메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 873-891

To share or not to share? Professional norms, reference groups, and information withholding among life scientists

Author keywords

Information sharing withholding; Knowledge transfer; Professions; Reference groups; Science

Indexed keywords


EID: 77956996614     PISSN: 10477039     EISSN: 15265455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1287/orsc.1090.0500     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (108)

References (97)
  • 1
    • 0000889042 scopus 로고
    • Status and status strain in the professions
    • Abbott, A. 1981. Status and status strain in the professions. Amer. J. Sociol. 86 819-835.
    • (1981) Amer. J. Sociol. , vol.86 , pp. 819-835
    • Abbott, A.1
  • 3
    • 0032653595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localization of knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks
    • Almeida, P., B. Kogut. 1999. Localization of knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks. Management Sci. 45 905-917.
    • (1999) Management Sci , vol.45 , pp. 905-917
    • Almeida, P.1    Kogut, B.2
  • 4
    • 0042218143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intraorganizational learning
    • J. A. C. Baum, ed. Blackwell, Malden, MA
    • Argote, L., R. Ophir. 2002. Intraorganizational learning. J. A. C. Baum, ed. Companion to Organizations. Blackwell, Malden, MA, 181-207.
    • (2002) Companion to Organizations , pp. 181-207
    • Argote, L.1    Ophir, R.2
  • 5
    • 0000614745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Privatizing the intellectual commons: Universities and the commercialization of biotechnology
    • Argyres, N. S., J. P. Liebeskind. 1998. Privatizing the intellectual commons: Universities and the commercialization of biotechnology. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 35 427-454.
    • (1998) J. Econom. Behav. Organ. , vol.35 , pp. 427-454
    • Argyres, N.S.1    Liebeskind, J.P.2
  • 6
    • 34249105593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group norms and excessive absenteeism: The role of peer referent others
    • Bamberger, P., M. Biron. 2007. Group norms and excessive absenteeism: The role of peer referent others. Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes 103 179-196.
    • (2007) Organ. Behav. Human Decision Processes , vol.103 , pp. 179-196
    • Bamberger, P.1    Biron, M.2
  • 7
    • 77957004708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Academic entrepreneurs: Who participates and why?
    • F. Malerba, S. Brusoni, eds. Cambridge University Press, New York
    • Bercovitz, J., M. Feldman. 2007. Academic entrepreneurs: Who participates and why? F. Malerba, S. Brusoni, eds. Perspectives on Innovation. Cambridge University Press, New York, 381-398.
    • (2007) Perspectives on Innovation , pp. 381-398
    • Bercovitz, J.1    Feldman, M.2
  • 9
    • 20544449609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generic knowledge strategies in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry
    • Bierly, P., A. Chakrabarti. 1996. Generic knowledge strategies in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. Strategic Management J. 17 123-134.
    • (1996) Strategic Management J. , vol.17 , pp. 123-134
    • Bierly, P.1    Chakrabarti, A.2
  • 10
    • 0030903440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withholding research results in academic life science: Evidence from a national survey of faculty
    • Blumenthal, D., E. G. Campbell, M. S. Anderson, N. Causino, K. S. Louis. 1997. Withholding research results in academic life science: Evidence from a national survey of faculty. J. Amer. Medical Assoc. 277 1224-1228.
    • (1997) J. Amer. Medical Assoc. , vol.277 , pp. 1224-1228
    • Blumenthal, D.1    Campbell, E.G.2    Anderson, M.S.3    Causino, N.4    Louis, K.S.5
  • 14
    • 0002671639 scopus 로고
    • Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: Toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovating
    • Brown, J. S., P. Duguid. 1991. Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: Toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovating. Organ. Sci. 2 40-57.
    • (1991) Organ. Sci. , vol.2 , pp. 40-57
    • Brown, J.S.1    Duguid, P.2
  • 15
    • 0002038241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trust and third-party gossip
    • R. M. Kramer, T. R. Tyler, eds. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
    • Burt, R., M. Knez. 1996. Trust and third-party gossip. R. M. Kramer, T. R. Tyler, eds. Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 68-89.
