Therapeutic implications of PPARγ in cardiovascular diseases

PPAR Research

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages

  Takano, Hiroyuki ^a   Hasegawa, Hiroshi ^a   Komuro, Issei ^a,b  

^a CHIBA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b OSAKA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PIOGLITAZONE; ROSIGLITAZONE;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MYOCARDITIS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW;

EID: 77956867692     PISSN: 16874757     EISSN: 16874765     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2010/876049     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Kannel W. B., Hazards, risks, and threats of heart disease from the early stages to symptomatic coronary heart disease and cardiac failure Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 1997 11 1 199 212
2. Lawes C. M., Hoorn S. V., Rodgers A., Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001 The Lancet 2008 371 9623 1513 1518
3. Knopp R. H., Drug treatment of lipid disorders New England Journal of Medicine 1999 341 7 498 511
4. Lebovitz H. E., Type 2 diabetes: an overview Clinical Chemistry 1999 45 8 1339 1345
5. Ghazzi M. N., Perez J. E., Antonucci T. K., Driscoll J. H., Huang S. M., Faja B. W., Whitcomb R. W., Cardiac and glycemic benefits of troglitazone treatment in NIDDM Diabetes 1997 46 3 433 439
6. Jiang C., Ting A. T., Seed B., PPAR- agonists inhibit production of monocyte inflammatory cytokines Nature 1998 391 6662 82 86
7. Ricote M., Li A. C., Willson T. M., Kelly C. J., Glass C. K., The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- is a negative regulator of macrophage activation Nature 1998 391 6662 79 82
8. Marx N., Schnbeck U., Lazar M. A., Libby P., Plutzky J., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators inhibit gene expression and migration in human vascular smooth muscle cells Circulation Research 1998 83 11 1097 1103
9. Iijima K., Yoshizumi M., Ako J., Eto M., Kim S., Hashimoto M., Sugimoto N., Liang Y.-Q., Sudoh N., Toba K., Ouchi Y., Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR ) in rat aortic smooth muscle cells Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1998 247 2 353 356
10. Benson S., Wu J., Padmanabhan S., Kurtz T. W., Pershadsingh H. A., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)- expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells: inhibition of growth, migration, and c-fos expression by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)- activator troglitazone American Journal of Hypertension 2000 13 1 74 82
11. Takano H., Nagai T., Asakawa M., Toyozaki T., Oka T., Komuro I., Saito T., Masuda Y., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor- expression in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes Circulation Research 2000 87 7 596 602
12. Perissi V., Aggarwal A., Glass C. K., Rose D. W., Rosenfeld M. G., A corepressor/coactivator exchange complex required for transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors and other regulated transcription factors Cell 2004 116 4 511 526
13. Ogawa S., Lozach J., Jepsen K., Sawka-Verhelle D., Perissi V., Sasik R., Rose D. W., Johnson R. S., Rosenfeld M. G., Glass C. K., A nuclear receptor corepressor transcriptional checkpoint controlling activator protein 1-dependent gene networks required for macrophage activation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004 101 40 14461 14466
14. Pascual G., Fong A. L., Ogawa S., Gamliel A., Li A. C., Perissi V., Rose D. W., Willson T. M., Rosenfeld M. G., Glass C. K., A SUMOylation-dependent pathway mediates transrepression of inflammatory response genes by PPAR- Nature 2005 437 7059 759 763
15. Eun J. R., Chang H. K., Won Y. L., Se Y. K., Chan H. J., Byung J. K., Ki C. S., Bum S. K., Ki W. O., Jin H. K., Sung W. P., Sun W. K., Man H. L., Jung R. P., No association of Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPAR- gene with coronary artery disease in Korean subjects Circulation Journal 2007 71 3 338 342
16. Dongxia L., Qi H., Lisong L., Jincheng G., Association of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene Pro12Ala and C161T polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome Circulation Journal 2008 72 4 551 557
