The Proterozoic Ophiolite Problem

Developments in Precambrian Geology

Volumn 10, Issue C, 1992, Pages 55-95

  Helmstaedt, H H ^a   Scott, D J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956855147     PISSN: 01662635     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0166-2635(08)70116-6     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Al-Shanti, A.M., Gass, I.G., The Upper Proterozoic ophiolite melange zones of the eastern-most Arabian shield. J. Geol. Soc. London 140 (1983), 867–876.
2. Anonymous, Penrose conference field report on ophiolites. Geotimes 17 (1972), 24–25.
3. Armstrong, R.A., Compston, W., De Wit, M.J., Williams, I.S., The stratigraphy of the 3.5–3.2 Ga Barberton greenstone belt revisited: a single zircon ion microprobe study. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 101 (1990), 90–106.
4. Baer, A.J., Speculations on the evolution of the lithosphere. Precambrian Res. 5 (1978), 249–260.
5. Baer, A.J., A Grenville model of Proterozoic plate tectonic. Kröner, A., (eds.) Precambrian Plate Tectonics, 1981, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 353–385.
6. Bakor, A.R., Gass, I.G., Neary, C.R., Jabal al Wask N.W. Saudi Arabia: An Eocambrian back arc ophiolite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 30 (1976), 1–9.
7. Baragar, W.R.A., Scoates, R.F.J., The Circum-Superior Belt: A Proterozoic plate margin?. Kröner, A., (eds.) Precambrian Plate Tectonics, 1981, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 97–330.
8. Baragar, W.R.A. and Scoates, R.F.J., 1987. Volcanic geochemistry of the northern segments of the Circum-Superior Belt of the Canadian Shield. In: T.C. Pharaoh et al. (Editors), Geochemistry and Mineralization of Proterozoic Volcanic Suites. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 33: 113–131.
9. Barnes, S.J., Serpentinites in South West Africa/Namibia—A reconnaissance study. Geol. Surv. S.W. Afr./Namibia, Mem., 8, 1982, 90.
10. Barnes, S.J., Sawyer, E.W., An alternative model for the Damara mobile belt: ocean crust subduction and continental convergence. Precambrian Res. 13 (1980), 297–336.
11. Beccaluva, L., Ohnenstetter, D., Ohnenstetter, M., Geochemical discrimination between ocean-floor and island-arc tholeiites—application to some ophiolites. Can. J. Earth Sci. 16 (1979), 1874–1882.
12. Bégin, N.J., P-T conditions of metamorphism inferred from the metabasites of the Cape Smith Belt, northern Quebec. Geosci. Can. 16 (1989), 151–154.
13. Bennett, V.C., DePaolo, D.J., Proterozoic crustal history of the western United States as determined by neodymium isotopic mapping. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 99 (1987), 674–685.
14. Bergeron, R., 1959. Povungnituk range area, New Quebec. Quebec Department Natural Resources, P.R. 392.
15. Berhe, S.M., Ophiolites in Northeast and East Africa: implications for Proterozoic crustal growth. J. Geol. Soc. London 147 (1990), 41–57.
16. Bickle, M.J., Implications of melting for stabilization for the lithosphere and heat loss in the Archean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 80 (1986), 314–324.
17. Bodinier, J.L., Dupuy, C., Dostal, J., Geochemistry of Precambrian ophiolites from Bou Azzer, Morocco. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 78 (1984), 43–50.
18. Breitkopf, J.H. and Maiden, K.J., 1987. Geochemical patterns of metabasites in the southern part of the Damara Orogen, SWA/Namibia: applicability to the recognition of tectonic environment. In: T.C. Pharaoh et al. (Editors), Geochemistry and Mineralization of Proterozoic Volcanic Suites. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 33: 355–362.
19. Brown, G.F. and Coleman, R.G., 1972. The tectonic framework of the Arabian Peninsula. 24th Int. Geol. Congr., 3 300–304.
20. Buisson, G., LeBlanc, M., Gold in carbonatized ultramafic rocks from ophiolite complexes. Econ. Geol. 80 (1985), 2028–2029.
21. Burke, K., Dewey, J.F., Orogeny in Africa. Dessauvagie, T.F.J., Whiteman, A.J., (eds.) African Geology, 1970, Ibadan Univ. Press, Ibadan, 583–608.