    • (1996) Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research , pp. 68-89
    • Burt, R.1    Knez, M.2
  • 16
    • 0141755178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowledge-sharing dilemmas
    • Cabrera, A., E. F. Cabrera. 2002. Knowledge-sharing dilemmas. Organ. Stud. 23 687-710.
    • (2002) Organ. Stud. , vol.23 , pp. 687-710
    • Cabrera, A.1    Cabrera, E.F.2
  • 18
    • 0001590626 scopus 로고
    • A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places
    • Cialdini, R. B., R. R. Reno, C. A. Kallgren. 1990. A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. J. Personality Soc. Psych. 58 1015-1026.
    • (1990) J. Personality Soc. Psych. , vol.58 , pp. 1015-1026
    • Cialdini, R.B.1    Reno, R.R.2    Kallgren, C.A.3
  • 19
    • 0036226842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Links and impact: The influence of public research on industrial R&D
    • Cohen, W. M., R. R. Nelson, J. P. Walsh. 2000. Links and impact: The influence of public research on industrial R&D. Management Sci. 48 1-23.
    • (2000) Management Sci , vol.48 , pp. 1-23
    • Cohen, W.M.1    Nelson, R.R.2    Walsh, J.P.3
  • 20
    • 0035854420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual property: Patents, secrecy, and DNA
    • Cook-Deegan, R. M., S. J. McCormack. 2001. Intellectual property: Patents, secrecy, and DNA. Science 293 217.
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 217
    • Cook-Deegan, R.M.1    McCormack, S.J.2
  • 21
    • 0036003221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Institutional theory and institutional change: Introduction to the special research forum
    • Dacin, M. T., J. Goodstein, W. R. Scott. 2002. Institutional theory and institutional change: Introduction to the special research forum. Acad. Management J. 45 45-57.
    • (2002) Acad. Management J. , vol.45 , pp. 45-57
    • Dacin, M.T.1    Goodstein, J.2    Scott, W.R.3
  • 22
    • 0000953669 scopus 로고
    • The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields
    • DiMaggio, P. J., W. W. Powell. 1983. The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 48 147-160.
    • (1983) Amer. Sociol. Rev. , vol.48 , pp. 147-160
    • DiMaggio, P.J.1    Powell, W.W.2
  • 23
    • 0348236488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning from mistakes is easier said than done: Group and organizational influences on the detection and correction of human error
    • Edmondson, A. C. 1996. Learning from mistakes is easier said than done: Group and organizational influences on the detection and correction of human error. J. Appl. Behav. Sci. 32 5-28.
    • (1996) J. Appl. Behav. Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 5-28
    • Edmondson, A.C.1
  • 24
    • 0033243278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams
    • Edmondson, A. C. 1999. Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Admin. Sci. Quart. 44 350-383.
    • (1999) Admin. Sci. Quart. , vol.44 , pp. 350-383
    • Edmondson, A.C.1
  • 25
    • 84936527413 scopus 로고
    • Entrepreneurial science in the academy: A case of the transformation of norms
    • Etzkowitz, H. 1989. Entrepreneurial science in the academy: A case of the transformation of norms. Soc. Problems 36 14-29.
    • (1989) Soc. Problems , vol.36 , pp. 14-29
    • Etzkowitz, H.1
  • 26
    • 84964116493 scopus 로고
    • Secrecy, information, and politics: An essay on organizational decision making
    • Feldman, S. P. 1988. Secrecy, information, and politics: an essay on organizational decision making. Human Relations 41 73-90.
    • (1988) Human Relations , vol.41 , pp. 73-90
    • Feldman, S.P.1
  • 27
    • 4644234910 scopus 로고
    • A theory of social comparison processes
    • Festinger, L. 1954. A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations 7 117-140.
    • (1954) Human Relations , vol.7 , pp. 117-140
    • Festinger, L.1
  • 29
    • 26844436591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identity orientations and forms of social exchange in organizations
    • Flynn, F. 2005. Identity orientations and forms of social exchange in organizations. Acad. Management Rev. 30 737-750.