17. Robinson E., Grieve D. J., Significance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the cardiovascular system in health and disease Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2009 122 3 246 263
18. Nagy L., Tontonoz P., Alvarez J. G. A., Chen H., Evans R. M., Oxidized LDL regulates macrophage gene expression through ligand activation of PPAR Cell 1998 93 2 229 240
19. Tontonoz P., Nagy L., Alvarez J. G. A., Thomazy V. A., Evans R. M., PPAR promotes monocyte/macrophage differentiation and uptake of oxidized LDL Cell 1998 93 2 241 252
20. Huang J. T., Welch J. S., Ricote M., Binder C. J., Willson T. M., Kelly C., Witztum J. L., Funk C. D., Conrad D., Glass C. K., Interleukin-4-dependent production of PPAR- ligands in macrophages by 12/15-lipoxygenase Nature 1999 400 6742 378 382
21. Chen R., Liang F., Moriya J., Yamakawa J.-I., Takahashi T., Shen L., Kanda T., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and their agonists for hypertension and heart failure: are the reagents beneficial or harmful? International Journal of Cardiology 2008 130 2 131 139
22. Ross R., Atherosclerosisan inflammatory disease New England Journal of Medicine 1999 340 2 115 126
23. Faggiotto A., Ross R., Harker L., Studies of hypercholesterolemia in the nonhuman primate. I. Changes that lead to fatty streak formation Arteriosclerosis 1984 4 4 323 340 (Pubitemid 14092676)
24. Van der Wal A. C., Das P. K., Tigges A. J., Becker A. E., Adhesion molecules on the endothelium and mononuclear cells in human atherosclerotic lesions American Journal of Pathology 1992 141 6 1427 1433
25. Marx N., Sukhova G., Murphy C., Libby P., Plutzky J., Macrophages in human atheroma contain PPAR : differentiation-dependent peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR ) expression and reduction of MMP-9 activity through PPAR activation in mononuclear phagocytes in vitro American Journal of Pathology 1998 153 1 17 23
26. Ricote M., Huang J., Fajas L., Li A., Welch J., Najib J., Witztum J. L., Auwerx J., Palinski W., Glass C. K., Expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR ) in human atherosclerosis and regulation in macrophages by colony stimulating factors and oxidized low density lipoprotein Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998 95 13 7614 7619
27. Marx N., Kehrle B., Kohlhammer K., Grb M., Koenig W., Hombach V., Libby P., Plutzky J., PPAR activators as antiinflammatory mediators in human T lymphocytes: implications for atherosclerosis and transplantation-associated arteriosclerosis Circulation Research 2002 90 6 703 710
28. Marx N., Duez H., Fruchart J.-C., Staels B., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and atherogenesis: regulators of gene expression in vascular cells Circulation Research 2004 94 9 1168 1178
29. Bouhlel M. A., Derudas B., Rigamonti E., Divart R., Brozek J., Haulon S., Zawadzki C., Jude B., Torpier G., Marx N., Staels B., Chinetti-Gbaguidi G., PPAR activation primes human monocytes into alternative M2 macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties Cell Metabolism 2007 6 2 137 143
30. Odegaard J. I., Ricardo-Gonzalez R. R., Goforth M. H., Morel C. R., Subramanian V., Mukundan L., Eagle A. R., Vats D., Brombacher F., Ferrante A. W., Chawla A., Macrophage-specific PPAR controls alternative activation and improves insulin resistance Nature 2007 447 7148 1116 1120
31. Law R. E., Meehan W. P., Xi X.-P., Graf K., Wuthrich D. A., Coats W., Faxon D., Hsueh W. A., Troglitazone inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell growth and intimal hyperplasia Journal of Clinical Investigation 1996 98 8 1897 1905 (Pubitemid 26359208)
32. Goetze S., Xi X.-P., Kawano H., Gotlibowski T., Fleck E., Hsueh W. A., Law R. E., PPAR -ligands inhibit migration mediated by multiple chemoattractants in vascular smooth muscle cells Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1999 33 5 798 806
33. Hsueh W. A., Jackson S., Law R. E., Control of vascular cell proliferation and migration by PPAR- : a new approach to the macrovascular complications of diabetes Diabetes Care 2001 24 2 392 397