22. Burke, K., Dewey, J.F., Plume-generated triple junctions: key indicators in applying plate tectonics to old rocks. J. Geol. 81 (1973), 406–433.
23. Burke, K., Dewey, J.F., Kidd, W.S.F., Dominance of horizontal movements, arc and microcontinental collisions in the later permobile regime. Windley, B.F., (eds.) The Early History of the Earth, 1976, Wiley, London, 113–130.
24. Burke, K., Dewey, J.F., Kidd, W.S.F., World distribution of sutures—the sites of former oceans. Tectonophysics 40 (1977), 69–99.
25. Caby, R., Bertrand, J.M.L., Black, R., Pan-African ocean closure and continental collision in the Hoggar-Iforas segment, Central Sahara. Kröner, A., (eds.) Precambrian Plate Tectonics, 1981, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 407–434.
26. Caby, R., The pan-African belt of west Africa from the Sahara desert to the Gulf of Benin. Schaer, J.P., Rodgers, J., (eds.) Anatomy of Mountain Ranges, 1987, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 129–170.
27. Caby, R., Andreopoulos-Renaud, U., Pin, C., Late Proterozoic arc-continent and continent-continent collision in the pan-African trans-Saharan belt of Mali. Can. J. Earth Sci. 26 (1989), 1136–1146.
28. Camp, V.E., Island arcs and their role in the evolution of the western Arabian Shield. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 95 (1984), 913–921.
29. Chauvel, C., Arndt, N.T., Kielinczuk, S., Thom, A., Formation of Canadian 1.9 Ga old continental crust, I: Nd isotopic data. Can. J. Earth Sci. 24 (1987), 396–406.
30. Church, W.R., 1988. Ophiolites, sutures, and micro-plates of the Arabian-Nubian Shield: A critical comment. In: S. El-Gaby and R.O. Greling (Editors), The Pan-African Belt of Northeast Africa and Adjacent Areas. F. Vieweg, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, pp. 288–316.
31. Church, W.R., Comment on “Precambrian accretionary tectonics in the Bou Azzer-El Gaara region”. Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Geology 19 (1991), 285–286.
32. Coleman, R.G., Ophiolites, 1977, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 229.
33. Coleman, R.G., The diversity of ophiolites. Geol. Mijnbouw 63 (1984), 141–150.
34. Condie, K.C., Archean Greenstone Belts, 1981, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 434.
35. Condie, K.C., Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution, 2nd ed., 1982, Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y., 301.
36. Condie, K.C., Plate-tectonics model for the Proterozoic continental accretion in the southwestern United States. Geology 10 (1982), 37–42.
37. Condie, K.C., Geochemistry and tectonic setting of Early Proterozoic supracrustal rocks in the southwestern United States. J. Geol. 94 (1986), 845–864.
38. Dann, J.C., Early Proterozoic ophiolite, central Arizona. Geology 19 (1991), 590–593.
39. Dewey, J.F., Suture zone complexities: a review. Tectonophysics 40 (1977), 53–67.
40. Dewey, J.F., Burke, K., Tibetan, Variscan, and Precambrian basement reactivation: product of continental collision. J. Geol. 81 (1973), 683–692.
41. Dewey, J.F., Spall, H., Pre-Mesozoic plate tectonics. Geology 3 (1975), 422–424.
42. De Wit, M.J., Hart, R.A., Hart, R.J., The Jamestown Ophiolite Complex, Barberton Mountain Belt: a section through 3.5 Ga oceanic crust. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 5 (1987), 681–730.
43. Dixon, T.H., Golombek, M.P., Late Precambrian crustal accretion rates in northeast Africa and Arabia. Geology 16 (1988), 991–994.
44. Doig, R., Rb-Sr isotopic study of Archean gneisses north of the Cape Smith Fold Belt, Ungava, Quebec. Can. J. Earth Sci. 20 (1983), 821–829.
45. Ducrot, J. and Lancelot, J.R., 1978. Age pan-Africain de la granodiorite de Bleida (Anti-Atlas, Maroc) et conséquences. 6e Réunion annuelle des Sciences de la Terre, Orsay, 150 pp.
