Mancozeb: Past, present, and future

Plant Disease

Volumn 94, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 1076-1087

  Gullino, Maria Lodovica ^a   Tinivella, Federico ^a   Garibaldi, Angelo ^a   Kemmitt, Gregory M ^b   Bacci, Leonardo ^c   Sheppard, Brian ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^b Dow AgroSciences   (United Kingdom)

^c Dow AgroSciences BV   (Italy)

^d Dow AgroSciences   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956972459     PISSN: 01912917     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-94-9-1076     Document Type: Review

References (215)

1. Abbruzzetti, G., Conti, M., and Ruggin, L. 1993. Prove di efficacia di alcuni principi attivi su Phomopsis viticola Sacc. Inform. Fitopatol. 7-8:53-67.
2. Almeida Pinto, N. F. J., and Da Costa, E. F. 1999. Fungicides applications through overhead sprinkler irrigation for control of bean rust. Pesquisa Agropecu. Bras. 34:317-321.
3. Aloj, B., and Garibaldi, A. 1982. Prove di lotta contro la septoriosi del sedano in Campania. Ann. Facoltà Sci. Agrar. Univ. Napoli Portici 16:34-38.
4. Aloj, B., Gullino, M. L., and Garibaldi, A. 1986. Prove di lotta contro la ruggine del garofano. Atti Giornate Fitopatol. 2:401-410.
5. Anahosur, K. H. 1986. Chemical control of foliar diseases of sorghum. Indian Phytopathol. 39:526-528.
6. Anderson, P. J. 1942. A successful spray for blue mold of tobacco. Plant Dis. Rep. 26:201-202.
7. Andrieu, N., Jaworska, G., Genet, J. L., and Bompeix, G. 2001. Biological mode of action of famoxadone on Plasmopara viticola and Phytophthora infestans. Crop Prot. 20:253-260.
8. Angeli, G., Forti, D., and Delaiti, L. 2000. Efficacia e selettività di fungicidi a base di folpet e mancozeb su vite. Inform. Agrar. 56:71-73.
9. Arauz, L. F., Sutton, T. B., and Pope, L. R. 1990. Simultaneous use of infection criteria for three apple diseases for timing of fungicide sprays. Phytopathology 80:1212-1218.
10. Arreaza, L. M., and Hernandez, L. M. M. 2001. Evaluation of azoxystrobin on the early blight control (Alternaria solani) in tomatoes. Rev. Fac. Agron. (luz). 2001, 18:106-116.
11. Baider, A., and Cohen, Y. 2003. Synergistic interaction between BABA and Mancozeb in controlling Phytophthora infestans in potato and tomato and Pseudoperonospera cubensis in cucumber. Phytoparasitica 31:399-409.
12. Barak, E., and Edgington, L. V. 1984. Cross resistance of Botrytis cinerea to captan, thiram, chlorothalonil and related fungicides. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 6:318-320.
13. Becktell, M. C., Daughtrey, M. L., and Fry, W. E. 2005. Epidemiology and management of petunia and tomato late blight in the greenhouse. Plant Dis. 89:1000-1008.
14. Ben-Noon, E., Shtienberg, D., Shlevin, E., and Dinoor, A. 2003. Joint action of disease control measures: A case study of Alternaria leaf blight of carrot. Phytopathology 93:1320-1328.
15. Ben-Noon, E., Shtienberg, D., Shlevin, E., Vintal, H., and Dinoor, A. 2001. Optimization of chemical suppression of Alternaria leaf blight in carrots. Plant Dis. 85:1149-1156.
16. Bernal, R. F., and Berger, R. D. 1996. The spread of epiphytic of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on pepper in the field. J. Phytopathol. 144:479-484.
17. Bertetti, D., Bizoli, L., Moranti, G., and Garibaldi, A. 2006. Risultati di prove di lotta chimica all'antracnosi dell'azalea. Inform. Fitopatol. 6:41-43.
18. Bertetti, D., Martano, G., and Garibaldi, A. 2005. Prove di lotta a Septoria cornicola su Cornus sericea. Inform. Fitopatol. 3:51-54.
19. Bielza, P., Denholm, I., Ioannidis, P., Sterk, G., Leadbeater, A., Leonard, P., and Nistrup Jorgensen, L. 2008. Declaration of Ljubljana - The impact of a declining European pesticide portfolio on resistance management. Outlooks Pest Manag. 19:246-248.
20. Bostanian, N. J., Thistlewood, H., and Racette, G. 1998. Effect of five fungicides used in Quebec apple orchards on Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) (Phytoseiidae: Acari). J. Hortic. Sci. 73:527-530.
21. Bourbon, V. A., Skoudridakis, M. T., and Metzidakis, I. 1999. Alternaria alternata: A new disease of leafy cuttings of olive shoots. Acta Hortic. 474:585-587.
22. Bowen, K. L. 1988. Effects of propiconazole on Exserohilum turcicum in laboratory and field studies. Plant Dis. 72:847-850.
23. Bradshaw, N. J., and Vaughan, T. B. 1996. The effect of phenylamide fungicides on the control of potato late-blight (Phytophthora infestans) in England and Wales from 1978 to 1992. Plant Pathol. 45:249-269.
24. Brahma, R. N., and Asir, R. 1988. Chemical control of stripe rust of barley with Tilt (propiconazole). Indian Phytopathol. 41:481-482.