34. Takata Y., Kitami Y., Okura T., Hiwada K., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- activation inhibits interleukin-1 -mediated platelet-derived growth factor- receptor gene expression via CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein- in vascular smooth muscle cells Journal of Biological Chemistry 2001 276 16 12893 12897
35. Okura T., Nakamura M., Takata Y., Watanabe S., Kitami Y., Hiwada K., Troglitazone induces apoptosis via the p53 and Gadd45 pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells European Journal of Pharmacology 2000 407 3 227 235
36. Aizawa Y., Kawabe J.-I., Hasebe N., Takehara N., Kikuchi K., Pioglitazone enhances cytokine-induced apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells and reduces intimal hyperplasia Circulation 2001 104 4 455 460
37. Sugawara A., Takeuchi K., Uruno A., Ikeda Y., Arima S., Kudo M., Sato K., Taniyama Y., Ito S., Transcriptional suppression of type 1 angiotensin II receptor gene expression by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- in vascular smooth muscle cells Endocrinology 2001 142 7 3125 3134
38. Takeda K., Ichiki T., Tokunou T., Funakoshi Y., Iino N., Hirano K., Kanaide H., Takeshita A., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators downregulate angiotensin II type 1 receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells Circulation 2000 102 15 1834 1839
39. Tham D. M., Martin-McNulty B., Wang Y.-X., Wilson D. W., Vergona R., Sullivan M. E., Dole W., Rutledge J. C., Angiotensin II is associated with activation of NF- B-mediated genes and downregulation of PPARs Physiological Genomics 2003 11 21 30
40. Jackson S. M., Parhami F., Xi X.-P., Berliner J. A., Hsueh W. A., Law R. E., Demer L. L., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators target human endothelial cells to inhibit leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1999 19 9 2094 2104
41. Pasceri V., Wu H. D., Willerson J. T., Yeh E. T. H., Modulation of vascular inflammation in vitro and in vivo by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- activators Circulation 2000 101 3 235 238
42. Lee H., Shi W., Tontonoz P., Wang S., Subbanagounder G., Hedrick C. C., Hama S., Borromeo C., Evans R. M., Berliner J. A., Nagy L., Role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor in oxidized phospholipid-induced synthesis of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 interleukin-8 by endothelial cells Circulation Research 2000 87 6 516 521
43. Kintscher U., Goetze S., Wakino S., Kim S., Nagpal S., Chandraratna R. A. S., Graf K., Fleck E., Hsueh W. A., Law R. E., Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor and retinoid X receptor ligands inhibit monocyte chemotactic protein-1-directed migration of monocytes European Journal of Pharmacology 2000 401 3 259 270
44. Delerive P., Martin-Nizard F., Chinetti G., Trottein F., Fruchart J.-C., Najib J., Duriez P., Staels B., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators inhibit thrombin- induced endothelin-1 production in human vascular endothelial cells by inhibiting the activator protein-1 signaling pathway Circulation Research 1999 85 5 394 402
45. Han J., Hajjar D. P., Tauras J. M., Feng J., Gotto A. M. Jr., Nicholson A. C., Transforming growth factor- 1 (TGF- 1) and TGF- 2 decrease expression of CD36, the type B scavenger receptor, through mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- Journal of Biological Chemistry 2000 275 2 1241 1246
46. Repa J. J., Turley S. D., Lobaccaro J.-M. A., Medina J., Li L., Lustig K., Shan B., Heyman R. A., Dietschy J. M., Mangelsdorf D. J., Regulation of absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers Science 2000 289 5484 1524 1529
47. Venkateswaran A., Laffitte B. A., Joseph S. B., Mak P. A., Wilpitz D. C., Edwards P. A., Tontonoz P., Control of cellular cholesterol efflux by the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXR Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000 97 22 12097 12102
48. Costet P., Luo Y., Wang N., Tall A. R., Sterol-dependent transactivation of the ABC1 promoter by the liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor Journal of Biological Chemistry 2000 275 36 28240 28245
