Electronic Shell Structure and Metal Clusters

Solid State Physics - Advances in Research and Applications

Volumn 40, Issue C, 1987, Pages 93-181

  de Heer, Walt A ^a   Knight, W D ^a   Chou, M Y ^a   Cohen, Marvin L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956941741     PISSN: 00811947     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0081-1947(08)60691-8     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. J. Phys. (Orsay. Fr.), 38, 1977, C2.
2. Surf. Sci., 106, 1981.
3. Surf. Sci., 156, 1985.
4. Kreibig, U., Z. Phys., 234, 1970, 307.
5. Robbins, E.J., Leckenby, R.E., Willis, P., Adv. Phys., 16, 1967, 739.
6. Apai, G., Hamilton, J.F., Stohr, J., Thompson, A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 43, 1979, 165.
7. Balerna, A., Bernieri, E., Picozzi, P., Reale, A., Santucci, S., Burattini, E., Mobilio, S., Surf. Sci., 156, 1985, 206.
8. Montano, P.A., Purdum, H., Shenoy, G.K., Morrison, T.I., Schulze, W., Surf. Sci., 156, 1985, 230.
9. Marks, L.D., Smith, D.J., J. Cryst. Growth, 54, 1981, 425.
10. Wallenberg, L.R., Bovin, J.-O., Schmid, G., Surf. Sci., 156, 1985, 256.
11. Yokozeki, A., Stein, G., J. Appl. Phys., 49, 1978, 2224.
12. Taylor, H.S., Eyring, H., Sherman, A., J. Chem. Phys., 1, 1933, 68.
13. Delley, B., Ellis, D.E., Freeman, A.J., Barends, E.J., Post, D., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 27, 1983, 2132.
14. Kubo, R., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 17, 1962, 975.
15. Denton, R., Möhlschlegel, B., Scalapino, D.J., Phys. Rev. B: Solid State [3], 7, 1973, 3589.
16. Hoare, M.R., Pal, P., J. Cryst. Growth, 17, 1972, 77.
17. Echt, O., Sattler, K., Recknagel, E., Phys. Rev. Lett., 47, 1981, 1121.
18. Harris, J.A., Kidwell, R.S., Northby, J.A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 53, 1985, 2390.
19. Bloomfield, L., Freeman, R., Brown, W.L., Phys. Rev. Lett., 54, 1985, 2246.
20. Knight, W.D., Clemenger, K., de Heer, W.A., Saunders, W.A., Chou, M.Y., Cohen, M.L., Phys. Rev. Lett., 52, 1984, 2141.
21. Eisberg, R.M., “Fundamentals of Modern Physics,”, 1967, Wiley, New York, 407 See, for example,.
22. Frauenfelder, H., Henley, E.M., “Subatomic Physics,”, 1974, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Chapter 15. See, for example.
23. Bartlett, J.H., Phys. Rev., 41, 1932, 370.
24. Elsasser, W.M., J. Phys. Radium [7], 4, 1933, 549.
25. J. Phys. Radium [7], 5, 1934, 625.
26. Weisskopf, V.F., Helv. Phys. Acta, 23, 1950, 187.
27. Mayer, M.G., Phys. Rev., 74, 1948, 235.
28. Phys. Rev., 75, 1949, 1969.
29. Phys. Rev., 78, 1950, 16.
30. Mayer, M.G., Jensen, J.H.D., “Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure”, 1955, Wiley, New York A thorough discussion can be found in.
31. Nilsson, S.G., Mat.-Fys. Medd. K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk., 29(16), 1955.
32. Bunker, M.E., Reich, C.W., Rev. Mod. Phys., 43, 1971, 348 For a review, see.
33. Knight, W.D., de Heer, W.A., Clemenger, K., Saunders, W.A., Solid State Commun., 53, 1985, 445.
34. Knight, W.D., Clemenger, K., de Heer, W.A., Saunders, W.A., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 31, 1985, 2539.
35. Saunders, W.A., Clemenger, K., de Heer, W.A., Knight, W.D., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 32, 1985, 1366.
36. Katakuse, I., Ichihara, I., Fujita, Y., Matsuo, T., Sakurai, T., Matsuda, H., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 67, 1985, 229.
37. Katakuse, I., Ichihara, T., Fuuta, Y., Matsuo, T., Matsuda, H., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 69, 1986, 109 We are grateful to the authors for communicating their results to us before publication.