25. Brahma, R. N., and Asir, R. 1988. Chemical control of wheat rusts with Tilt (propiconazole). Indian Phytopathol. 41:482-483.
26. Brandes, G. A. 1953. The history and development of the Ethylene Bisdithiocarbamate fungicides. Am. J. Potato Res. 30:137-140.
27. Brent, K. J., and Hollomon, D. W. 2007. Fungicide resistance in crop pathogens: How can it be managed? FRAC monogr. 1, 2nd, revised ed. Fungicide Resistance Action Committee.
28. Brooijmans, C. C. J. M., and De Heer, H. 2000. Initiatives at the European Level aimed at maintaining the availability for minor uses of pesticides: An EU project on voluntary mutual recognition. Proc. BCPC Conf. - Pests Dis. 3:1245-1252.
29. Brown, E. M., and Sutton, T. B. 1993. Time of infection of Gloeodes pomigena and Schizothyrium pomi on apple in North Carolina and potential control by eradicant spray program. Plant Dis. 77:451-455.
30. Buck, J. W., and Williams-Woodward, J. L. 2003. The effect of fungicides on urediniospore germination and disease development of daylily rust. Crop Prot. 22:135-140.
31. Bugaret, Y., Sauris, P., and Clerjeau, M. 1996. Les associations a base de cymoxanil dans la lutte contre le mildiou de la vigne. Phytoma 488:15-18.
32. Bugaret, Y., Sauris, P., and Marin, H. 1996. Pourriture blanche et rouille de l'ail. Maîtrise la lutte chimique, c'est possible! Phytoma 487:45-47.
33. Carvalho, V. L., Goncalves-Gervasio, R. C. R., Santa-Cecilia, L. V. C., Kato, C. M., Foureaux, L. V., and Campelo, M. G. 2002. Alternativas de controle do ferrugem do pessegueriro (Tranzschelia discolor). Cienc. Agrotec. Lavras 26:227-231.
34. Castagner, G. A., and Riley, K. 1990. Occurrence and control of benzimidazole and dicarboximide resistant Botrytis spp. on bulb crops in Western Washington and Oregon. Acta Hortic. 266:437-445.
35. Chapman, P. J. 2000. The development of official schemes to permit and regulate the "off-label" use of plant protection products in the UK. Proc. BCPC Conf. - Pests Dis. 3:1239-1244.
36. Chongo, G., Buchwaldt, L., Gossen, B. D., Lafond, G. P., May, W. E., Johnson, E. N., and Hogg, T. 2003. Foliar fungicides to manage ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei) of chickpea in Canada. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 25:135-142.
37. Christ, B. J. 1989. Influence of foliar fungicides and seed treatments on powdery mildew, Septoria, and leaf rust epidemics on winter wheat. Plant Dis. 73:148-150.
38. Citadin, I., Bertuol, O., Bassani, M. H., De Sousa, R. N., Pinotti, L. C. A., and Soletti, T. 2005. Controle da ferrugem da folha de pessegueiro mediante pulverzacores com differentes fungicidas. Rev. Bras. Frutic. 27:317-319.
39. Cohen, Y., and Samoucha, Y. 1989. Selection for metalaxyl resistance in potato crops infected with Phytophtora infestans: Effects of fungicides and initial frequency of resistant sporangia. Plant Pathol. 38:382-390.
40. Czermainski, A. B. C., and Sonego, O. R. 2004. Influencia das condicoes climaticas sobre a eficacia de fungicidas empregados para o controle do lldio em Vitis vinifera. Cienc. Rural 34:5-11.
41. De Goes, A. 2002. The effect of different of protectant and systemic fungi cides controlling the citrus black spot caused by Guignardia citricarpa. Sum. Phytopathol. 28:9-13.
42. Demirci, F., Bayraktar, H., Babaliogullu, I., Dolar, F. S., and Maden, S. 2003. In vitro and in vivo effects of some fungicides against the chickpea blight pathogen, Ascochyta rabiei. J. Phytopathol. 151:519-524.
43. Develash, R. K., and Sugha, S. K. 1997. Management of downy mildew (Peronospora destructor) of onion (Allium cepa). Crop Prot. 16:63-67.
44. Dickens, J. S. W. 1990. Studies on the chemical control of chrysanthemum white rust caused by Puccinia horiana. Plant Pathol. 39:434-442.
45. Dillard, H. R., and Cobb, A. C. 1997. Disease progress of black dot on tomato roots and reduction in incidence with foliar applied fungicides. Plant Dis. 81:1439-1442.
46. Dimond, A. E., Heuberger, J. W., and Horsfall, J. G. 1943. A water soluble protectant fungicide with tenacity. Phytopathology 33:1095-1097.
47. Dongiovanni, C., Tauro, G., Lepore, A., Santomauro, A., and Faretra, F. 2005. Efficacia di nuovi fungicidi nella protezione della vite dall'escoriosi. Inform. Agrar. 61:69-72.
48. Dow AgroSciences. 2008. Internal market research based on panel data supplied by Agrobase-Logigram, Archamps, France.
49. Dowley, L. J. 1994. Practical aspects of phenylamide resistance management. Pages 147-154 in: Fungicide Resistance. S. Heaney, D. Slawson, D. W. Hollomon, M. Smith, P. E. Russell, and D. W. Parry, eds. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey.
