Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases: Is the social gradient reversing in northern India?

National Medical Journal of India

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 206-209

  Kar, S S ^a,b   Thakur, J S ^a,b   Virdi, N K ^a,b   Jain, S ^a,b   Kumar, R ^a,b  

^a POSTGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH   (India)

^b Department of Community Medicine ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DEMOGRAPHY; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; EDUCATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INDIA; MALE; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; RURAL AREA; SOCIAL ASPECT; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; URBAN AREA;

ADULT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INDIA; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; QUESTIONNAIRES; RISK FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 77957024257     PISSN: 0970258X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Omran AR. The epidemiologic transition. A theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Mem Fund Q 1971;49:509-538.
2. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounpuu S, Anand S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: Part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation 2001;104:2746-2753.
3. Murray CLJ, Lopez AD. Global health statistics: Global burden of disease and injury series. Volumes 1 and 2. Boston: Harvard School of Public Health; 1996.
4. Kumar R, Singh MC, Singh MC, Ahlawat SK, Thakur JS, Srivastava A, et al. Urbanization and coronary heart disease: A study of urban-rural differences in northern India. Indian Heart J. 2006;58:126-130.
5. Zachariah MG, Thankappan KR, Alex SC, Sarma PS, Vasan RS. Prevalence, correlates, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in a middle-aged urban population in Kerala. Indian Heart J 2003;55:245-251.
6. Shanthirani CS, Pradeepa R, Deepa R, Premalatha G, Saroja R, Mohan V. Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension in a selected South Indian population-the Chennai Urban Population Study. J Assoc Physicians India 2003;51:20-27.
7. Swami HM, Bhatia V, Gupta M, Bhatia SP, Sood A. Population based study of hypertension among the elderly in northern India. Public Health 2002;116:45-49.
8. Gupta R, Gupta VP, Sarna M, Bhatnagar S, Thanvi J, Sharma V, et al. Prevalence of coronary heart disease and risk factors in an urban Indian population: Jaipur Heart Watch-2. Indian Heart J 2002;54:59-66.
9. Sharma AK, Bhardwaj S, Chaturvedi S. Predictors of hypertension in an urban Indian population. Indian Heart J 2006;58:21-27.
10. Gupta R, Gupta VP, Ahluwalia NS. Educational status, coronary heart disease, and coronary risk factor prevalence in a rural population of India. BMJ 1994;309: 1332-1336.
11. Gupta R, Gupta VP, Sarna M, Prakash H, Rastogi S, Gupta KD. Serial epidemiological surveys in an urban Indian population demonstrate increasing coronary risk factors among the lower socioeconomic strata. J Assoc Physicians India 2003;51:470-477.
12. Reddy KS, Prabhakaran D, Jeemon P, Thankappan KR, Joshi P, Chaturvedi V, et al. Educational status and cardiovascular risk profile in Indians. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:16263-16268.
13. Pais P, Pogue J, Gerstein H, Zachariah E, Savitha D, Jayprakash S, et al. Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Indians: A case-control study. Lancet 1996;348: 358-363.
14. Kar SS, Thakur JS, Jain S, Kumar R. Cardiovascular disease risk management in a primary health care setting of north India. Indian Heart J 2008;60:19-25.
15. STEPS instrument for NCD risk factors (core and expanded version 1.4). Geneva: Division of non-communicable diseases and mental health, WHO. Available at http://www.afro.who.int/cdp/documents/steps_tools/instrument_core.pdf (accessed on 10 March 2008).
16. Beevers G, Lip GY, O'Brien E. ABC of hypertension: BP measurement. Part II- conventional sphygmomanometry: Technique of auscultatory BP measurement. BMJ 2001;322:1043-1047.
17. Adams C, Burke V, Beilin LJ. Accuracy of BP measurement and anthropometry among volunteer observers in a large community survey. J Clin Epidemiol 2002;55:338-344.
18. Ulijaszek SJ, Kerr DA. Anthropometric measurement error and the assessment of nutritional status. Br J Nutr 1999;82:165-177. Erratum in: Br J Nutr 2000;83:95.
19. World Health Organization. CVD risk management package for low and medium resource settings. Geneva: WHO; 2002.
20. Census of India. Office of the Registrar and Census Commissioner, India. Available at http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/Census_Data_Finder.aspx (accessed on 2 December 2008).
21. Malhotra P, Kumari S, Kumar R, Jain S, Sharma BK. Prevalence and determinants of hypertension in an un-industrialised rural population of North India. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13:467-472.
22. Gupta R, Prakash H, Gupta VP, Gupta KD. Prevalence and determinants of coronary heart disease in a rural population of India. J Clin Epidemiol 1997;50:203-209.
23. Wander GS, Khurana SB, Gulati R, Sachar RK, Gupta RK, Khurana S, et al. Epidemiology of coronary heart disease in a rural Punjab population-prevalence and correlation with various risk factors. Indian Heart J 1994;46:319-323.
24. Chadha SL, Gopinath N, Ramachandran K, Radhakrishnan S. Epidemiological study of hypertension in rural community of Gurgaon district (Haryana state). Ann Natl Acad Med Sci (India) 1989;25:141-150.
25. Wong SL, Donnan SP. Influence of socioeconomic status on cardiovascular diseases in Hong Kong. J Epidemiol Community Health 1992;46:148-150.
26. Hameed K, Kadir M, Gibson T, Sultana S, Fatima Z, Syed A. The frequency of known diabetes, hypertension and ischaemic heart disease in affluent and poor urban populations of Karachi, Pakistan. Diabet Med 1995;12:500-503.
27. Siegrist J, Bernhardt R, Feng ZC, Schettler G. Socioeconomic differences in cardiovascular risk factors in China. Int J Epidemiol 1990;19:905-910.
28. Yu Z, Nissinen A, Vartiainen E, Song G, Guo Z, Tian H. Changes in cardiovascular risk factors in different socioeconomic groups: Seven year trends in a Chinese urban population. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000;54:692-696.
29. Joshi R, Cardona M, Iyengar S, Sukumar A, Raju CR, Raju KR, et al. Chronic diseases now a leading cause of death in rural India-mortality data from the Andhra Pradesh Rural Health Initiative. Int J Epidemiol 2006;35:1522-1529.
30. National Commission on Population. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India; 2000.