38. Schaefer, H.F. III, “The Electronic structure of Atoms and Molecules”, 1972, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.
39. “Quantum Chemistry: The Development of ab initio Methods in Molecular Electronic Structure”, 1984, Oxford Univ. Press, London and New York A detailed discussion is given by.
40. Schaefer, H.F. III, (eds.) “Applications of Electronic Structure Theory, Modern Theoretical Chemistry”, 4, 1977, Plenum, New York For a review, see.
41. Siegal, G.A., (eds.) “Semiemprical Methods of Electronic Structure Calculation, Modern Theoretical Chemistry”, 7 and 8, 1977, Plenum, New York For a review of these methods and their applications, see.
42. Martins, J.L., Buttet, J., Car, R., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 31, 1985, 1804.
43. Although it is not expected that the shell model will give accurate detailed results for clusters smaller than N = 8, it is interesting to notice that the distortion parameters for 3, 4 and 5, 6 are not inconsistent with the results of Ref. 37.
44. Cleland, A., Cohen, M.L., Solid State Commun., 55, 1985, 35.
45. Woods, R.D., Saxon, D.S., Phys. Rev., 95, 1954, 577.
46. Pines, D., “Elementary Excitations in Solids,”, 1981, Benjamin, New York Chapter 3.
47. Mahan, G.D., “Many-Particle Physics,”, 1981, Plenum, New York Chapter 5.
48. Lang, N.D., Solid State Phys., 28, 1970, 225.
49. Harrison, W.A., “Pseudopotentials in the Theory of Metals”, 1966, Benjamin, New York.
50. Cohen, M.L., Heine, V., Solid State Phys., 24, 1970, 37.
51. Section 6 of Ref. 43.
52. Phillips, J.C., Kleinman, L., Phys. Rev., 116, 1959, 287.
53. Hohenberg, P., Kohn, W., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 136, 1964, 864.
54. Kohn, W., Sham, L.J., Phys. Rev. A, 140, 1965, 1133.
55. Hedin, L., Lundqvist, B.I., J. Phys. C, 4, 1971, 2064 For example.
56. Perdew, J., Zunger, A., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 23, 1981, 5048 Appendix C.
57. Ishii, Y., Ohnishi, S., Sugano, S., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 33, 1986, 5271.
58. Chou, M.Y., Cleland, A., Cohen, M.L., Solid State Commun., 52, 1984, 645.
59. Chou, M.Y., Cohen, M.L., Phys. Lett. A, 113, 1986, 420.
60. Kittel, C., “Introduction to Solid State Physics”, 1976, Wiley, New York.
61. Lang, N.D., Kohn, W., Phys. Rev. B: Solid State [3], 3, 1971, 1215.
62. Ekardt, W., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 29, 1984, 1558.
63. Beck, D.E., Solid State Commun., 49, 1984, 381.
64. Clemenger, K., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 32, 1985, 1359.
65. 1.
66. Bohr, A., Mottelson, B., “Nuclear Structure,”, 2, 1975, Benjamin, Reading, Massachusetts, 593–595.
67. Heine, V., Solid State Phys., 24, 1970, 25 It is because of the incomplete cancellation in the pseudopotential resulting from the extended orbitals, see the discussion by.
