Diagnostic reasoning and medical expertise

Psychology of Learning and Motivation - Advances in Research and Theory

Volumn 31, Issue C, 1994, Pages 187-252

  Patel, Vimla L ^a   Arocha, José F ^a   Kaufman, David R ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957065489     PISSN: 00797421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60411-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (117)

1. Allard, F., Starkes, J.L., Motor skill experts in sports, dance and other domains. Ericsson, A., Smith, J., (eds.) Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits., 1991, Cambridge University Press, New York, 126–152.
2. Anzai, Y., Learning and use of representations for physics expertise. Ericsson, A., Smith, J., (eds.) Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits., 1991, Cambridge University Press, New York, 64–92.
3. Arocha, J. F., & Patel, V. L. (in press-a). Construction-integration theory and clinical reasoning. In C. A. Weaver, S. Mannes, & C. R. Fletcher (Eds.), Discourse comprehension: Essays in honor of Walter Kintsch. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Arocha, J. F., & Patel, V. L. (in press-b). Novice diagnostic reasoning in medicine: Accounting for clinical evidence. Journal of the Learning Sciences.
5. Arocha, J.F., Patel, V.L., Patel, Y.C., Hypothesis generation and the coordination of theory and evidence in medical diagnostic reasoning. Medical Decision Making. 13 (1993), 198–211.
6. Barrows, H.S., Feightner, J.W., Neufeld, V.R., Norman, G.R., Analysis of the clinical methods of medical students and physicians (Final Report), 1978, Ontario Department of Health, Hamilton, Ontario.
7. Baud, R.H., Rassinoux, A.M., Scherrer, J.R., Natural language processing and semantical representation of medical texts. Methods of Informatics in Medicine. 31 (1992), 117–125.
8. Blois, M.S., Medicine and the nature of vertical reasoning. New England Journal of Medicine. 318 (1990), 847–851.
9. Bobrow, D.G., Qualitative reasoning about physical systems, 1985, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
10. Bordage, G., Zacks, R., The structure of medical knowledge in memories of medical students and practitioners: Categories and prototypes. Medical Education. 18 (1984), 406–416.
11. Boshuizen, H.P., Schmidt, H.G., On the role of biomedical knowledge in clinical reasoning by experts, intermediates and novices. Cognitive Science. 16 (1992), 153–184.
12. Brewer, W.F., Schemas versus mental models in human memory. Morris, P., (eds.) Modeling cognition., 1987, Wiley., New York, 187–197.
13. Brown, A.L., Design experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating complex interventions in classroom settings. The Journal of The Learning Science. 2 (1992), 141–178.
14. Bruner, J.S., Goodnow, J.L., Austin, G.A., A study of thinking, 1956, Wiley., New York.
15. Chandrasakeran, B., Models versus rules, deep versus compiled, content versus form: Some distinctions in knowledge systems research. IEEE Expert. 6 (1991), 75–79.
16. Chandrasakeran, B., Smith, J.W., Sticklen, J., Deep models and their relation to diagnosis. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. 1 (1989), 29–40.
17. Charness, N., Expertise in chess: The balance between knowledge and search. Ericsson, A., Smith, J., (eds.) Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits., 1991, Cambridge University Press, New York, 39–63.
18. Charniak, E., McDermott, D., Introduction to artificial intelligence, 1987, Addison-Wesley., Reading, MA.
19. Chase, W.G., Simon, H.A., Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology. 4 (1973), 55–81.
20. Chi, M.T.H., Bassok, M., Lewis, M.W., Reiman, P., Glaser, R., Self explanations: How students study and use examples in learning to solve problems. Cognitive Science. 13 (1989), 145–182.
21. Chi, M.T.H., Feltovich, P.J., Glaser, R., Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cognitive Science. 5 (1981), 121–152.
22. Chi, M.T.H., Glaser, R., Farr, M.J., The nature of expertise, 1988, Erlbaum., Hillsdale, NJ.
23. Chinn, C.A., Brewer, W.F., The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. Review of Educational Research., 63, 1993, 1049.