49. Chawla A., Boisvert W. A., Lee C.-H., Laffitte B. A., Barak Y., Joseph S. B., Liao D., Nagy L., Edwards P. A., Curtiss L. K., Evans R. M., Tontonoz P., A PPAR -LXR-ABCA1 pathway in macrophages is involved in cholesterol efflux and atherogenesis Molecular Cell 2001 7 1 161 171
50. Chinetti G., Lestavel S., Bocher V., Remaley A. T., Neve B., Torra I. P., Teissier E., Minnich A., Jaye M., Duverger N., Brewer H. B., Fruchart J.-C., Clavey V., Staels B., PPAR- and PPAR- activators induce cholesterol removal from human macrophage foam cells through stimulation of the ABCA1 pathway Nature Medicine 2001 7 1 53 58
51. Diep Q. N., Mabrouk M. E., Cohn J. S., Endemann D., Amiri F., Virdis A., Neves M. F., Schiffrin E. L., Structure, endothelial function, cell growth, and inflammation in blood vessels of angiotensin II-infused rats: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- Circulation 2002 105 19 2296 2302
52. Iglarz M., Touyz R. M., Amiri F., Lavoie M.-F., Diep Q. N., Schiffrin E. L., Effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- and- activators on vascular remodeling in endothelin-dependent hypertension Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2003 23 1 45 51
53. Marx N., Imhof A., Froehlich J., Siam L., Ittner J., Wierse G., Schmidt A., Maerz W., Hombach V., Koenig W., Effect of rosiglitazone treatment on soluble CD40L in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease Circulation 2003 107 15 1954 1957 (Pubitemid 36506065)
54. van den Borne S. W. M., Diez J., Blankesteijn W. M., Verjans J., Hofstra L., Narula J., Myocardial remodeling after infarction: the role of myofibroblasts Nature Reviews Cardiology 2009 7 1 30 37
55. Piper H. M., Meuter K., Schfer C., Cellular mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2003 75 2 S644 S648
56. Frangogiannis N. G., Smith C. W., Entman M. L., The inflammatory response in myocardial infarction Cardiovascular Research 2002 53 1 31 47
57. Onai Y., Suzuki J.-I., Kakuta T., Maejima Y., Haraguchi G., Fukasawa H., Muto S., Itai A., Isobe M., Inhibition of I B phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury Cardiovascular Research 2004 63 1 51 59
58. Aggeli I.-K. S., Gaitanaki C., Beis I., Involvement of JNKs and p38-MAPK/MSK1 pathways in H2O2-induced upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 mRNA in H9c2 cells Cellular Signalling 2006 18 10 1801 1812
59. Mehrabi M. R., Thalhammer T., Haslmayer P., Glogar H. D., Wieselthaler G., Humpeler S., Marktl W., Ekmekcioglu C., The peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPAR ) is highly expressed in human heart ventricles Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 2002 56 8 407 410
60. Smeets P. J. H., Planavila A., Van Der Vusse G. J., Van Bilsen M., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and inflammation: take it to heart Acta Physiologica 2007 191 3 171 188
61. Yue T.-L., Chen J., Bao W., Narayanan P. K., Bril A., Jiang W., Lysko P. G., Gu J.-L., Boyce R., Zimmerman D. M., Hart T. K., Buckingham R. E., Ohlstein E. H., In vivo myocardial protection from ischemia/reperfusion injury by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- agonist rosiglitazone Circulation 2001 104 21 2588 2594
62. Khandoudi N., Delerive P., Berrebi-Bertrand I., Buckingham R. E., Staels B., Bril A., Rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-, inhibits the Jun NH2-terminal kinase/activating protein 1 pathway and protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury Diabetes 2002 51 5 1507 1514
63. Wayman N. S., Hattori Y., Mcdonald M. C., Mota-Filipe H., Cuzzocrea S., Pisano B., Chatterjee P. K., Thiemermann C., Ligands of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR- and PPAR- ) reduce myocardial infarct size FASEB Journal 2002 16 9 1027 1040 (Pubitemid 34753509)
64. Zhu P., Lu L., Xu Y., Schwartz G. G., Troglitazone improves recovery of left ventricular function after regional ischemia in pigs Circulation 2000 101 10 1165 1171
65. Shiomi T., Tsutsui H., Hayashidani S., Suematsu N., Ikeuchi M., Wen J., Ishibashi M., Kubota T., Egashira K., Takeshita A., Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- agonist, attenuates left ventricular remodeling and failure after experimental myocardial infarction Circulation 2002 106 24 3126 3132 (Pubitemid 35440299)
