Our place in the world: Conceptualizing obligations beyond borders in human rights-based approaches to health

Health and Human Rights

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 3-14

  Yamin, Alicia Ely ^a  

^a HARVARD LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCOUNTABILITY; HEALTH CARE; HUMAN RIGHTS; INTERNATIONAL AID; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION;

ARTICLE; HEALTH; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH DISPARITY; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; HUMAN RIGHTS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; PATIENT RIGHT; POVERTY; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL JUSTICE;

DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; PATIENT RIGHTS; POVERTY; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY; WORLD HEALTH;

HAITI;

EID: 77957016105     PISSN: 10790969     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. E. Galeano, Upside down: A primer for the looking glass world (New York: Picador, 2001), p. 36.
2. "Haiti quake death toll rises to 230,000, " BBC (February 11, 2010). Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8507531.stm; G. Kessler and W. Booth, "Haiti seeks food and shelter so displaced residents can survive the coming weeks," Washington Post (January 26, 2010). Available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/25/AR2010012502224.html. "Haiti three months on: World Vision aids 1.8 million people," World Vision (April 12, 2010). Available at http://www.worldvision.org.uk/server.php?show=nav.3548.
3. B. Ortutay, "Haiti text donations to Red Cross pass $5M," ABC News (January 14, 2010). Available at http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=9562477.
4. A. Clark, "Wall Street bonuses top $20bn," The Guardian (February 23, 2010). Available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/feb/23/wallstreet-bonuses-soar-2009; see also L. Story, "Wall Street pay." Available at http://www.nytimes.com/info/wall-street-pay/news/. See also, "Banks set for record payout," The Wall Street Journal (January 14, 2010). Available at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704281204575003351773983136.html.
5. F. Bajak, "Chile-Haiti earthquake comparison: Chile was more prepared," Huffington Post (February 27, 2010). Available at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/27/chile-haiti-earthquakeco_n_479705.html; see also R. Daniels, D. Kettle, and H. Kunreather (eds), On risk and disaster: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006).
6. D. B. Swartley and J. R. Toussaint, Haiti country analysis of tropical forests and biodiversity (Washington, DC: USAID, 2006). Available at http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/environment/docs/Haiti_118-119_Report.pdf.
7. See, for example, B. Clinton and G. W. Bush, "A helping hand for Haiti," New York Times (January 17, 2010). Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/17/opinion/17clinton.html.
8. P. Farmer, The uses of Haiti (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1994).
9. Ibid.
10. ONE International, "Petition delivered: G7 leaders call to cancel Haiti's debt!" The ONE Blog (February 7, 2010). Available at http://www.one.org/international/blog/g7-leaders-call-to-cancelhaiti-debt/.
11. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), Art. 2(1) (1966). Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cescr.htm; see also Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 3, The Nature of States Parties' Obligations, UN Doc. No. E/C.12/1991/23 (1990).
12. N. Ravishankar, P. Gubbins, R. J. Cooley, et al., "Financing of global health: Tracking development assistance for health from 1990 to 2007," Lancet 373 (2009), pp. 2113-2124.
13. Ibid.
14. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 14, The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, UN Doc. No. E/C.12/2000/4 (2000), para. 45.
15. "Haiti, one month on: Rethinking the model," Center for Economic and Social Rights [blog] (February 12, 2010). Available at http://www.cesr.org/article.php?id=770.
16. Ibid.
17. See P. Farmer and D. Bertrand, "Hypocrisies of development and the health of the Haitian poor," in J. Y. Kim, J. V. Millen, A. Irwin, et al. (eds), Dying for growth: Global inequality and the health of the poor (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2002), pp. 65-90.
18. See, for example, D. Moyo, Dead aid: Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009).
19. Principles relating to the Status of National Institutions (The Paris Principles), G.A. Res. 48/134 (1993). Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/parisprinciples.htm.
20. World Bank, Improving effectiveness and outcomes for the poor in health, nutrition and population: An evaluation of the World Bank group support since 1997 (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2009). Available at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTOED/EXTWBASSHEANUTPOP/0,,contentMDK:22153992~menuPK:6080533~pagePK:64829573~piPK:64829550~theSitePK:4422776~isCURL:Y,00.html.
21. Farmer and Bertrand (see note 17), p. 70.
22. P. Hunt, UN Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health, UN Doc. No. E/CN.4/2003/58 (2003), para. 28 (emphasis added). Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/health/right/.