68. W. A. de Heer, Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley (1985).
69. Larsen, R.A., Neoh, S.K., Herschbach, D.R., Rev. Sci. Instrum., 45, 1974, 1511.
70. Kappes, M.M., Kunz, R.W., Schumacher, E., Chem. Phys. Lett., 91, 1982, 413.
71. Delecrétaz, G., Wöste, L., Surf. Sci., 156, 1985, 770.
72. Anderson, J.B., Wegener, P.P., (eds.) “Molecular Beams and Low Density Gas Dynamics”, 1974, Dekker, New York, 1.
73. Anderson, J.B., Fenn, J.B., Phys. Fluids, 8, 1985, 780.
74. Stein, G., Surf. Sci., 156, 1985, 44.
75. Bray, K.N.C., J. Fluid Mech., 6, 1959, 1.
76. Gordon, R.J., Lee, Y.T., Herschbach, D.R., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 1971, 2393.
77. Bergmann, K., Hefter, U., Hering, P., J. Chem. Phys., 65, 1976, 488.
78. Bergmann, K., Hefter, U., Hering, P., Chem. Phys., 32, 1978, 329.
79. Sinha, M.P., Schulz, A., Zare, R.N., J. Chem. Phys., 58, 1973, 549.
80. Delacrétaz, G., Ataz, J.D., Ganière, Monot, R., Wöste, L., Appl. Phys. [Part] B, B29, 1982, 55.
81. Hagena, O.F., Wegener, P.P., (eds.) “Molecular Beams and Low Density Gas Dynamics”, 1974, Dekker, New York, 93.
82. Bennewitz, H.G., Buess, G., Chem. Phys., 28, 1978, 175.
83. W. A. de Heer, unpublished (1985).
84. Preuss, D.R., Pace, S.A., Gole, J.L., J. Chem. Phys., 71, 1979, 3553.
85. Sattler, K., Möhlbach, J., Recknagel, E., Phys. Rev. Lett., 45, 1980, 821.
86. Riley, S.J., Parks, E.K., Mao, C.R., Pobo, L.G., Wexler, S., J. Chem. Phys., 86, 1982, 3911.
87. Yatsuya, S., Kosukabe, S., Uyeda, R., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 12, 1973, 1675.
88. Mann, D.M., Broida, H.P., J. Appl. Phys., 44, 1973, 4950.
89. Hecht, J., J. Appl. Phys., 50, 1979, 7186.
90. Frank, F., Schulze, W., Tesche, B., Urban, J., Winter, B., Surf. Sci., 156, 1985, 90.
91. Rechsteiner, R., Ganière, J.D., Surf. Sci., 106, 1981, 125.
92. Bowles, R.S., Kolstad, J.J., Calo, J.M., Andres, R.P., Surf. Sci., 106, 1981, 117.
93. Goodrich, F.C., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 277, 1964, 155.
94. Griffin, G.L., Andres, R.P., J. Chem. Phys., 71, 1979, 2522.
95. Honda, F., Fukuda, Y., Rabadais, J.W., Springer Ser. Chem. Phys., 9, 1979, 18.
96. Fayet, P., Granzer, F., Hegenbart, G., Pischel, B., Wöste, L., Phys. Rev. Lett., 55, 1985, 3002.
97. Macdonald, R.J., Garrett, R.F., Surf. Sci., 78, 1978, 371.
98. Können, G.P., Tip, A., de Vries, A.E., Radiat. Eff., 26, 1975, 23.
99. Dietz, T.G., Duncan, M.A., Powers, D.E., Smalley, R.E., J. Chem. Phys., 74, 1981, 6511.
100. Powers, D.E., Hansen, S.G., Geusic, M.E., Michalopoulos, D.L., Smalley, R.E., J. Chem. Phys., 78, 1983, 2866.
101. Bondybey, V.E., English, J.H., J. Chem. Phys., 76, 1982, 2165.
102. Rohlflng, E.A., Cox, D.M., Kaldor, A., Chem. Phys. Lett., 99, 1983, 161.
103. Daly, N.R., Rev. Sci. Instrum., 31, 1960, 264.
104. W. A. Saunders, Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley (1986).
105. Sattler, K., Möhlbach, J., Recknagel, E., Reyes Flotte, A., J. Phys. E, 13, 1980, 673.
106. Sattler, K., Surf. Sci., 156, 1985, 292.
107. Cf. Refs. 1, 2, and 3.
108. Cf. Ref. 20.
109. K. Clemenger, Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley (1985).
110. W. Begemann, K. H. Meiwes-Broer, and H. O. Lutz, Int. Symp. Mol. Beams. 10th, 1985.
111. K. H. Meiwes-Broer, private communication (1986).
112. Devienne, F.M., Roustan, J.-C., Org. Mass Spectrom., 17, 1982, 173.
113. Hortig, G., Moller, M., Z. Phys., 221, 1969, 119.
114. Joyes, P., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 32, 1971, 1269.
115. Leyleter, M., Joyes, P., Radial. Eff., 18, 1973, 105.
116. Joyes, P., Sudraud, P., Surf. Sci., 156, 1985, 451.
117. Leyleter, M., Joyes, P., J. Phys. B, 7, 1974, 516.
