L., Latent inhibition: A review and a new hypothesis. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimental 34 (1974), 301–316.
132. Weiss, K.R., Friedman, R., Stimulus controllability and the latent inhibition effect. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimental 35 (1975), 241–254.
133. Weiss, K.R., Friedman, R., McGregor, S., Effects of septal lesions on latent inhibition and habituation of the orienting response in rats. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 34 (1974), 491–504.
134. Wickens, D.D., Tuber, D.S., Nield, A.F., Wickens, C., Memory for the conditioned response: The effects of potential interference induced before and after original conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 106 (1977), 47–70.
135. Wolff, C., Maltzman, I., Conditioned orienting reflex and amount of preconditioned habituation. Proceedings of the American Psychological Association 3 (1968), 129–130.
136. Zeaman, D., House, B.J., The role of attention in retardate discrimination learning. In. Ellis, N.R., (eds.) Handbook of mental deficiency: Psychological theory and research., 1963, McGraw-Hill, New York.