23. R. Baker, "Illicit finanical flows and human rights" (presentation at Global Financial Integrity, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, December 2, 2009). See also Global Financial Integrity, New Haven Declaration on human rights and financial integrity (January 7, 2010). Available at http://www.gfip.org/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=287.
24. For example, in one of the most deplorable examples of corruption by government and multinationals alike, over US$500 billion of oil and gas has been extracted from the Nigerian oil delta, where most people live on less than US
25. UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 3, The Nature of States Parties' Obligations, UN Doc. No. E/C.12/1991/23 (1990), para. 13.
26. Ravishankar et al. (see note 12).
27. Ooms and Hammonds note that the Action for Global Health campaign seeks a more modest 0.1% of GDP and, in keeping with the Abuja Declaration, 15% of that 0.1% to be devoted to health. The Abuja Declaration and the plan of action, An Extract from The African Summit on Roll Back Malaria, Abuja, Nigeria, 25 April 2000 (WHO/CDS/RBM/2000.17). Available at http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/docs/abuja_declaration.pdf.
28. Women Deliver, "Women Deliver respond to Lancet data" (April 14, 2010). Available at http://www.womendeliver.org/updates/entry/womendeliver-response-to-lancet-data/.
29. WHO, Executive Board, 126th Session, International recruitment of health personnel: draft global code of practice, EB126/8, December 3, 2009. Available at http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB126/B126_8-en.pdf; Commonwealth Code of Practice for the International Recruitment of Health Personnel, Geneva, May 18, 2003. Available at http://www.thecommonwealth.org/shared_asp_files/uploadedfiles/%7B7BDD970B-53AE-441D-81DB-1B64C37E992A%7D_CommonwealthCodeofPractice.pdf.
30. See the UN Resolution 687 to award compensation to individuals, corporations and governments for losses and damages suffered as a result of Iraq's unlawful invasion of Kuwait. UN Security Council, 2981st meeting, Resolution 687, 3/RES/687 (1991). Available at http://www.uncc.ch/resolutio/res687.pdf.
31. Galeano (see note 1), p. 34.
32. See, for example, R. L. Harris (ed), Globalizationand development in Latin America (Ontario: De Sitter, 2005), and P. Evans, Dependent development: The alliance of multinational, state and local capital in Brazil (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979); see also Kim et al. (see note 17).
33. P. Singer, The life you can save: Acting now to end world poverty (New York: Random House, 2009), pp.3, 15-17.
34. Ibid.
35. N. Daniels, Just health: Meeting health needs fairly (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008), p. 346.
36. The Paris Principles (see note 19).
37. 3rd HLF, Accra Agenda for Action, Accra, Ghana (March 2, 2005), para. 13(c).
38. Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Right to Development, Report of the high-level task force on the implementation of the right to development on its Sixth Session, Addendum: Right to development criteria and operational sub-criteria. A/HRC/15/WG.2/TF/2/Add.2 (2010). See also M. Green and S. Randolph, Bringing Theory into Practice: operational criteria for assessing implementation of the international right to development. A/HRC/15/WG.2/TF/CRP.5 (2010).
39. Ibid., Annex, p. 8.
40. T. Pogge, Freedom from poverty as a human right: Who owes what to the very poor? (New York: UNESCO and Oxford University Press, 2007).
41. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), G.A. Res. 217A (III) (1948), Art. 28. Available at http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html.
42. T. Pogge, World poverty and human rights: Cosmopolitan responsibilities and reforms (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2002).
43. World Bank, "World Bank estimates cost of reaching the Millennium Development Goals at $40-$60 billion annually in additional aid," Press Release No. 2002/212/S (February 20, 2002). Available at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/EXTMNAREGTOPPOVRED/0,,contentMDK:20034427~menuPK:497126~pagePK:2865114~piPK:2865167~theSitePK:497110,00.html; R. Baker,"How to stop illicit money," The New York Review of Books (December 3, 2009). Available at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/feb/11/howto-stop-illicit-money/; R. Baker, "Illicit financial flows and human rights" (presentation at Global Financial Integrity, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA, December 2, 2009).
44. United Nations Millennium Declaration, U.N. Res. A/RES/55/2 (2000), Art. 1. Available at http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.pdf.
45. Human Rights Council (see note 38), Annex, p.9.
46. See Committee on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination, Consideration of reports submitted by States Parties under article 9 of the Convention: United States of America, CERD/C/USA/CO/6 (2008), para. 30. Available at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G08/419/82/PDF/G0841982.pdf?OpenElement.
47. L. Hunt, Inventing human rights: A history (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007).
48. P. Farmer, Pathologies of power: Health, human rights, and the new war on the poor (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
49. See A. Sen, The idea of justice (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 2009).