50. Dubey, S. C., and Mishra, B. 1991. Relative efficacy of clorothanil for the control of tikka disease of groundnut. Indian Phythopathol. 43:264-265.
51. Duriatti, A., Benzekri, R., Lefebvre, J. P., and Driant, D. 2003. La zoxamide. Phytoma 557:52-54.
52. Egger, E. 2004. Difesa antiperonosporica della vite con innovativi formulati di fenamidone. Inform. Agrar. 60:53-56.
53. Egger, E. 2004. Tolifluanide contro la peronospora della vite. Inform. Agrar. 18:89-92.
54. Egger, E., D'arcangelo, M. E. M., Correnti, A., Di Luzio, P. B., and Ciampi, G. 2002. Difesa antiperonosporica dalla vite: Modello Plasmo e regola dei 3 dieci per preservare l'ambiente. Inform. Agrar. 58:57-61.
55. Ellis, M. A. 1984. Evaluation of an electronic apple scab predictor for scheduling fungicides with curative activity. Plant Dis. 68:1055-1057.
56. EPPO. 2003. Principles of efficacy evaluation for minor uses. EPPO standard PP 1/224(1).
57. Evenhuis, A., Spits, H. G., and Schepers, H. T. A. M. 2006. Efficacy of fungicidal protection of newly developing potato leaves against Phytophthora infestans. Crop Prot. 25:562-568.
58. FAO/WHO 1993. Ethylenethiourea. JMPR Evaluation 1993 Toxicology http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v93pr08.htm
59. Fernando, G. D., Linderman, R. G., and Ars, U. 1994. Chemical control of stem and root rot of cowpea caused by Phytophthora vignae. Plant Dis. 78:967-971.
60. Filajdic, N. 1992. Chemical control of Alternaria blotch of apples caused by Alternaria mali. Plant Dis. 76:126-130.
61. Flenner, A. L. 1950. Manganous ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate and fungicidal compositions containing same. U.S. patent 2,504,404.
62. Fletcher, J. T. 1976. Bremia lactuce, oospores, sporangial dissemination and control. Ann. Appl. Biol. 84:294-298.
63. FRAC-Fungicide Resistance Action Committee. 2009. www.frac.info/frac/ work/work-qolf.htm
64. Fravel, D. R., Deahl, K. L., and Stommel, J. R. 2005. Compatibility of the biocontrol fungus Fusarium oxysporum strain CS-20 with selected fungicides. Biol. Control 34:165-169.
65. Garibaldi, A., and Morando, A. 1982. Prove di lotta contro la peronospora della vite in vivaio. Atti Giornate Fitopatol. 2:261-267.
66. Garibaldi, A., and Tamietti, G. 1980. Efficacia dei nuovi fungicidi sistemici nella lotta contro la peronospora del pomodoro. Inform. Fitopatol. 30:41-44.
67. Genet, J. L., Jaworska, G., and Deparis, F. 2006. Effect of dose rate and mixtures of fungicides on selection for QoI resistance in populations of Plasmopara viticola. Pest Manag. Sci. 62:188-194.
68. Gilardi, G., Martano, G., and Garibaldi, A. 2006. Esperienze di lotta alla ruggine del pelargonio. Inform. Fitopatol. - La Difesa delle piante 56:64-68.
69. Gilardi, G., Tinivella, F., Gullino, M. L., and Garibaldi, A. 2005. Seed dressing to control Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens. 112:240-246.
70. Ginaessi, L. 1992. Reregistration of minor use pesticides: Some observations and implications. Situation and Outlook report Agricultural resources. Online: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi-m3730/is-n25/ai- 12134251
71. Gisi, U., and Cohen, Y. 1996. Resistance to phenylamide fungicides: A case study with Phytophthora infestans involving mating type and race structure. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 3:549-572.
72. Groth, J. V., Zeyen, R. J., Davis, D. W., and Christ, B. J. 1983. Yield and quality losses by caused by common rust (Puccinia sorghi Schw.) in sweet corn (Zea mays) hybrids. Crop Prot. 2:105-111.
73. Gullino, M. L., Bozzano, G., and Garibaldi, A. 1981. Giornata studio sulla coltura dell'Anemone. Colture Prot. 10:49-52.
74. Gullino, M. L., Lento, G., and Garibaldi, A. 1989. Alternariosi e mal bianco: Due nuove malattie del porro in Liguria. Difesa Piante 12:221-228.
75. Gullino, M. L., Monchiero, M., and Garibaldi, A. 1984. Osservazione sull'effetto di prodotti rameici contro peronospora e muffa grigia della vite in Piemonte. Vignevini 5:63-65.
76. Gupta, R. P., and Srivastava, P. K. 1988. Control of Stemphylium blight of onion bulb crop. Indian Phytopathol. 41:495-496.
77. Harrington, G. E. 1941. Thiram sulfide for turf diseases. Science 93:311.
78. Henriet, J. 1994. The use of pesticides: A risk benefit analysis. Phytoma 467:6-8.
79. Heuberger, J. W., and Manns, T. F. 1943. Effect of zinc sulphate-lime on protective value of organic and copper fungicides against early blight of potato. Phytopathology 33:1113.
80. Heuberger, J. W., and Wolfenbarger, D. O. 1944. Zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate and the control of early blight and anthracnose on tomatoes and of leaf hoppers and early blight on potatoes. Phytopathology 34:1003.