    • (2005) Acad. Management Rev. , vol.30 , pp. 737-750
    • Flynn, F.1
  • 31
    • 84949715597 scopus 로고
    • Community within a community: The professions
    • Goode, W. J. 1957. Community within a community: The professions. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 22 194-200.
    • (1957) Amer. Sociol. Rev. , vol.22 , pp. 194-200
    • Goode, W.J.1
  • 32
    • 0001604255 scopus 로고
    • An examination of the referents used in the evaluation of pay
    • Goodman, P. S. 1974. An examination of the referents used in the evaluation of pay. Organ. Behav. Human Performance 12 170-195.
    • (1974) Organ. Behav. Human Performance , vol.12 , pp. 170-195
    • Goodman, P.S.1
  • 33
    • 84936824352 scopus 로고
    • Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness
    • Granovetter, M. 1985. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. Amer. J. Sociol. 91 481-510.
    • (1985) Amer. J. Sociol. , vol.91 , pp. 481-510
    • Granovetter, M.1
  • 35
    • 28744443577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowledge sharing in organizations: Multiple networks, multiple phases
    • Hansen, M. T., M. L. Mors, B. Løvås. 2005. Knowledge sharing in organizations: Multiple networks, multiple phases. Acad. Management J. 48 776-793.
    • (2005) Acad. Management J. , vol.48 , pp. 776-793
    • Hansen, M.T.1    Mors, M.L.2    Løvås, B.3
  • 36
    • 84970750831 scopus 로고
    • Data access, ownership, and control: Toward empirical studies of access practices
    • Hilgartner, S., S. I. Brandt-Rauf. 1994. Data access, ownership, and control: Toward empirical studies of access practices. Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization 15 355-372.
    • (1994) Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization , vol.15 , pp. 355-372
    • Hilgartner, S.1    Brandt-Rauf, S.I.2
  • 38
    • 0001833336 scopus 로고
    • Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm
    • Ibarra, H. 1992. Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm. Admin. Sci. Quart. 37 422-447.
    • (1992) Admin. Sci. Quart. , vol.37 , pp. 422-447
    • Ibarra, H.1
  • 39
    • 0002473783 scopus 로고
    • Social stratification, social norms, and roles
    • I. D. Steiner, M. Fishbein, eds. Holt, Rinhart, & Winston, New York
    • Jackson, J. 1965. Social stratification, social norms, and roles. I. D. Steiner, M. Fishbein, eds. Current Studies in Social Psychology. Holt, Rinhart, & Winston, New York, 301-309.
    • (1965) Current Studies in Social Psychology , pp. 301-309
    • Jackson, J.1
  • 40
    • 0000516373 scopus 로고
    • Ethical ambivalence and organizational reward systems
    • Jansen, E., M. Glinow. 1985. Ethical ambivalence and organizational reward systems. Acad. Management Rev. 10 814-822.
    • (1985) Acad. Management Rev. , vol.10 , pp. 814-822
    • Jansen, E.1    Glinow, M.2
  • 42
    • 21144477663 scopus 로고
    • Employee propensity to withhold effort: A conceptual model to intersect three avenues of research
    • Kidwell, R. E., N. Bennett. 1993. Employee propensity to withhold effort: A conceptual model to intersect three avenues of research. Acad. Management Rev. 18 429-456.
    • (1993) Acad. Management Rev. , vol.18 , pp. 429-456
    • Kidwell, R.E.1    Bennett, N.2
  • 43
    • 84970788609 scopus 로고
    • Scientific communities or transepistemic arenas of research? A critique of quasi-economic models of science
    • Knorr-Cetina, K. 1982. Scientific communities or transepistemic arenas of research? A critique of quasi-economic models of science. Soc. Stud. Sci. 12 101-30.
    • (1982) Soc. Stud. Sci. , vol.12 , pp. 101-130
    • Knorr-Cetina, K.1
  • 45
    • 0032372839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interorganizational learning dilemma: Collective knowledge development in strategic alliances
    • Larsson, R., L. Bengtsson, K. Henriksson, J. Sparks. 1998. The interorganizational learning dilemma: Collective knowledge development in strategic alliances. Organ. Sci. 9 285-305.