24. Clancey, W.J., Acquiring, representing and evaluating a competence model of diagnostic strategy. Chi, M.T.H., Glaser, R., Farr, M.J., (eds.) The nature of expertise., 1988, Erlbaum., Hillsdale, NJ, 343–418.
25. Clancey, W.J., The knowledge level reinterpreted: Modeling how systems interact. Machine Learning. 4 (1989), 287–293.
26. Clancey, W.J., Shortliffe, E.H., Readings in medical artificial intelligence: The first decade, 1984, Addison-Wesley., Reading, MA.
27. Cognitive Science Special Issue: Situated Action. Cognitive Science., 17(1), 1993.
28. Dawes, R.M., Rational choice in an uncertain world, 1988, Harcourt Brace Janovich., New York.
29. de Groot, A.D., Thought and choice in chess, 1965, Mouton, The Hague.
30. van Dijk, T.A., Kintsch, W., Strategies of discourse comprehension, 1983, Academic Press, New York.
31. A.A. di Sessa If we want to get ahead, we should get some theories. Paper presented at the Conference of the Psychology of Mathematics Education, Berkeley, CA. 1991 October.
32. Doane, S.M., MacNamara, D.S., Kintsch, W., Polson, P., Clawson, D.M., Prompt comprehension in UNIX command production. Memory & Cognition. 20 (1992), 327–343.
33. Dunbar, K. (in press). How Scientists really reason: Scientific reasoning in real-world laboratories. To appear in R. J. Sternberg & J. Davidson (Eds.), Mechanisms of Insight. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
34. Elstein, A.S., Kleinmuntz, B., Rabinowitz, M., McAuley, R., Murakami, J., Heckerling, P.S., Dod, J.M., Diagnostic reasoning of high and low domain knowledge clinicians: A reanalysis. Medical Decision Making. 13 (1993), 21–29.
35. Elstein, A.S., Shulman, L.S., Sprafka, S.A., Medical problem solving. An analysis of clinical reasoning, 1978, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
36. Ericsson, K.A., Krampe, R.Th., Tesch-Romer, C., The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review. 100:3 (1993), 363–406.
37. Ericsson, K.A., Polson, P.G., A cognitive analysis of exceptional memory for restaurant orders. Chi, M.T.H., Glaser, R., Farr, M.J., (eds.) The nature of expertise., 1988, Erlbaum., Hillsdale, NJ, 23–70.
38. Ericsson, K.A., Simon, H.A., Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data (rev. ed.), 1993, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
39. Ericsson, K.A., Smith, J., Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits, 1991, Cambridge University Press, New York.
40. Ericsson, K.A., Staszewski, J.J., Skilled Memory and Expertise: Mechanisms of Exceptional Performance. Klahr, D., Kotovsky, K., (eds.) Complex information processing: The impact of Herbert A. Simon., 1989, Erlbaum., Hillsdale, NJ, 235–267.
41. Evans, D.A., Gadd, C.S., Managing coherence and context in medical problem-solving discourse. Evans, D.A., Patel, V.L., (eds.) Cognitive science in medicine: Biomedical modeling., 1989, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 211–255.
42. Evans, D.A., Patel, V.L., Advanced models of cognition for medical training and practice, 1992, Springer-Verlag., Berlin.
43. Feinstein, A.R., An analysis of diagnostic reasoning: The domain and disorders of clinical macrobiology. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 46 (1973), 264–283.
44. Feltovich, P.J., Johnson, P.E., Moller, J.H., Swanson, D.B., LCS: The role and development of medical knowledge in diagnostic expertise. Clancey, W.J., Shortliffe, E.H., (eds.) Readings in medical artificial intelligence., 1984, Addison-Wesley., Reading, MA, 275–319.
45. Feltovich, P.J., Spiro, R., Coulson, R.L., The nature of conceptual understanding in biomedicine: The deep structure of complex ideas and the development of misconceptions. Evans, D.A., Patel, V.L., (eds.) Cognitive science in medicine: Biomedical modeling., 1989, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 113–172.