81. Hewitt, H. G. 1998. Fungicides in crop protection. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
82. Holcomb, G. E. 1992. Web blight of rosemary caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-1. Plant Dis. 76:859-860.
83. Holm, R. E. 2003. The IR-4 program: Meeting the US minor crop pest control challenge. Phytoparasitica 31:213-216.
84. Hopkins, D. 2000. Control gummy stem blight of watermelon with strobilurin fungicides. SWFREC. Citrus Vegetable Mag. 64/6G:1-2.
85. ISTAT 2005. http://www.istat.it/agricoltura/datiagri/coltivazioni/
86. Jesperson, G. D., and Sutton, J. C. 1987. Evaluation of a forecaster for downy mildew of onion (Allium cepa L.). Crop Prot. 6:95-103.
87. Jones, D. R. 1986. Control of rust (Uromyces fabae) on spring field beans. Ann. Appl. Biol. 108:44-45.
88. Jones, D. R. 1986. Control of rust (Uromyces fabae) on winter field beans. Ann. Appl. Biol. 108:45-47.
89. Jones, R. K. 2000. Assessments of Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley in response to fungicide treatment. Plant Dis. 84:1021-1030.
90. Julius Kühn Institut 2009. www.jki.bund.de
91. Kaars Sijpesteijn, A. 1982. Mechanism of action of fungicides. Pages 32-45 in: Fungicide Resistance in Crop Plants. J. Dekker and S. G. Georgopoulos, eds. Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
92. Kaars Sijpesteijn, A. 1984. Mode of action of some traditional fungicides. Pages 135-153 in: Mode of Action of Antifungal Agents. A. P. J. Trinci and J. F. Ryley, eds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
93. Kagadi, S. R., Deadman, M. L., Pawar, D. R., and Gadre, U. A. 2002. Effect of fungicide control of downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) on yield disease management of ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula). Plant Pathol. J. 18:147-151.
94. Kannaiyan, J., and Haciwa, H. C. 1990. Economic benefits of spraying fungicides to control groundnut foliar diseases in Zambia. Trop. Pest Manag. 36:21-22.
95. Kapsa, J. 2004. Early blight (Alternaria spp.) in potato crops in Poland and results of chemical protection. J. Plant Prot. Res. 44:231-238.
96. Karabulut, O. A., Arslan, U., Ilhan, K., and Yagdi, K. 2006. The effect of sodium bicarbonate alone or in combination with a reduced rate of mancozeb on the control of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) in wheat. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 28:484-488.
97. Keinath, A. P. 2001. Effect of fungicide applications scheduled to control gummy stem blight on yield and quality of watermelon fruit. Plant Dis. 85:53-58.
98. Keinath, A. P., and Dubose, V. B. 2004. Evaluation of fungicides for prevention and management of powdery mildew on watermelon. Crop Prot. 23:35-42.
99. Keinath, A. P., DuBose, V. B., and Rathwell, P. J. 1996. Efficacy and economics of three fungicide application schedules for early blight control and yield of fresh-market tomato. Plant Dis. 80:1277-1282.
100. Keinath, A. P., Holmes, G. J., Everts, K. L., Egel, D. S., and Langston, D. B., Jr. 2007. Evaluation of combinations of chlorothanil with azoxystrobin, harpin, and disease forecasting for control of downy mildew and gummy stem blight on melon. Crop Prot. 26:83-88.
101. Kincaid, R. R. 1942. Disease in cigar-wrapper tobacco plant beds in Florida in 1942. Plant Dis. Rep. 26:223.
102. Koike, S. T., Smith, R. F., Davis, M. R., Nunez, J. J., and Voss, R. E. 2001. Rust disease continues to threaten California garlic crop. California Agriculture, September-October 2001:35-39.
103. Koike, S. T., Smith, R. F., Davis, M. R., Nunez, J. J., and Voss, R. E. 2001. Characterization and control of garlic rust in California. Plant Dis. 85:585-591.
104. Koller, W., and Wilcox, W. F. 1999. Evaluation of tactics for managing resistance of Venturia inaequalis to sterol demethylation inibitors. Plant Dis. 83:857-863.
105. Koller, W., Wilcox, W. F., and Parker, D. M. 2005. Sensitivity of Venturia inaequalis populations to anilinopyrimidine fungicides and their contribution to scab management in New York. Plant Dis. 89:357-365.
106. Kososki, R. M., Furlanetto, C., Tomita, C. K., and Filho, A. C. C. 2001. Effect of fungicides on Colletotrichum acutatum and field control of strawberry flower blight. Fitopatol. Bras. 26:662-666.
107. Kucharek, T. A., Cullen, R. E., Stall, R. E., and Llewellyn, B. 1986. Chemical control of foliar diseases of peanuts, peppers, and onions as af fected by spray nozzle types, nozzle orientatios, spray intervas, and adjuvants. Plant Dis. 70:583-586.
108. Lalancette, N., Hickey, K. D., and Cole, H. 1987. Effects of mixtures of benomyl and mancozeb on build up of benomyl-resistant Venturia inaequalis. Phytopathology 77:86-91.