    • (1998) Organ. Sci. , vol.9 , pp. 285-305
    • Larsson, R.1    Bengtsson, L.2    Henriksson, K.3    Sparks, J.4
  • 46
    • 33644606828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organizational reference groups: A missing perspective on social context
    • Lawrence, B. S. 2006. Organizational reference groups: A missing perspective on social context. Organ. Sci. 17 80-100.
    • (2006) Organ. Sci. , vol.17 , pp. 80-100
    • Lawrence, B.S.1
  • 47
    • 0001862139 scopus 로고
    • Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis
    • M. Berger, T. Abel, C. H. Page, eds. Van Nostrand, New York
    • Lazarsfeld, P. F., R. K. Merton. 1954. Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis. M. Berger, T. Abel, C. H. Page, eds. Freedom and Control in Modern Society. Van Nostrand, New York, 18-66.
    • (1954) Freedom and Control in Modern Society , pp. 18-66
    • Lazarsfeld, P.F.1    Merton, R.K.2
  • 49
    • 4344649168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The strength of weak ties you can trust: The mediating role of trust in effective knowledge transfer
    • Levin, D. Z., R. Cross. 2004. The strength of weak ties you can trust: The mediating role of trust in effective knowledge transfer. Management Sci. 50 1477-1490.
    • (2004) Management Sci , vol.50 , pp. 1477-1490
    • Levin, D.Z.1    Cross, R.2
  • 50
    • 0030523972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social networks, learning, and flexibility: Sourcing scientific knowledge in new biotechnology firms
    • Liebeskind, J. P., A. L. Oliver, L. Zucker, M. Brewer. 1996. Social networks, learning, and flexibility: Sourcing scientific knowledge in new biotechnology firms. Organ. Sci. 7 428-443.
    • (1996) Organ. Sci. , vol.7 , pp. 428-443
    • Liebeskind, J.P.1    Oliver, A.L.2    Zucker, L.3    Brewer, M.4
  • 51
    • 0000914666 scopus 로고
    • Entrepreneurs in Academe: An exploration of behaviors among life scientists
    • Louis, K. S., D. Blumenthal, M. E. Gluck, M. A. Stoto. 1989. Entrepreneurs in Academe: An exploration of behaviors among life scientists. Admin. Sci. Quart. 34 110-131.
    • (1989) Admin. Sci. Quart. , vol.34 , pp. 110-131
    • Louis, K.S.1    Blumenthal, D.2    Gluck, M.E.3    Stoto, M.A.4
  • 52
    • 0000113907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Entrepreneurship, secrecy, and productivity: A comparison of clinical and non-clinical life sciences faculty
    • Louis, K. S., L. M. Jones, M. S. Anderson, D. Blumenthal, E. G. Campbell. 2001. Entrepreneurship, secrecy, and productivity: A comparison of clinical and non-clinical life sciences faculty. J. Tech. Transfer 26 233-245.
    • (2001) J. Tech. Transfer , vol.26 , pp. 233-245
    • Louis, K.S.1    Jones, L.M.2    Anderson, M.S.3    Blumenthal, D.4    Campbell, E.G.5
  • 53
    • 84960575613 scopus 로고
    • Identification of endogenous social effects: The reflection problem
    • Manski, C. F. 1993. Identification of endogenous social effects: The reflection problem. Rev. Econom. Stud. 60 531-542.
    • (1993) Rev. Econom. Stud. , vol.60 , pp. 531-542
    • Manski, C.F.1
  • 55
    • 84965484174 scopus 로고
    • Communication, competition, and secrecy: The production and dissemination of research-related information in genetics
    • McCain, K. W. 1991. Communication, competition, and secrecy: The production and dissemination of research-related information in genetics. Sci. Tech. Human Values 16 491-516.
    • (1991) Sci. Tech. Human Values , vol.16 , pp. 491-516
    • McCain, K.W.1
  • 57
    • 0002748533 scopus 로고
    • Continuities in the theory of reference groups and social structure
    • R. K. Merton, ed. Free Press, New York
    • Merton, R. K. 1968. Continuities in the theory of reference groups and social structure. R. K. Merton, ed. Social Theory and Social Structure. Free Press, New York, 335-440.