46. Frederiksen, C.H., Representing logical and semantic structure of knowledge acquired from discourse. Cognitive Psychology. 7 (1975), 371–458.
47. Gale, J., Marsden, P., Medical Diagnosis, 1983, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
48. Gentner, D., The mechanisms of analogical reasoning. Vosniadou, S., Ortony, A., (eds.) Similarity and analogical reasoning., 1989, Cambridge University Press, London, 199–241.
49. Gentner, G., Stevens, A.L., Mental Models, 1983, Erlbaum., Hillsdale, NJ.
50. Gluck, M.A., Bower, G.H., From conditioning to category learning: An adaptive network model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 117 (1988), 37–50.
51. Greeno, J., Moore, J.L., Situativity theory and symbols: Response to Vera & Simon. Cognitive Science. 17 (1993), 49–60.
52. Groen, G.J., Jerney, J., From children's arithmetic to medical problem solving: An extension of the Kintsch-Greeno model. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1988, Erlbaum., Hillsdale, NJ, 349–354.
53. Groen, G.J., Patel, V.L., Medical problem-solving: Some questionable assumptions. Medical Education. 19 (1985), 95–100.
54. Groen, G.J., Patel, V.L., The relationship between comprehension and reasoning in medical expertise. Chi, M.T.H., Glaser, R., Farr, M.J., (eds.) The nature of expertise., 1988, Erlbaum., Hillsdale, NJ, 287–310.
55. Harel, D., Algorithmics. The spirit of computing, 1987, Addison-Wesley., Workingham, England.
56. Hassebrock, F., Prietula, M.J., A protocol-based coding scheme for the analysis of medical reasoning. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies. 37 (1992), 613–652.
57. Hayes, J., The complete problem solver, 1981, Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia.
58. Holyoak, K.J., The pragmatics of analogical transfer. Lindsey, G., Luce, R.D., (eds.) Steven's handbook of experimental psychology., 1985, Wiley., New York, 59–85.
59. Holyoak, K.J., Koh, K., Surface and structural similarity in analogical transfer. Memory & Cognition. 15 (1987), 332–340.
60. Holyoak, K.J., Spellman, B.A., Thinking. Annual Review of Psychology. 44 (1993), 265–315.
61. Hunt, E., Cognitive science: Definition, status, and questions. Annual Review of Psychology. 40 (1989), 603–629.
62. Joseph, G.-M., Patel, V.L., Domain knowledge and hypothesis generation in diagnostic reasoning. Medical Decision Making. 10 (1990), 31–46.
63. Kaufman, D.R., Patel, V.L., Problem solving in the clinical interview: A cognitive analysis of the performance of physicians, residents, and students. Teaching & Learning in Medicine: An International Journal. 3 (1991), 6–14.
64. Kaufman, D.R., Patel, V.L., Cognitive models for characterizing biomedical knowledge and expertise. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, 1994, Nicosia, Cyprus., 398–407.
65. Keravnou, E.T., Washbrook, J., Deep and shallow models in medical expert systems. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. 1 (1989), 11–28.
66. Kintsch, W., The representation of meaning in memory, 1974, Erlbaum., Hillsdale, NJ.
67. Kintsch, W., The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model. Psychological Review. 95 (1988), 163–182.
68. Kintsch, W., Greeno, J.G., Understanding and solving word arithmetic problems. Psychological Review. 92 (1985), 109–129.
69. Kintsch, W., Welsch, D.W., The construction-integration model: A framework for studying memory for text. Hockley, W.E., Lewandowsky, S., (eds.) Relating theory to data: Essays on human memory in honor of Bennet Murdock., 1991, Erlbaum., Hillsdale, NJ, 367–385.
70. Klahr, D., Dunbar, K., Dual space search during scientific reasoning. Cognitive Science. 12 (1988), 1–55.
71. Koedinger, K.R., Anderson, J.R., Abstract planning and perceptual chunks: Elements of expertise in geometry. Cognitive Science. 14 (1990), 511–550.