109. Leader, A., Kemmitt, G., and Orpin, C. 2008. Dithane keeping an old friend going! Proc. 2008 Euroblight Workshop, Hamar, Norway. http://www.euroblight.net/Workshop/2008Hamar/PPT/26-Leader-Dithane-keeping-old- friend-going-Hamar-oct2008.pdf
110. Lecigne, P., Bezert, J., Mercy, L., Prunet, J. P., Ginibre, A., Garcin, A., Verhaeghe, A., Guillaumes, J., and Manceau, C. 2000. Mancozèbe cuivre et bactèrioses. Phytoma 531:13-16.
111. Lorbeer, J. W., and Vincelli, P. C. 1990. Efficacy of dicarboximide fungicides and fungicide combinations for control of Botrytis leaf blight of onion in New York. Plant Dis. 74:235-237.
112. Loughman, R., and Thomas, G. J. 1992. Fungicide and cultivar control of Septoria disease of wheat. Crop Prot. 11:349-354.
113. Ludwig, R. D., and Thorn, G. D. 1960. Chemistry and mode of action of Dithiocarbamate fungicides. Adv. Pest Control Res. 30:219-252.
114. Madden, L. V., Ellis, M. A., Lalancette, N., Hughes, G., and Wilson, L. L. 2000. Evaluation of disease warning system for downy mildew of grapes. Plant Dis. 84:549-554.
115. Marshall, D., and Sutton, R. L. 1995. Epidemiology of stripe rust, virulence of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei, and yield loss in barley. Plant Dis. 79:732-737.
116. Mathrakis, N. E., and Vakalounakis, D. J. 1983. Resistance to benzimidazole fungicides in the gummy stem blight pathogen Didymella bryoniae on cucurbits. Plant Pathol. 32:395-399.
117. Mathys, G. 1958. The control of phytophagous mites in Swiss vineyard by Typhlodromus species. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Entomol. 4:607-610.
118. Maumene, C., Petit, M., Godet, F., and Fleury, P. 1998. Oidium et rouille brune du blè. Suivi des performances au champ des principaux modes d'action des fongicides. Phytoma 501:22-26.
119. McCallan, S. E. A. 1967. History of fungicides. Pages 1-37 in: Fungicides, An Advanced Treatise, Vol.1. Academic Press, New York.
120. Mccarter, S. M. 1992. Effect of bactericide treatments on bacterial spot severity and yield of different pepper genotypes and on populations of certain insects. Plant Dis. 76:1042-1045.
121. Meena, P. D., Meena, R. L., Chattopadhyay, C., and Kumar, A. 2004. Identification of critical stage for disease development and biocontrol of Alternaria blight of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). J. Phytopathol. 152:204-209.
122. Mehdi, A., and Shah, A. M. 1993. Efficacy of fungicides in controlling peach leaf curl disease. Indian Phytopathol. 46:427-429.
123. Meyer, M. C., Bueno, C. J., De Souza, N. L., and Yorinori, J. T. 2006. Effect of doses of fungicides and plant resistance activators on the control of Rhizoctonia foliar blight of soybean, and on Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA in vitro development. Crop Prot. 25:848-854.
124. Meyer, M. P., Hausbeck, M. K., and Podolsky, R. 2000. Optimal fungicide management of purple spot of asparagus and impact on yield. Plant Dis. 84:525-530.
125. Michailides, T. J. 1986. Chemical control of prune leaf rust (Tranzschelia discolor f. sp. domesticae) in California. Plant Dis. 70:307-309.
126. Miles, M. 2006. Mancozeb: A profile of effects on beneficials and non target arthropods. Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms IOBC/WPRS Bull. 29:67-69.
127. Miles, M., Kemmitt, G., Bakker, M. F., and Aldershof, S. 2008. The impact of Mancozeb on entomofauna communities in apple orchards. Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci. 73:184-191.
128. Miles, M., Kemmitt, G., and Valverde, M. 2006. Results from two years of field studies to determine Mancozeb based spray programs with minimal impact on predatory mites in European vine cultivation. Comm. Appl. Biol. Sci. 71:285-293.
129. Milus, E. A. 1994. Effect of foliar fungicides on disease control, yield and test weight of soft red winter wheat. Crop Prot. 13:291-295.
130. Milus, E. A., and Parsons, C. E. 1994. Evaluation of foliar fungicides for controlling Fusarium head blight of wheat. Plant Dis. 78:697-699.
131. Minuto, G., Minuto, A., and Garibaldi, A. 1997. Rucola: Lotta chimica contro peronospora e ruggine bianca. Colture Prot. 26:61-66.
132. Minuto, G., Minuto, A., and Garibaldi, A. 1997. La ruggine della margherita: Sensibilità varietale e lotta chimica. Colture Prot. 26: 99-104.
133. Minuto, G., Minuto, A., Gullino, M. L., and Garibaldi, A. 2004. Lotta chimica alla peronospora del basilico: Primi risultati. Inform. Fitopatol. - La Difesa delle piante 54:53-57.
134. Mitani, S., Kamachi, K., and Sugimoto, K. 2005. Control of potato late blight by Cyazofamid. J. Pestic. Sci. 30:116-119.
135. Mitani, S., Kamachi, K., Sugimoto, K., Araki, S., and Yamaguchi, T. 2003. Control of cucumber downy mildew by cyazofamid. J. Pestic. Sci. 28:64-68.