    • (1968) Social Theory and Social Structure , pp. 335-440
    • Merton, R.K.1
  • 61
    • 0002748533 scopus 로고
    • Contributions to the theory of reference group behavior
    • R. K. Merton, P. F. Lazarsfeld, eds. The Free Press, New York
    • Merton, R. K., A. S. Rossi 1950. Contributions to the theory of reference group behavior. R. K. Merton, P. F. Lazarsfeld, eds. Continuities in Social Research. The Free Press, New York, 40-105.
    • (1950) Continuities in Social Research , pp. 40-105
    • Merton, R.K.1    Rossi, A.S.2
  • 63
    • 84925981385 scopus 로고
    • Sociological ambivalence and social order: The constructive uses of normative dissonance
    • Mills, E. W. 1983. Sociological ambivalence and social order: The constructive uses of normative dissonance. Sociol. Soc. Res. 67 279-287.
    • (1983) Sociol. Soc. Res. , vol.67 , pp. 279-287
    • Mills, E.W.1
  • 64
    • 84925888834 scopus 로고
    • Norms and counter-norms in a select group of the Apollo moon scientists: A case study of the ambivalence of scientists
    • Mitroff, I. 1974. Norms and counter-norms in a select group of the Apollo moon scientists: A case study of the ambivalence of scientists. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 39 579-595.
    • (1974) Amer. Sociol. Rev. , vol.39 , pp. 579-595
    • Mitroff, I.1
  • 65
    • 85050329456 scopus 로고
    • Some aspects of cultural growth in the sciences
    • Mulkay, M. J. 1969. Some aspects of cultural growth in the sciences. Soc. Res. 36 22-52.
    • (1969) Soc. Res. , vol.36 , pp. 22-52
    • Mulkay, M.J.1
  • 66
    • 2442716670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of academic inventors in entrepreneurial firms: Sharing the laboratory life
    • Murray, F. 2004. The role of academic inventors in entrepreneurial firms: Sharing the laboratory life. Res. Policy 33 643-659.
    • (2004) Res. Policy , vol.33 , pp. 643-659
    • Murray, F.1
  • 67
    • 34249003431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do formal intellectual property rights hinder the free flow of scientific knowledge? An empirical test of the anticommons hypothesis
    • Murray, F., S. Stern. 2007. Do formal intellectual property rights hinder the free flow of scientific knowledge? An empirical test of the anticommons hypothesis. J. Econom. Behav. Organ. 63 648-687.
    • (2007) J. Econom. Behav. Organ. , vol.63 , pp. 648-687
    • Murray, F.1    Stern, S.2
  • 70
    • 0034914903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managing laboratory work through skepticism: Processes of evaluation and control
    • Owen-Smith, J. 2001. Managing laboratory work through skepticism: Processes of evaluation and control. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 66 427-452.
    • (2001) Amer. Sociol. Rev. , vol.66 , pp. 427-452
    • Owen-Smith, J.1
  • 71
    • 1642283756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowledge networks as channels and conduits: The effects of spillovers in the Boston biotechnology community
    • Owen-Smith, J., W. W. Powell. 2004. Knowledge networks as channels and conduits: The effects of spillovers in the Boston biotechnology community. Organ. Sci. 15 5-21.
    • (2004) Organ. Sci. , vol.15 , pp. 5-21
    • Owen-Smith, J.1    Powell, W.W.2
  • 73
    • 69949169142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To disclose or not to disclose? Status distance and self-disclosure in diverse environments
    • Phillips, K. W., N. P. Rothbard, T. L. Dumas. 2009. To disclose or not to disclose? Status distance and self-disclosure in diverse environments. Acad. Management Rev. 34 710-732.
    • (2009) Acad. Management Rev. , vol.34 , pp. 710-732
    • Phillips, K.W.1    Rothbard, N.P.2    Dumas, T.L.3
  • 74
    • 34248968926 scopus 로고
    • The republic of science: Its political and economic theory
    • Polanyi, M. 1962. The republic of science: Its political and economic theory. Minerva 1 54-74.