66. Ikejima H., Imanishi T., Tsujioka H., Kuroi A., Muragaki Y., Mochizuki S., Goto M., Yoshida K., Akasaka T., Effect of pioglitazone on nitroglycerin-induced impairment of nitric oxide bioavailability by a catheter-type nitric oxide sensor Circulation Journal 2008 72 6 998 1002 (Pubitemid 351879924)
67. Healey J. S., Connolly S. J., Atrial fibrillation: hypertension as a causative agent, risk factor for complications, and potential therapeutic target American Journal of Cardiology 2003 91 10 9G 14G
68. Gradman A. H., Alfayoumi F., From left ventricular hypertrophy to congestive heart failure: management of hypertensive heart disease Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2006 48 5 326 341
69. Frey N., Olson E. N., Modulating cardiac hypertrophy by manipulating myocardial lipid metabolism? Circulation 2002 105 10 1152 1154
70. Francis G. S., Young J. B., The looming polypharmacy crisis in the management of patients with heart failure. Potential solutions Cardiology Clinics 2001 19 4 541 545
71. Otto M. E., Belohlavek M., Khandheria B., Gilman G., Svatikova A., Somers V., Comparison of right and left ventricular function in obese and nonobese men American Journal of Cardiology 2004 93 12 1569 1572
72. Asakawa M., Takano H., Nagai T., Uozumi H., Hasegawa H., Kubota N., Saito T., Masuda Y., Kadowaki T., Komuro I., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor plays a critical role in inhibition of cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo Circulation 2002 105 10 1240 1246
73. Takano H., Zou Y., Akazawa H., Toko H., Mizukami M., Hasegawa H., Asakawa M., Nagai T., Komuro I., Inhibitory molecules in signal transduction pathways of cardiac hypertrophy Hypertension Research 2002 25 4 491 498
74. Yamamoto K., Ohki R., Lee R. T., Ikeda U., Shimada K., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators inhibit cardiac hypertrophy in cardiac myocytes Circulation 2001 104 14 1670 1675
75. Duan S. Z., Ivashchenko C. Y., Russell M. W., Milstone D. S., Mortensen R. M., Cardiomyocyte-specffic knockout and agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- both induce cardiac hypertrophy in mice Circulation Research 2005 97 4 372 379
76. Ding G., Fu M., Qin Q., Lewis W., Kim H. W., Fukai T., Bacanamwo M., Chen Y. E., Schneider M. D., Mangelsdorf D. J., Evans R. M., Yang Q., Cardiac peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor is essential in protecting cardiomyocytes from oxidative damage Cardiovascular Research 2007 76 2 269 279
77. Son N.-H., Park T.-S., Yamashita H., Yokoyama M., Huggins L. A., Okajima K., Homma S., Szabolcs M. J., Huang L.-S., Goldberg I. J., Cardiomyocyte expression of PPAR leads to cardiac dysfunction in mice Journal of Clinical Investigation 2007 117 10 2791 2801
78. Hasegawa H., Takano H., Zou Y., Qin Y., Hizukuri K., Odaka K., Toyozaki T., Komuro I., Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activator, ameliorates experimental autoimmune myocarditis by modulating Th1/Th2 balance Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 2005 38 2 257 265
79. Toyozaki T., Saito T., Shiraishi H., Tsukamoto Y., Takano H., Nagai T., Hiroshima K., Ohwada H., Ishiyama S., Hiroe M., Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 relates to the recruitment of inflammatory cells in myosin-induced autoimmune myocarditis in rats Laboratory Investigation 2001 81 7 929 936
80. Yuan Z., Liu Y., Liu Y., Zhang J., Kishimoto C., Wang Y., Ma A., Liu Z., Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor- ligands ameliorate experimental autoimmune myocarditis Cardiovascular Research 2003 59 3 685 694
81. Vergs B., Clinical interest of PPARs ligands Diabetes and Metabolism 2004 30 1 7 12
82. Stafylas P. C., Sarafidis P. A., Lasaridis A. N., The controversial effects of thiazolidinediones on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality International Journal of Cardiology 2009 131 3 298 304
83. Mazzone T., Meyer P. M., Feinstein S. B., Davidson M. H., Kondos G. T., D'Agostino R. B. Sr., Perez A., Provost J.-C., Haffner S. M., Effect of pioglitazone compared with glimepiride on carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial Journal of the American Medical Association 2006 296 21 2572 2581