136. Monchiero, M., Gilardi, G., Garibaldi, A., and Gullino, M. L. 2003. Risultati di tre anni di lotta chimica alla peronospora della vite in Piemonte. Inform. Fitopatol. - La Difesa delle piante 53:34-38.
137. Monchiero, M., Gilardi, G., Garibaldi, A., and Gullino, M. L. 2005. Risultati di prove di lotta alla peronospora della vite in Piemonte. Inform. Fitopatol. - La Difesa delle piante 55:32-37.
138. Monchiero, M., Gullino, M. L., and Garibaldi, A. 1996. Risultati di prove di lotta contro la peronospora della vite in Piemonte. Inform. Fitopatol. 46:45-48.
139. Monchiero, M., Piano, S., Garibaldi, A., and Gullino, M. L. 2001. Risultati di quattro anni di prove di lotta alla peronospora della vite in Piemonte. Inform. Fitopatol. - La Difesa delle piante 51:65-71.
140. Montgomerie, I. G., and Kennedy, D. M. 1974. Preliminary evaluation of fungicides to control red core of strawberry. Plant Pathol. 23:42-45.
141. Moorman, G. W., and Lease, R. J. 1992. Residual efficacy of fungicides used in the management of Botrytis cinerea on greenhouse-grown geraniums. Plant Dis. 76:374-376.
142. Morandi, M. A. B., Maffia, L. A., Mizubuti, E. S. G., Alfenas, A. C., and Barbosa, J. G. 2003. Suppression of Botrytis cinerea sporulation by Clonostachys rosea on rose debris: A valuable component in Botrytis blight management in commercial greenhouse. Biol. Control 26:311-317.
143. Morando, A., Lembo, S., and Prandi, M. 2002. Nuovi principi attivi per combattere la peronospora della vite. Inform. Agrar. 58:47-49.
144. Munkvold, G. P., Martinson, C. A., Shriver, J. M., and Dixon, P. M. 2001. Probabilities for profitable fungicide use against gray leaf spot in hybrid maize. Phytopathology 91:477-484.
145. Muskett, A. E., and Colhoun, J. 1940. Prevention of seedling blight in the flax crop. Nature 146:32.
146. Namada, S., Olanya, O. M., Aditala, E., Hakiza, J. J., El-Bedewy, R., Baghsari, A. S., and Ewell, P. 2004. Fungicide application and host-resistance for potato late blight management: Benefits assessment from on-farm studies in S. W. Uganda. Crop Prot. 23:1075-1083.
147. Nita, M., Ellis, M. A., Wilson, L. L., and Madden, L. V. 2006. Effects of application of fungicide during the dormant period on Phomopsis cane and leaf spot of grape disease intensity and inoculum production. Plant Dis. 90:1195-1200.
148. Nita, M., Ellis, M. A., Wilson, L. L., and Madden, L. V. 2006. Evaluation of a disease warning system for Phomopsis cane and leaf spot of grape: A field study. Plant Dis. 90:1239-1246.
149. Ogwal, K., Adipala, E., and Owera, S. A. P. 1999. Effectiveness of climate, cultivar, and fungicide in controlling rust in asparagus. Acta Hortic. 479:199-203.
150. O'Leary, A. L., Jones, A. L., and Ehret, G. R. 1987. Application rates and spray intervals for apple scab control with flusilazol and pyrifenox. Plant Dis. 71:623-626.
151. O'Neill, T., and Locke, T. 2001. The effect of fungicides, irrigation and plant density on the development of Peronospora sparsa, the cause of downy mildew in rose and blackberry. Ann. Appl. Biol. 140:207-214.
152. Pappas, A. C. 1985. Metalaxyl resistance in Phytophthora infestans on greenhouse tomatoes in Greece. Plant Pathol. 34:293-296.
153. Parma, N., Price, T. V., and Lee, M. 1991. Studies on fungicidal control of lettuce anthracnose. Australas. Plant Pathol. 20:103-107.
154. Percich, J. A., and Huot, C. M. 1989. Comparison of propiconazole and mancozeb applied individually or sequentially for management of fungal brown spot of wild rice. Plant Dis. 73:257-259.
155. Ponti, I., and Brunelli, A. 1980. Ulteriori acquisizioni nella lotta contro la maculatura bruna delle pere. Riv. Ortofrutticol. 64:503-509.
156. Ponti, I., Cavallini, G., Spada, G., and Scannavini, M. 1995. Verifiche sull'attività di diversi fungicidi antiperonosporici su vite. Inform. Fitopatol. 45:46-50.
157. Pscheidt, J. W., and Pearson, R. C. 1989. Time of infection and control of Phomopsis fruit rot of grape. Plant Dis. 73:829-833.
158. Rana, K. S., and Gupta, V. K. 1981. Cause and control of collar rot of apple in India. Indian Phytopathol. 34:17-19.
159. Rapetti, S., and Garibaldi, A. 1990. Prove di lotta contro l'occhio del pavone (Heterosporium echinulatum) del garofano. Atti Giornate Fitopatol. 2:275-282.
160. Rho, G., Posenato, G., and Sancassani, G. P. 2005. Efficacia di piraclostrobin nuovo antiperonosporico per la vite. Inform. Agrar. 61:71-74.
161. Rochecouste, J. F. G. 1984. Chemical control of garlic rust. Australas. Plant Pathol. 13:47-48.
162. Rod, J. 1998. Tests of fungicides as foliar sprays for the control of Peronospora destructor downy mildew in onion (Allium cepa). Ann. Appl. Biol. 108(suppl. 7):62-63.