46. Dunning, G.R., Chorlton, L.B., The Annieopsquotch ophiolite belt of southwest Newfoundland: geology and tectonic significance. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 96 (1985), 1659–1670.
47. Engel, A.E.J., Dixon, T.H., Stern, R.J., Late Precambrian evolution of Afro-Arabian crust from ocean arc to craton. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 91 (1980), 699–706.
48. Francis, D.M., Ludden, J.N., Bedard, J., Crystal fractionation and partial melting in the petrogenesis of a Proterozoic high-MgO volcanic suite, Ungava, Quebec. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 78 (1981), 27–36.
49. Francis, D.M., Ludden, J.N., Hynes, A.J., Magma evolution in a Proterozoic rift environment. J. Petrol. 24 (1983), 556–582.
50. Fyson, W.K., Helmstaedt, H., Structural patterns and tectonic evolution of supracrustal domains in the Archean Slave Province, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 25 (1988), 301–315.
51. Gaskarth, J.W. and Parslow, G.R., 1987. Proterozoic volcanism in the Flin Flon greenstone belt, east-central Saskatchewan, Canada. In: T.C. Pharaoh et al. (Editors), Geochemistry and Mineralization of Proterozoic Volcanic Suites. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 33, pp. 183–200.
52. Gass, I.G., Pan-African (Upper Proterozoic) plate tectonics of the Arabian-Nubian shield. Kröner, A., (eds.) Precambrian Plate Tectonics, 1981, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 387–405.
53. Gibb, R.A., Walcott, R.I., A Precambrian suture in the Canadian Shield. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 10 (1971), 417–422.
54. Glennie, K.W., Boeuf, M.G.A., Hughes-Clarke, M.W., Moody-Stuart, M., Pilaar, W.F.H., Reinhardt, B.M., Geology of the Oman Mountains. Verh. K. Ned. Geol. Mijnbouwkd. Genoot., 31, 1974, 423.
55. Glickson, A.Y., Uniformitarian assumptions, plate tectonics and the Precambrian earth. Kröner, A., (eds.) Precambrian Plate Tectonics, 1981, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 91–104.
56. Greenwood, W.R., Hadley, D.G., Anderson, R.E., Fleck, R.J., Schmidt, D.L., Proterozoic cratonization in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 280 (1976), 517–527.
57. Gurney, J.J., The diamondiferous roots of our wandering continent. J. Geol. S. Afr. 93 (1990), 423–437.
58. Halden, N.M., Existence of a marginal basin within the Circum-Superior Belt: geochemical evidence from the Churchill-Superior boundary in Manitoba, Canada. Precambrian Res. 49 (1991), 167–183.
59. Harper, G.D., Dismembered Archean ophiolite in the southeastern Wind River Mountains, Wyoming—remains of Archean oceanic crust. Lunar Planet. Sci. Inst., Tech. Rep. 86–10 (1986), 108–110.
60. Hartnady, C., Overthrust tectonics, stratigraphic problems and metallogenesis in the Khomas Ridge Province, Damara Orogenic Belt, 1979, Unit, University of Cape Town, 73–89 16th a. Rep. Precambrian Res.
61. Hartnady, C., Joubert, P., Stowe, C., Proterozoic crustal evolution in southwestern Africa. Episodes 8 (1985), 236–244.
62. Hartnady, C.J.H., Ransome, I.G.D. and Frimmel, H., 1990. Accreted composite terranes—an example from the Gariep orogenic belt. 23rd Earth Science Congress of the Geological Society of South Africa, Abstr., pp. 218–221.
63. Haydoutov, I., Precambrian ophiolites, Cambrian island arc, and Variscan suture in the South Carpathian-Balkan region. Geology 17 (1989), 905–908.
64. Hefferan, K.P., Karson, J.A., Saquaque, A., Admou, H., Reuber, I., Reply on “Precambrian accretionary tectonics in the Bou Azzer-El Gaara region, Anti-Atlas, Morocco”. Geology 19 (1991), 286–287.
65. Hegner, E., Bevier, M.L., Nd and Pb isotopic constraints on the origin of the Purtuniq ophiolite and Early Proterozoic Cape Smith Belt, northern Quebec, Canada. Chem. Geol. 91 (1991), 357–371.