118. Snider, D.R., Sorbello, R.S., Surf. Sci., 143, 1984, 204.
119. Cf. Part III and Appendix B.
120. W. Ekardt, private communication (1985).
121. Kappes, M.M., Radi, P., Schar, M., Schumacher, E., Chem. Phys. Lett., 119, 1985, 11.
122. Martin, T.P., J. Chem. Phys., 83, 1985, 78.
123. Muhlbach, J., Sattler, K., Pfau, P., Recknagel, E., Phys. Lett. A, 87 A, 1982, 415.
124. Lang, N.D., Kohn, W., Phys. Rev. B: Solid State [3], 12, 1970, 4555.
125. Rice, M.J., Schneider, W.R., Strassler, S., Phys. Rev. B: Solid State [3], 8, 1973, 474.
126. Dasgupta, B.B., Fuchs, R., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 24, 1981, 554.
127. Ekardt, W., Tran Thoai, D.B., Frank, F., Schulze, W., Solid State Commun., 46, 1983, 571.
128. Snider, D.R., Sorbello, R.S., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 28, 1983, 5702.
129. Ekardt, W., Phys. Rev. Lett., 52, 1984, 1925.
130. Ekardt, W., Surf. Sci., 152, 1985, 180.
131. Puska, M.J., Nieminen, R.M., Manninen, M., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 31, 1985, 3487.
132. Beck, D.E., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 30, 1984, 6935.
133. Sheng, P., Chou, M.Y., Cohen, M.L., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. [2], 31, 1986, 636.
134. Manninen, M., Nieminen, R.M., Puska, M.J., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 33, 1986, 4289.
135. Osborn, J.A., Phys. Rev., 67, 1945, 351.
136. Molof, R.W., Schwarz, H.L., Miller, T.M., Bederson, B., Phys. Rev. A, 10, 1974, 1131.
137. Hall, W.D., Zorn, J.C., Phys. Rev. A, 10, 1974, 1141.
138. Martins, J.L., Car, R., Buttet, J., Surf. Sci., 106, 1981, 265.
139. Cf. Refs. 123 and 124.
140. Foster, P.J., Leckenby, R.E., Robbins, E.J., J. Phys. B, 2, 1969, 478.
141. Herrmann, A., Schumacher, E., Woste, L., J. Chem. Phys., 68, 1978, 2327.
142. Petersen, K.I., Dao, P.D., Farley, R.W., Castleman, A.W. Jr., J. Chem. Phys., 80, 1984, 1780.
143. Schumacher, E., Kappes, M., Marti, K., Radi, P., Schar, M., Schmidhalter, B., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 88, 1984, 220.
144. W. A. Saunders, Proc. SPIE—Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (1986).
145. Brechignac, C., Cahuzac, P., Chem. Phys. Lett., 117, 1985, 365.
146. Broyer, M., Chevaleyre, J., Delacretaz, G., Martin, S., Woste, L., Chem. Phys. Lett., 99, 1983, 206.
147. Fayet, P., Wolf, J.P., Woste, L., Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter [3], 33, 1986, 6792.
148. Broyer, M., Chevalyre, J., Delacretaz, G., Fayet, P., Woste, L., Chem. Phys. Lett., 114, 1985, 477.
149. Guyon, P.H., Berkowitz, J., J. Chem. Phys., 54, 1971, 1814.
150. Martins, J.L., Car, R., Buttet, J., J. Chem. Phys., 78, 1983, 5646.
151. Snider, D.R., Sorbello, R.S., Solid State Commun., 47, 1983, 845.
152. Cini, M., J. Catal., 37, 1975, 187.
153. Smith, J.M., AIAA J., 3, 1965, 648.
154. Wood, D.M., Phys. Rev. Lett., 46, 1981, 749.
155. Whetten, R.L., Cox, D.M., Trevor, D.J., Kaldor, A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 54, 1985, 1494.
156. Richtsmeier, S.C., Parks, E.R., Pobo, L.G., Riley, S.J., J. Chem. Phys., 82, 1985, 3659.
157. Brechignac, C., Broyer, M., Cahuzac, P., Delacretaz, G., Labastie, P., Woste, L., Chem. Phys. Lett., 120, 1985, 559.
158. M. Y. Chou, A. Cleland, and M. L. Cohen, unpublished energy level calculations.
159. de Shalit, A., Feshbach, H., “Theoretical Nuclear Physics,”, 1, 1974, Wiley, New York.
160. Reif, F., “Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics”, 1965, McGraw-Hill, New York.
161. S. B. Zhang and M. L. Cohen, Phys. Rev. B (in press) (1987).
162. Knight, W.D., de Heer, W.A., Saunders, W.A., Clemenger, K., Chou, M.Y., Cohen, M.L., Chem. Phys. Lett., 134, 1987, 1.