    • (1962) Minerva , vol.1 , pp. 54-74
    • Polanyi, M.1
  • 75
    • 0034336949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The good, the bad, and the ambivalent: Managing identification among Amway distributors
    • Pratt, M. G. 2000. The good, the bad, and the ambivalent: Managing identification among Amway distributors. Admin. Sci. Quart. 45 456-493.
    • (2000) Admin. Sci. Quart. , vol.45 , pp. 456-493
    • Pratt, M.G.1
  • 76
    • 33847055810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multilevel investigation of the motivational mechanisms underlying knowledge sharing and performance
    • Quigley, N. R., P. E. Tesluk, E. A. Locke, K. M. Bartol. 2007. A multilevel investigation of the motivational mechanisms underlying knowledge sharing and performance. Organ. Sci. 18 71-88.
    • (2007) Organ. Sci. , vol.18 , pp. 71-88
    • Quigley, N.R.1    Tesluk, P.E.2    Locke, E.A.3    Bartol, K.M.4
  • 77
    • 0348198954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Network structure and knowledge transfer: The effects of cohesion and range
    • Reagans, R., B. McEvily. 2003. Network structure and knowledge transfer: The effects of cohesion and range. Admin. Sci. Quart. 48 240-267.
    • (2003) Admin. Sci. Quart. , vol.48 , pp. 240-267
    • Reagans, R.1    McEvily, B.2
  • 78
    • 85055898534 scopus 로고
    • Reactions to supervision in a heteronomous professional organization
    • Scott, W. R. 1965. Reactions to supervision in a heteronomous professional organization. Admin. Sci. Quart. 10 65-81.
    • (1965) Admin. Sci. Quart. , vol.10 , pp. 65-81
    • Scott, W.R.1
  • 79
    • 33644596636 scopus 로고
    • Reference groups, membership groups, and attitude change
    • A. Doob, D. T. Regan, eds. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
    • Siegel, A. E., S. Siegel. 1971. Reference groups, membership groups, and attitude change. A. Doob, D. T. Regan, eds. Readings in Experimental Social Psychology. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 391-398.
    • (1971) Readings in Experimental Social Psychology , pp. 391-398
    • Siegel, A.E.1    Siegel, S.2
  • 80
    • 85142797353 scopus 로고
    • Reference groups and social evaluation
    • M. Rosenberg, R. H. Turner, eds. Transaction, New Brunswick, NH
    • Singer, E. 1981. Reference groups and social evaluation. M. Rosenberg, R. H. Turner, eds. Social Psychology and Sociological Perspectives. Transaction, New Brunswick, NH, 66-93.
    • (1981) Social Psychology and Sociological Perspectives , pp. 66-93
    • Singer, E.1
  • 81
    • 84991125052 scopus 로고
    • Perception and reactions to inequity as a function of social comparison referents and hierarchical levels
    • Singh, P. 1994. Perception and reactions to inequity as a function of social comparison referents and hierarchical levels. J. Appl. Soc. Psych. 24 557-565.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Soc. Psych. , vol.24 , pp. 557-565
    • Singh, P.1
  • 83
    • 0347657738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rational and the ambivalent in the social sciences: 1997 Presidential Address
    • Smelser, N. J. 1998. The rational and the ambivalent in the social sciences: 1997 Presidential Address. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 63 1-16.
    • (1998) Amer. Sociol. Rev. , vol.63 , pp. 1-16
    • Smelser, N.J.1
  • 84
    • 0036243943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use and misuse of the coefficient of variation in organizational demography research
    • Sorensen, J. B. 2002. The use and misuse of the coefficient of variation in organizational demography research. Sociol. Methods Res. 30 475-491.
    • (2002) Sociol. Methods Res. , vol.30 , pp. 475-491
    • Sorensen, J.B.1
  • 85
    • 84923647299 scopus 로고
    • The conflict of professionals in bureaucratic organizations
    • Sorensen, J. E., T. L. Sorensen. 1974. The conflict of professionals in bureaucratic organizations. Admin. Sci. Quart. 19 98-106.
    • (1974) Admin. Sci. Quart. , vol.19 , pp. 98-106
    • Sorensen, J.E.1    Sorensen, T.L.2
  • 87
    • 21144472531 scopus 로고
    • Institutional conditions for diffusion
    • Strang, D., J. W. Meyer. 1993. Institutional conditions for diffusion. Theory Soc. 22 487-511.