163. Russell, P. E. 2005. A century of fungicide evolution. J. Agric. Sci. 143:11-25.
164. Ryley, M., Bhuiyan, S., Herde, D., and Gordan, B. 2003. Efficacy, timing and method of application of fungicides for management of sorghum ergot caused by Claviceps africana. Australas. Plant Pathol. 32:329-338.
165. Salako, E. A. 1985. Fungicidal control of groundnut leafspots and rust by ultra-low volume spray. Trop. Pest Manag. 31:63-66.
166. Samoucha, Y., and Gisi, U. 1987. Use of two or three way mixtures to prevent build-up of resistance to phenylamide fungicides in Phytophthora and Plasmopara. Phytopathology 77:1405-1409.
167. Sancassani, G. P., and Rho, G. 2002. Efficacia di diversi formulati a base di iprovalicarb contro la peronospora della vite. Inform. Agrar. 58:65-68.
168. Santos, G. R., Cafe'-Filnho, A. C., and Saboya, M. F. 2005. Controle quìmico de crestamento gomoso do caule na cultura da melancia. Fitopatol. Bras. 30:155-163.
169. Schupbachbach-Ningen, S. L., Cole, J. C., Cole, J. T., and Conway, K. E. 2007. Chlorothalonil, trifloxystrobin, and mancozeb decrease anthracnose symptoms on three cultivars of wintercreeper Euonymus. Hortechnology 16:211-215.
170. Schutte, G. C., Beeton, K. V., and Kotzé, J. M. 1997. Rind stippling on Valencia oranges by copper fungicides used for control of citrus black spot in South Africa. Plant Dis. 81:851-854.
171. Schutte, G. C., Mansfield, R. I., Smith, H., and Beeton, K. V. 2003. Application of azoxystrobin for control of benomyl-resistant Guignardia citricarpa on 'Valencia' oranges in South Africa. Plant Dis. 87:784-788.
172. Schwabe, W. F. S., Jones, A. L., and Jonker, J. P. 1984. Greenhouse evaluation of the curative and protective action of sterol-inhibiting fungicides against apple scab. Phytopathology 74:249-252.
173. Sentenac, G., Bonafos, R., Ruelle, B., Coulon, T., Escaffre, P., Auger, P., and Kreiter, S. 2002. Effets non intentionnels de certains produits phytopharmaceutiques sur Typhlodromus pyri, Kampimodromus aberrans et Phytoseiulus plumifer. Phytoma 555:50-55.
174. Sharma, S. R. 1983. Effect of fungicidal sprays on purple blotch and bulb yield of onion. Indian Phytopathol. 39:78-82.
175. Sharma, R. C., Gupta, V. K., and Garg, R. C. 1988. Dormant stage application of fungicides for the management of peach leaf curl. Indian Phytopathol. 41:259-260.
176. Shivpuri, A., Siradhana, B. S., and Bansal, R. K. 1988. Management of Alternaria blight of mustard with fungicides. Indian Phytopathol. 41:644-646.
177. Shtienberg, D., Blachinsky, D., Ben-Hador, G., and Dinoor, A. 1996. Effects of growing season and fungicide type on the development of Alternaria solani and on potato yield. Plant Dis. 80:994-998.
178. Sierotzki, H., Kraus, N., Pepin, S., Fernandes, N., and Gisi, U. 2008. Dynamics of QoI resistance in Plasmopara viticola. Pages 151-157 in: Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds IV. H. W. Dehne, H. B. Deising, U. Gisi, K. H. Kuck, P. E. Russell, and H. Lyr, eds. 14th Int. Reinhardsbrunn Sympos. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey.
179. Sikia, U. N. 1991. Combating rice blast through chemicals. Indian Phytopathol. 44:40-44.
180. Singh, A., and Bhowmik, T. P. 1985. Persistence and efficacy of some common fungicide against Alternaria brassicae, the casual agent of leaf blight of rapeseed and mustard. Indian Phytopathol. 38:35-38.
181. Singh, B. P., Singh, S. P., and Mohammad, A. 1990. Economic efficacy of different fungicides for the control of leaf spot of cauliflower. Indian Phytopathol. 43:207-209.
182. Singh, S. J., Sokhi, S. S., and Grewal, K. R. 1981. Relative efficacy of fungitoxicants against pea rust. Indian Phytopathol. 34:272-275.
183. Singh, S. K., Rahman, S. J., Gupta, B. R., and Kalha, C. S. 1992. An integrated approach to the management of the major diseases and insect pests of peas in India. Trop. Pest Manag. 38:265-267.
184. Sinha, P. P. 1989. Preliminary studies on bacterial leaf spot of cucumber. Indian Phytopathol. 42:146-149.
185. Smith, C. M. 1988. History of benzimidazole use and resistance. Pages 23-24 in: Fungicide Resistance in North America. C. J. Delp, ed. American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN.
186. Smith, R. W., Lorbeer, J. W., and Abd-Elrazik, A. A. 1985. Reappearance and control of downy mildew epidemics in New York. Plant Dis. 69:703-706.
187. Southgate, D. 2009. Population growth, increases in agricultural production and trends in food prices. Electronic J. Sustain. Devel. 1:31-35.