84. Nissen S. E., Nicholls S. J., Wolski K., Nesto R., Kupfer S., Perez A., Jure H., De Larochellire R., Staniloae C. S., Mavromatis K., Saw J., Hu B., Lincoff A. M., Tuzcu E. M., Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial Journal of the American Medical Association 2008 299 13 1561 1573 (Pubitemid 351482795)
85. Dormandy J. A., Charbonnel B., Eckland D. J., Erdmann E., Massi-Benedetti M., Moules I. K., Skene A. M., Tan M. H., Lefbvre P. J., Murray G. D., Standl E., Wilcox R. G., Wilhelmsen L., Betteridge J., Birkeland K., Golay A., Heine R. J., Kornyi L., Laakso M., Mok M., Norkus A., Pirags V., Podar T., Scheen A., Scherbaum W., Schernthaner G., Schmitz O., krha J., Smith U., Tato J., Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial in macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial Lancet 2005 366 9493 1279 1289
86. Erdmann E., Dormandy J. A., Charbonnel B., Massi-Benedetti M., Moules I. K., Skene A. M., The effect of pioglitazone on recurrent myocardial infarction in 2,445 patients with type 2 diabetes and previous myocardial infarction. Results from the PROactive (PROactive 05) study Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2007 49 17 1772 1780
87. Wilcox R., Bousser M.-G., Betteridge D. J., Schernthaner G., Pirags V., Kupfer S., Dormandy J., Effects of pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous stroke: results from PROactive (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events 04) Stroke 2007 38 3 865 873
88. Mannucci E., Monami M., Lamanna C., Gensini G. F., Marchionni N., Pioglitazone and cardiovascular risk. A comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2008 10 12 1221 1238
89. Wilcox R., Kupfer S., Erdmann E., Effects of pioglitazone on major adverse cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes: results from PROspective pioglitAzone clinical trial in macro vascular events (PROactive 10) American Heart Journal 2008 155 4 712 717
90. Nissen S. E., Wolski K., Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes New England Journal of Medicine 2007 356 24 2457 2471
91. Diamond G. A., Bax L., Kaul S., Uncertain effects of rosiglitazone on the risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death Annals of Internal Medicine 2007 147 8 578 581
92. Hernandez A. V., Walker E., Ioannidis J. P. A., Kattan M. W., Challenges in meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials for rare harmful cardiovascular events: the case of rosiglitazone American Heart Journal 2008 156 1 23 30
93. Rcker G., Schumacher M., Simpson's paradox visualized: the example of the rosiglitazone meta-analysis BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008 8, article no. 34
94. Singh S., Loke Y. K., Furberg C. D., Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis Journal of the American Medical Association 2007 298 10 1189 1195
95. Dahabreh I. J., Economopoulos K., Meta-analysis of rare events: an update and sensitivity analysis of cardiovascular events in randomized trials of rosiglitazone Clinical Trials 2008 5 2 116 120
96. Monami M., Marchionni N., Mannucci E., Winners and losers at the rosiglitazone gamble. A meta-analytical approach at the definition of the cardiovascular risk profile of rosiglitazone Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2008 82 1 48 57
97. Goldberg R. B., Kendall D. M., Deeg M. A., Buse J. B., Zagar A. J., Pinaire J. A., Tan M. H., Khan M. A., Perez A. T., Jacober S. J., A comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia Diabetes Care 2005 28 7 1547 1554
98. Orasanu G., Ziouzenkova O., Devchand P. R., Nehra V., Hamdy O., Horton E. S., Plutzky J., The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- agonist pioglitazone represses inflammation in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- -dependent manner in vitro and in vivo in mice Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2008 52 10 869 881
99. Werner C., Kamani C. H., Gensch C., Bhm M., Laufs U., The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- agonist pioglitazone increases number and function of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with coronary artery disease and normal glucose tolerance Diabetes 2007 56 10 2609 2615