66. Helmstaedt, H., Padgham, W.A., Brophy, J.A., Multiple dikes in lower Kam Group, Yellowknife greenstone belt: Evidence for Archean sea-floor spreading?. Geology 14 (1986), 562–566.
67. Helmstaedt, H. and Schulze, D.J., 1989. Southern African kimberlites and their mantle sample-implications for Archean tectonics and lithosphere evolution 4th Int. Kimb. Conf. Kimberlites and Related Rocks, Vol. 1, Geol. Soc. Aust., Spec. Publ.14:358–368.
68. Hoffman, P.F., Wopmay orogen: A Wilson cycle of early Proterozoic age in the northwest of the Canadian Shield. Geol. Assoc. Can., Spec. Pap. 20 (1980), 523–549.
69. Hoffman, P.F., Is the Cape Smith Belt (northern Quebec) a klippe?. Can. J. Earth Sci. 22 (1985), 1361–1369.
70. Hoffman, P.F., Crustal accretion in a 2.7–2.5 Ga “granite-greenstone” terrane, the Slave Province, NWT: A prograding trench-arc system?. Lunar Planet. Inst., Tech. Rep., 86–10, 1986, 120 M.J. De Wit and L. Ahswal (Editors), Workshop on the Tectonic Evolution of Greenstone Belts.
71. Hoffman, P.E., United plates of America: Early Proterozoic assembly and growth of Laurentia. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 16 (1988), 543–603.
72. Hoffman, P.F., 1989. Precambrian geology and tectonic history of North America, In: A.W. Bally and A.R. Palmer (Editors), The Geology of North America: An Overview. Decade of North American Geology Summary, Vol. A. pp. 447–512.
73. Huhma, H., Sm-Nd, U-Pb, and Pb-Pb isotopic evidence for the origin of Early Proterozoic Svekokarelian crust in Finland. Geol. Surv. Finl. Bull., 337, 1986, 52.
74. Hynes, A., Back-arc spreading in the Proterozoic—a theoretical approach. Precambrian Res. 36 (1987), 189–199.
75. Hynes, A.J., Francis, D.M., A transect of the early Proterozoic Cape Smith foldbelt, New Quebec. Tectonophysics 88 (1982), 23–59.
76. Karlstrom, K.E., Houston, R.S., The Cheyenne belt: analysis of a Proterozoic suture in southern Wyoming. Precambrian Res. 25 (1984), 415–446.
77. Karlstrom, K.E., Bowring, S.A., Early Proterozoic assembly of tectonostratigraphic terranes in southwestern North America. J. Geol. 96 (1988), 561–576.
78. Karlstrom, K.E., Bowring, S.A., Conway, C.M., Tectonic significance of an Early Proterozoic two-province boundary in central Arizona. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 99 (1987), 529–538.
79. Kasch, K.W., Geodynamic Evolution of the Damara Orogen. Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc. S. Air. 11 (1983), 423–429 Continental collision, suture progradation and thermal relaxation: a plate tectonic model for the Damara Orogen in central Namibia. In: R. McG. Miller (Editor).
80. Kasch, K.W., Delamination and suture progradation in the southern Damara orogen of central South West Africa/Namibia. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 89 (1986), 215–222.
81. Kemp, J., 1981. Geologic map of the Wadi al Ays quadrangle, sheet 25C, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Geologic Map GM-53C, pp. 39.
82. Kemp, J., Pellaton, C. and Calvez, J.Y., 1982. Cycles in the chelogenic evolution of the Precambrian Shield in part of northwestern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources, Prof. Pap., PP-1: 27–42.
83. Kennedy, W.Q., 1964. The structural differentiation of Africa in the Pan-African (±500 m.y.) tectonic episode. Res. Inst. Afr. Geol., Univ. Leeds, 8th Annu. Rep., pp. 48–49.
84. Koistinen, T.J., Structural evolution of an early Proterozoic stratabound Cu-Co-Zn deposit, Out-okumpu, Finland. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, Earth Sci. 72 (1981), 115–158.
85. Kontinen, A., An early Proterozoic ophiolite—the Jormua mafic-ultramafic complex, northeastern Finland. Precambrian Res. 35 (1987), 313–341.