188. Srivastava, K. J., Quadri, S. M. H., Tiwari, B. K., Bhonde, S. R., and Pandey, U. B. 1991. Chemical control of purple blotch of onion bulb crop in kharif season. Indian Phytopathol. 44:251-252.
189. Srivastava, L. S., and Verma, R. N. 1989. Fungicidal control of white rust of mustard in Sikkim. Indian Phytopathol. 42:84-86.
190. Staub, T. 1994. Early experiences with phenylamide resistance and lessons for continued successful use. Pages 131-138 in: Fungicide Resistance. S Heaney, D. Slawson, D. W. Hollomon, C. M. Smith, P. E. Russell, and D. W. Parry, eds. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey.
191. Staub, T., and Sozzi, D. 1984. Fungicide resistance: A continuing challenge. Plant Dis. 68:1026-1031.
192. Stein, J. M., and Kirk, W. W. 2003. Field optimization of dimethomorph for the control of potato late blight Phytophthora infestans: Application rate, interval, and mixtures. Crop Prot. 22:609-614.
193. Sugar, D., Powers, K. A., and Basile, S. R. 2005. Mancozeb and kaolin applications can reduce russet of Comice pear. Hortechnology 15:272-275.
194. Swart, S. H., Wingfield, M. J., Swart, W. J., and Schutte, G. C. 1998. Chemical control of Alternaria brown spot on Minneola tangelo in South Africa. Annu. Appl. Biol. 133:17-30.
195. Szkolnik, M. 1981. Physical modes of action of sterol inhibiting fungicides against apple diseases. Plant Dis. 65:981-985.
196. Tate, K. G., and Wood, P. N. 1994. Field evaluation of fungicides for control of peach leaf curl (Taphrina deformans). Proc. 47th N.Z. Plant Prot. Conf. pp. 289-293.
197. Teviotdale, B. L., Harper, D. M., Michailides, T. J., and Sibbett, G. S. 1994. Lack of effect of stone fruit rust on yield of French prune trees and survival of uredinospores of the pathogen on leaves, shoots, and buds. Plant Dis. 78:141-145.
198. Thind, T. S., and Bedi, J. S. 1988. Comparative effectiveness of some fungicides against anthracnose of grapes in Punjab. Indian Phytopathol. 41:416-419.
199. Thomas, G. J., Sweetinghama, M. W., and Adcocka, K. G. 2008. Application of fungicides to reduce yield loss in anthracnose-infected lupins. Crop Prot. 27:1071-1077.
200. Tisdale, W. H., and Williams, I. 1934. Disinfectant. U.S. patent 1,972,96.
201. Tomlin, C. D. S. 2006. Propineb p. 884-885 and Metiram p. 714-715 profiles in: The Pesticide Manual Fourteenth Edition. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey.
202. Tumwine, J., Frinking, H. D., and Jeger, M. J. 2002. Integrating cultural
203. Turechek, W. W., and Koller, W. 2004. Managing resistance of Venturia inaequalis to the strobilurin fungicides. Plant Health Progress doi: 10.1094/PHP-2004-0908-01-RS.
204. Vergnet, C., D'Innocenzo, S., and Genot, B. 2005. Septoriose, blé et mancozebe, (re)parlons-en... Phytoma 588:13-16.
205. Vyas, S. C., Prasad, K. V. V., Shastry, P. P., and Shukla, B. N. 1986. Field control of leaf spots and rust of groundnut by fungicides. Indian Phytopathol. 39:447-448.
206. Wegulo, S. N., Rivera, C. J. M., Martinson, C. A., and Nutter, F. W. 1998. Efficacy of fungicide treatments for control of common rust and northern leaf spot in hybrid corn seed production. Plant Dis. 82:547-554.
207. WHO. 2001. Ethylenethiourea. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Some thyrotropic agents. 79:659-701.
208. Wicks, T. G., and Hall, B. 1990. Efficacy of dimethomorph (CME 151) against downy mildew of grapevines. Plant Dis. 74:114-116.
209. Wicks, T. G., Hall, B., and Pezzaniti, P. 1994. Fungicidal control of metalaxyl-insensitive strains of Bremia lactuce on lettuce. Crop Prot. 13:617-623.
210. Wicks, T., and Lee, T. C. 1982. Evaluation of fungicides applied after infection for control of Plasmopara viticola on grapevine. Plant Dis. 66:839-841.
211. Wilson, J. D. 1944. The zinc salt of dimethyl dithiocarbamic acid (metasan and zincate) as a fungicide on vegetables. Phytopathology 34:1014.
212. Wojdyla, A. T. 2004. Effectivenes of Atonik SL in the control of powdery mildew, black spot, and rust. Folia Hortic. 16:175-181.
213. Wong, F. P., and Wilcox, W. F. 2001. Comparative physical modes of action of azoxystrobin, mancozeb, and metalaxyl against Plasmopara viticola (grapevine downy mildew). Plant Dis. 85:649-656.
214. Yeoman, D. P., Lapwood, D. H., and Mcewen, J. 1987. Effects of a range of fungicides used to control rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae) on spring-sown field beans (Vicia faba) in the UK. Crop Prot. 6:90-94.
215. Ypema, H. L., and Gold, R. E. 1999. Kresoxim-methyl: Modification of a naturally occurring compound to produce a new fungicide. Plant Dis. 83:4-19.