100. Dargie H. J., Hildebrandt P. R., Riegger G. A. J., McMurray J. J. V., McMorn S. O., Roberts J. N., Zambanini A., Wilding J. P. H., A randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the effects of rosiglitazone on echocardiographic function and cardiac status in type 2 diabetic patients with New York heart association functional class I or II heart failure Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2007 49 16 1696 1704
101. Lago R. M., Singh P. P., Nesto R. W., Congestive heart failure and cardiovascular death in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes given thiazolidinediones: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials Lancet 2007 370 9593 1129 1136
102. Berlie H. D., Kalus J. S., Jaber L. A., Thiazolidinediones and the risk of edema: a meta-analysis Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2007 76 2 279 289
103. Wang C.-H., Weisel R. D., Liu P. P., Fedak P. W. M., Verma S., Glitazones and heart failure: critical appraisal for the clinician Circulation 2003 107 10 1350 1354
104. Sotiropoulos K. B., Clermont A., Yasuda Y., Rask-Madsen C., Mastumoto M., Takahashi J., Della Vecchia K., Kondo T., Aiello L. P., King G. L., Adipose-specific effect of rosiglitazone on vascular permeability and protein kinase C activation: novel mechanism for PPARgamma agonist's effects on edema and weight gain The FASEB Journal 2006 20 8 1203 1205
105. Zhang H., Zhang A., Kohan D. E., Nelson R. D., Gonzalez F. J., Yang T., Collecting duct-specific deletion of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma blocks thiazolidinedione-induced fluid retention roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005 102 26 9406 9411
106. Guan Y., Hao C., Cha D. R., Thiazolidinediones expand body fluid volume through PPARgamma stimulation of ENaC-mediated renal salt absorption Nature Medicine 2005 11 8 861 866
107. St John Sutton M., Rendell M., Dandona P., Dole J. F., Murphy K., Patwardhan R., Patel J., Freed M., A comparison of the effects of rosiglitazone and glyburide on cardiovascular function and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 2002 25 11 2058 2064
108. Nesto R. W., Bell D., Bonow R. O., Fonseca V., Grundy S. M., Horton E. S., Le Winter M., Porte D., Semenkovich C. F., Smith S., Young L. H., Kahn R., Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association Circulation 2003 108 23 2941 2948
109. Schmieder R. E., Mechanisms for the clinical benefits of angiotensin II receptor blockers American Journal of Hypertension 2005 18 5 720 730
110. Benson S. C., Pershadsingh H. A., Ho C. I., Chittiboyina A., Desai P., Pravenec M., Qi N., Wang J., Avery M. A., Kurtz T. W., Identification of telmisartan as a unique angiotensin II receptor antagonist with selective PPAR -modulating activity Hypertension 2004 43 5 993 1002
111. Benson A. B. III, Ajani J. A., Catalano R. B., Engelking C., Kornblan S. M., Martenson J. A. Jr., McCallum R., Mitchell E. P., O'Dorisio T. M., Vokes E. E., Wadler S., Recommended guidelines for the treatment of cancer treatment-induced diarrhea Journal of Clinical Oncology 2004 22 14 2918 2926
112. Clasen R., Schupp M., Foryst-Ludwig A., Sprang C., Clemenz M., Krikov M., Thne-Reineke C., Unger T., Kintscher U., PPAR -activating angiotensin type-1 receptor blockers induce adiponectin Hypertension 2005 46 1 137 143
113. Ouchi N., Kobayashi H., Kihara S., Adiponectin stimulates angiogenesis by promoting cross-talk between AMP-activated protein kinase and Akt signaling in endothelial cells The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004 279 2 1304 1309 (Pubitemid 38082655)
114. Honda A., Matsuura K., Fukushima N., Tsurumi Y., Kasanuki H., Hagiwara N., Telmisartan induces proliferation of human endothelial progenitor cells via PPAR -dependent PI3K/Akt pathway Atherosclerosis 2009 205 2 376 384
115. Yusuf S., Teo K. K., Pogue J., Dyal L., Copland I., Schumacher H., Dagenais G., Sleight P., Anderson C., Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events New England Journal of Medicine 2008 358 15 1547 1559