86. Kröner, A., The Precambrian geotectonic evolution of Africa: plate accretion versus plate destruction. Precambrian Res. 4 (1977), 163–213.
87. Kröner, A., Precambrian crustal evolution and continental drift. Geol. Rundsch. 70 (1979), 412–428.
88. Kröner, A., Pan-African crustal evolution. Episodes 1980 (1980), 3–8.
89. Kröner, A., Precambrian plate tectonics. Kröner, A., (eds.) Precambrian Plate Tectonics, 1981, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 57–90.
90. Kröner, A., Proterozoic Geology: Selected Papers from an International Symposium. Geol. Soc. Am., Mem. 161 (1983), 59–74 Proterozoic mobile belts compatible with the plate tectonic concept. In: L.G. Medaris et al. (Editor).
91. Kusky, T.M., Accretion of the Archean Slave province. Geology 17 (1989), 63–67.
92. Lamothe, D., Picard, C. and Moorehead, J., 1984. Region du lac Beauparlant, bande de Cap Smith-Maricourt, Nouveau-Quebec. Ministere de l'Energie et des Resources, Quebec, DP 84–39.
93. LeBlanc, M., 1975. Ophiolites precambriennes et gites arsenies de cobalt (Bou Azzer, Maroc). Thèse Doctorat Sciences, Univ. Paris VI, Paris, pp. 329.
94. LeBlanc, M., Proterozoic oceanic crust at Bou Asser. Nature 261 (1976), 34–35.
95. LeBlanc, M., The late Proterozoic ophiolites of Bou Azzer (Morocco): evidence for Pan-African plate tectonics. Kröner, A., (eds.) Precambrian Plate Tectonics, 1981, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 435–451.
96. LeBlanc, M., Billaud, P., Cobalt arsenide orebodies related to an Upper Proterozoic ophiolite: Bou Azzer (Morocco). Econ. Geol. 77 (1982), 162–175.
97. Lewry, J.F., Lower Proterozoic arc-microcontinent collisional tectonics in the western Churchill Province. Nature 294 (1981), 69–72.
98. Lewry, J.F., Stauffer, M.R., Fumerton, S., A Cordilleran-type batholithic belt in the Churchill Province in northern Saskatchewan. Precambrian Res. 14 (1981), 277–313.
99. Lucas, S.B., 1989. Geometrical, Theological and mechanical evolution of continental trust belts: examples from the Cape Smith belt, Northern Quebec, Canada. Ph.D. thesis, Brown University, Providence, R.I., 253 pp.
100. Lucas, S.B., St-Onge, M.R., Evolution of Archean and early Proterozoic magmatic ares in northeastern Ungava Peninsula, Quebec. Geol. Surv. Can., Pap. 91–1C (1991), 109–119.
101. Martin, H., Porada, H., The intracratonic branch of the Damara Orogen in South West Africa, I. Discussion of geodynamic models. Precambrian Res. 5 (1977), 311–338.
102. McCall, G.J.H., Progress in research into the early history of the earth: a review, 1970–1980. Spec. Publ. Geol. Soc. Aust. 7 (1981), 3–18.
103. Moores, E.M., Origin and emplacement of ophiolites. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 20 (1982), 735–760.
104. Moores, E.M., The Proterozoic ophiolite problem, continental emergence and the Venus connection. Science 234 (1986), 65–68.
105. Myers, J.S., Precambrian tectonic evolution of part of Gondwana, southwestern Australia. Geology 18 (1990), 537–540.
106. Naidoo, D.D., Bloomer, S.H., Saquaque, A., Hefferan, K., Geochemistry and significance of metavolcanic rocks from the Bou Azzer-El Graara ophiolite (Morocco). Precambrian Res. 53 (1991), 79–97.
107. Nassief, M.O., Macdonald, R., Gass, I.G., The Jebel Thurwah Upper Proterozoic ophiolite complex, western Saudi Arabia. J. Geol. Soc. London 141 (1984), 537–546.
108. Pallister, J.S., Cole, J.S., Stoeser, D.B., Quick, J.E., Use and abuse of crustal accretion calculations. Geology 18 (1990), 35–39.