72. Kuipers, B.J., Qualitative simulation as causal explanation. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. 17 (1987), 432–444.
73. Kuipers, B.J., Kassirer, J.P., Causal reasoning in medicine: Analysis of a protocol. Cognitive Science. 8 (1984), 363–385.
74. Larkin, J.H., McDermott, J., Simon, H.A., Simon, D.P., Expert and novice performance in solving physics problems. Science. 208 (1980), 1335–1342.
75. Leprohon, J., & Patel, V. L. (in press). Decision making strategies for telephone triage in emergency medical services. Medical Decision Making.
76. Lesgold, A.M., Rubinson, H., Feltovich, P.J., Glaser, R., Klopfer, D., Wang, Y., Expertise in a complex skill: Diagnosing X-ray picture. Chi, M.T.H., Glaser, R., Farr, M.J., (eds.) The nature of expertise., 1988, Erlbaum., Hillsdale, NJ, 311–342.
77. Levine, J.M., Resnick Higgins, L.B., Social foundations of cognition. Annual Review of Psychology. 44 (1993), 585–612.
78. Medin, D., Edelson, S.M., Problem structure and the use of base rate information from experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 117 (1988), 68–85.
79. Newell, A., You can't play 20 questions with nature and win: Projective comments on the papers of this symposium. Chase, W.G., (eds.) Visual information processing., 1973, Academic Press, New York.
80. Newell, A., Reasoning, problem solving, and decision processes: The problem space as a fundamental category. Nickerson, R., (eds.) Attention and performance., 8, 1980, Erlbaum., Hillsdale, NJ, 693–718.
81. Newell, A., Unified theories of cognition, 1990, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
82. Newell, A., Simon, H.A., Human problem solving, 1972, Prentice-Hall., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
83. Patel, V.L., Evans, D.A., Groen, G.J., Biomedical knowledge and clinical reasoning. Evans, D.A., Patel, V.L., (eds.) Cognitive science in medicine: Biomedical modeling., 1989, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 49–108.
84. Patel, V.L., Evans, D.A., Kaufman, D.R., Cognitive framework for doctor-patient interaction. Evans, D.A., Patel, V.L., (eds.) Cognitive science in medicine: Biomedical modeling., 1989, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 253–308.
85. Patel, V.L., Evans, D.A., Kaufman, D.R., Reasoning strategies and use of biomedical knowledge by students. Medical Education. 24 (1990), 129–136.
86. Patel, V.L., Frederiksen, C.H., Cognitive Processes in comprehension and knowledge acquisition by medical students and physicians. Schmidt, H.G., de Volder, M.C., (eds.) Tutorials in problem-based learning., 1984, van Gorcum., Assen, Holland, 143–157.
87. Patel, V.L., Groen, G.J., Knowledge-based solution strategies in medical reasoning. Cognitive Science. 10 (1986), 91–116.
88. Patel, V.L., Groen, G.J., The general and specific nature of medical expertise: A critical look. Ericsson, A., Smith, J., (eds.) Towards a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits., 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 93–125.
89. Patel, V.L., Groen, G.J., Developmental accounts of the transition from student to physician: Some problems and suggestions. Medical Education. 25 (1991), 527–535.
90. Patel, V.L., Groen, G.J., Cognitive frameworks for clinical reasoning: Application for training and practice. Evans, D., Patel, V., (eds.) Advanced models of cognition for medical training and practice., 1992, Springer-Verlag., New York, 193–211.
91. Patel, V.L., Groen, G.J., Reanalysis: Recalibration versus replication (Editorial). Medical Decision Making. 13 (1993), 2–3.
92. Patel, V.L., Groen, G.J., Arocha, J.F., Medical expertise as a function of task difficulty. Memory and Cognition. 18 (1990), 394–406.
93. Patel, V.L., Groen, G.J., Frederiksen, C.H., Differences between students and physicians in memory for clinical cases. Medical Education. 20 (1986), 3–9.