    • (1993) Theory Soc , vol.22 , pp. 487-511
    • Strang, D.1    Meyer, J.W.2
  • 88
    • 33746911436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When do scientists become entrepreneurs? The social structural antecedents of commercial activity in the academic life sciences
    • Stuart, T. E., W. W. Ding. 2006. When do scientists become entrepreneurs? The social structural antecedents of commercial activity in the academic life sciences. Amer. J. Sociol. 112 97-144.
    • (2006) Amer. J. Sociol. , vol.112 , pp. 97-144
    • Stuart, T.E.1    Ding, W.W.2
  • 89
    • 84972716512 scopus 로고
    • Organizational autonomy and professional norms in science: A case study of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
    • Sutton, J. R. 1984. Organizational autonomy and professional norms in science: A case study of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Soc. Stud. Sci. 14 197-224.
    • (1984) Soc. Stud. Sci. , vol.14 , pp. 197-224
    • Sutton, J.R.1
  • 90
    • 0041751098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm
    • Szulanski, G. 1996. Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strategic Management J. 17 27-43.
    • (1996) Strategic Management J , vol.17 , pp. 27-43
    • Szulanski, G.1
  • 91
    • 0005195827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group membership, social identity, and attitudes
    • D. Abrams, M. A. Hogg, eds. Blackwell, Oxford, UK
    • Terry, D. J., M. A. Hogg, J. M. Duck. 1999. Group membership, social identity, and attitudes. D. Abrams, M. A. Hogg, eds. Social Identity and Social Cognition. Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 280-314.
    • (1999) Social Identity and Social Cognition , pp. 280-314
    • Terry, D.J.1    Hogg, M.A.2    Duck, J.M.3
  • 92
    • 49949096991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Institutional logics
    • R. Greenwook, C. Oliver, R. Suddaby, K. Sahlin, eds. Sage, Los Angeles
    • Thornton, P. H., W. Ocasio. 2008. Institutional logics. R. Greenwook, C. Oliver, R. Suddaby, K. Sahlin, eds. Organizational Institutionalism. Sage, Los Angeles, 99-129.
    • (2008) Organizational Institutionalism , pp. 99-129
    • Thornton, P.H.1    Ocasio, W.2
  • 93
    • 0037464580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secrecy is increasing in step with competition
    • Walsh, J. P., W. Hong. 2003. Secrecy is increasing in step with competition. Nature 422 801-802.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.422 , pp. 801-802
    • Walsh, J.P.1    Hong, W.2
  • 94
    • 34548666974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Where excludability matters: Material versus intellectual property in academic biomedical research
    • Walsh, J. P., W. M. Cohen, C. Cho. 2007. Where excludability matters: Material versus intellectual property in academic biomedical research. Res. Policy 36 1184-1203.
    • (2007) Res. Policy , vol.36 , pp. 1184-1203
    • Walsh, J.P.1    Cohen, W.M.2    Cho, C.3
  • 95
    • 0000956468 scopus 로고
    • The professionalization of everyone?
    • Wilensky, H. L. 1964. The professionalization of everyone? Amer. J. Sociol. 70 137-158.
    • (1964) Amer. J. Sociol. , vol.70 , pp. 137-158
    • Wilensky, H.L.1
  • 96
    • 0033471927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dark side of organizations: Mistake, misconduct, and disaster
    • Vaughan, D. 1999. The dark side of organizations: Mistake, misconduct, and disaster. Annual Rev. Sociol. 25 271-305.
    • (1999) Annual Rev. Sociol. , vol.25 , pp. 271-305
    • Vaughan, D.1
  • 97
    • 21744434863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • You can't be a stone if you're cement: Reevaluating the emic identities of scientists in organizations
    • JAI Press, Greenwich, CT
    • Zabusky, S. E., S. R. Barley. 1997. You can't be a stone if you're cement: Reevaluating the emic identities of scientists in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 19. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 361-404.
    • (1997) Research in Organizational Behavior , vol.19 , pp. 361-404
    • Zabusky, S.E.1    Barley, S.R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.