109. Pallister, J.S., Stacey, J.S., Fischer, L.B., and Premo, W.R., 1987. Precambrian ophiolites of Arabia: A summary of geologic settings, U-Pb geochronology, lead isotope characteristics, and implications for microplate accretion. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File Report USGS-OF-07–10, pp. 81.
110. Pallister, J.S., Stacey, J.S., Fischer, L.B., Premo, W.R., Precambrian ophiolites of Arabia: geologic settings, U-Pb geochronology, Pb-isotope characteristics, and implications for continental accretion. Precambrian Res. 38 (1988), 1–54.
111. Park, A.F., Nature of the Early Proterozoic Outokumpu assemblage, eastern Finland. Precambrian Res. 38 (1988), 131–146.
112. Park, A.F., Continental growth by accretion: A tectonostratigraphic terrane analysis of the evolution of the western and central Baltic Shield, 2.50 to 1.75 Ga. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 103 (1991), 522–537.
113. Park, A.E., Bowes, D.R., Halden, N.M., Koistinen, T.J., Tectonic evolution at an early Proterozoic continental margin: the Svecokarelides of eastern Finland. J. Geodyn. 1 (1984), 359–386.
114. Parrish, R.R., U-Pb geochronology of the Cape Smith Belt and Sugluk block, northern Quebec. Geosci. Can. 16 (1989), 126–130.
115. Pearce, J.A., Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries. Thorpe, R.S., (eds.) Andesites, 1982, John Wiley and Sons, London, 525–548.
116. Pearce, J.A., Lippard, S.J. and Roberts, S., 1984. Characteristics and tectonic significance of supra-subduction zone ophiolites. In: B.P. Kokelaar and M.F. Howells (Editors), Marginal Basin Geology. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 16: 77–94.
117. Quick, J.E., Geology and origin of the Late Proterozoic Darb Zubaydah ophiolite, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 102 (1990), 1007–1020.
118. Quick, J.E., Late Proterozoic transpression on the Nabitah fault system—implications for the assembly of the Arabian Shield. Precambrian Res. 53 (1991), 119–147.
119. Sangster, D.F., Isotopic studies of ore-leads in the Hanson Lake-Flin Flon-Snow Lake mineral belt, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Can. J. Earth Sci. 9 (1972), 500–513.
120. Sangster, D.F., Isotopic studies of ore-leads of the circum-Kisseynew volcanic belt of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Can. J. Earth Sci. 15 (1978), 1112–1121.
121. Saquaque, A., Admou, H., Karson, J., Hefferan, K., Reuber, I., Precambrian accretionary tectonics in the Bou Azzer-El Graara region, Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Geology 17 (1989), 1107–1110.
122. Saunders and Tarney, J., 1984. Geochemical characteristics of basaltic volcanism within back-arcbasins. In: B.P. Kokelaar and M.F. Howells (Editors), Marginal Basin Geology, Geol. Soc, Spec. Publ., 16, pp. 77–94.
123. Schulz, K.J., An early Proterozoic ophiolite in the Penokean orogen. Geol. Assoc. Can., Program with Abstracts, 12, 1987, 87.
124. Scott, D.J., Geology and geochemistry of the early Proterozoic Purtuniq ophiolite, Cape Smith Belt, Quebec, 1990, Queen's University, Kingston, 289 Ph.D. Thesis.
125. Scott, D.J., Bickle, M.J., Field relationships in the early Proterozoic Purtuniq ophiolite, Lac Watts and Purtuniq map areas, Quebec. Geol. Surv. Can., Pap. 91–1C (1991), 179–188.
126. Scott, D.J., St-Onge, M.R., Lucas, S.B., Helmstaedt, H., The 1998 Ma Purtuniq ophiolite: imbricated and metamorphosed oceanic crust in the Cape Smith Thrust Belt, northern Quebec. Geosci. Can. 16 (1989), 144–148.
127. Scott, D.J., St-Onge, M.R., Lucas, S.B., Helmstaedt, H., Geology and chemistry of the early Proterozoic Purtuniq ophiolite, Cape Smith, northern Quebec, Canada. Peters, Tj., (eds.) Ophiolite Genesis and Evolution of the Oceanic Lithosphere, 1991, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 825–857.