94. Patel, V.L., Groen, G.J., Norman, G.R., Reasoning and instruction in medical curricula. Cognition and Instruction. 10 (1993), 335–378.
95. Patel, V. L., Groen, G. J., & Patel, Y. C. (in press). Cognitive aspects of clinical performance during patient work-up: The role of medical expertise. Medical Education.
96. Patel, V.L., Groen, G.J., Ramoni, M.F., Kaufman, D.R., Machine depth versus psychological depth: A lack of equivalence. Keravnou, E., (eds.) Deep Models for Medical Knowledge Engineering., 1992, Elsevier Sciences Publishers, B.V., North Holland, 249–272.
97. Patel, V.L., Kaufman, D.R., Magder, S., Causal reasoning about complex physiological concepts in cardiovascular physiology by medical students. International Journal of Science Education. 13 (1991), 171–185.
98. Pople, H., Heuristic methods for imposing structure on ill-structured problems: The structuring of medical diagnosis. Szolovits, P., (eds.) Artificial intelligence in medicine., 1982, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 119–190.
99. Rogoff, B., Lave, J., Everyday cognition, 1984, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
100. Rosenbloom, P.S., Newell, A., Learning by chunking: A production system model of practice. Klahr, D., Langley, P., Neches, R., (eds.) Production system models of learning and development., 1987, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 221–286.
101. Schaffner, K.F., Theory structure in the biomedical sciences. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 5 (1980), 57–97.
102. Schaffner, K.F., Exemplar reasoning about biological models and diseases: A relation between the philosophy of medicine and philosophy of science. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 11 (1986), 63–80.
103. Schmidt, H.G., Boshuizen, H.P.A., On the origin of intermediate effects in clinical case recall. Memory and Cognition. 21:3 (1993), 338–351.
104. Schmidt, H.G., Norman, G.R., Boshuizen, H.P.A., A cognitive perspective on medical expertise: Theory and implications. Academic Medicine. 65:10 (1990), 611–623.
105. Schon, D.A., Intuitive thinking? A digression stimulated by U-shaped curves. Strauss, S., Stavy, R., (eds.) U-shaped behavioral growth., 1982, Academic Press, New York, 227–248.
106. Simon, D.P., Simon, H.A., Individual differences in solving physics problems. Siegler, R., (eds.) Children's thinking: What develops?., 1978, Erlbaum., Hillsdale, NJ.
107. Simon, H.A., The structure of ill-structured problems. Artificial Intelligence. 4 (1973), 181–201.
108. Simon, H.A., The scientist as a problem solver. Klahr, D., Kotovsky, K., (eds.) Complex information processing: The impact of Herbert A. Simon., 1989, Erlbaum., Hillsdale, NJ, 375–398.
109. Sloboda, J., Musical expertise. Ericsson, A., Smith, J., (eds.) Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits., 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
110. Smith, M.U., Knowledge structures and the nature of expertise in classical genetics. Cognition and Instruction. 7 (1990), 287–302.
111. Smolensky, P., Information processing in dynamical systems: Foundations of harmony theory. Rumelhart, D.E., McClelland, J.L., (eds.) The PDP Research Group Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition: Vol. 1. Foundations., 1986, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 194–282.
112. Sowa, J.F., Conceptual structures. Information processing in mind and machines, 1984, Addison-Wesley., Reading, MA.
113. Strauss, S., Stavy, R., U-shaped behavioral growth, 1982, Academic Press, New York.
114. Sweller, J., Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science. 12 (1988), 257–285.
115. Thagard, P., Explanatory coherence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 12 (1989), 435–467.
116. Thibodeau, P., Hardiman, P.T., Dufresne, R., Mestre, J.P., The relation between problem categorization and problem-solving among experts and novices. Memory & Cognition. 17 (1989), 627–638.
117. Vera, A.H., Simon, H.A., Situated Action: A symbolic interpretation. Cognitive Science. 17 (1993), 7–48.