128. Searle, M.P., Conference report: Symposium on ophiolite genesis and evolution of oceanic lithosphere. J. Geol. Soc. London 148 (1991), 203–204.
129. Searle, M.P. and Stevens, R.K., 1984. Obduction processes in ancient, modern and future ophiolites. In: I.G. Gass et al. (Editors), Ophiolites and Oceanic Lithosphere. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 13: 303–320.
130. Shackleton, R.M., Ries, A.C., Graham, R.H., Fitches, W.R., Late Precambrian ophiolite melange in the eastern desert of Egypt. Nature 285 (1980), 472–474.
131. Shanti, M., Roobol, M.J., A late Proterozoic ophiolite complex at Jabal Ess in northern Saudi Arabia. Nature 279 (1979), 488–491.
132. Simonen, A., The Precambrian in Finland. Geol. Surv. Finl. Bull. 304 (1980), 1–58.
133. Smith, H.S., Hartnady, C.J.H., Geochemistry of Grootderm Formation lavas: indication of tectonic environment of extrusion, 1984, University of Cape Town, 20–21 Abstr. Conf. Middle to Late Proterozoic Lithosphere Evolution.
134. Stauffer, M.R., Manikewan: an early Proterozoic ocean in central Canada, its igneous history and orogenic closure. Precambrian Res. 25 (1984), 257–281.
135. Stoeser, D.B., Camp, V.E., Pan-African microplate accretion of the Arabian Shield. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 96 (1985), 817–826.
136. St-Onge, M.R. and Lucas, S.B., 1989. Geology, eastern portion of the Cape Smith Thrust-Fold Belt, parts of the Wakeham Baye, Cratere du Noveau-Quebec and Nuvilik Lakes map areas, northern Quebec. Geol. Surv. Can., Maps 1721A to 1735A, scale 1: 50000.
137. St-Onge, M.R., Lucas, S.B., The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America. Geol. Assoc. Can., Spec. Pap. 37 (1990), 313–351 Evolution of the Cape Smith Belt: Early Proterozoic continental underthrusting, ophiolite obduction, and thick-skinned folding. In: J.F. Lewry and M.R. Stauffer (Editors).
138. St-Onge, M.R., Lucas, S.B., Early Proterozoic collisional tectonics in the internal zone of the Ungava (Trans-Hudson) orogen: Lacs Nuvilik and Sugluk map areas, Quebec. Geol. Surv. Can., Pap. 90–1C (1990), 119–132.
139. St-Onge, M.R., Lucas, S.B., Scott, D.J., Bégin, N.J., Tectonostratigraphy and structure of the Lac Watts-Lac Cross -Riviere Deception area, central Cape Smith Belt, northern Quebec. Geol. Surv. Can., Pap. 87–1A (1987), 619–632.
140. St-Onge, M.R., Lucas, S.B., Scott, D.J., Bégin, N.J., Helmstaedt, H., Carmichael, D.M., Thin-skinned imbrication and subsequent thick-skinned folding of rift-fill, transitional-crust and ophiolite suites in the 1.9 Ga Cape Smith Belt, northern Quebec. Geol. Surv., Can. Pap. 88–1C (1988), 1–18.
141. Van Schmus, W.R., Bickford, M.E., Lewry, J.F., Macdonald, R., U-Pb geochronology in the Trans-Hudson orogen, northern Saskatchewan. Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 24 (1987), 407–424.
142. Vayrynen, H., On the geology and tectonics of the Outokumpu ore field and region. Comm. Geol. Finl. Bull., 1939, 124.
143. Watters, B.R. and Pearce, J.A., 1987. Metavolcanic rocks of the La Ronge domain in the Churchill province, Saskatchewan: Geochemical evidence for a volcanic arc origin. In: T.C. Pharaoh et al. (Editors), Geochemistry and Mineralization of Proterozoic Volcanic Suites. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 33, pp. 167–182.
144. Volpe, A.M., MacDougall, J.D., Geochemistry and isotopic characteristics of mafic (Phulad ophiolite) and related rocks in the Delhi Supergroup, Rajasthan, India: implications for rifting in the Proterozoic. Precambrian Res. 48 (1990), 167–191.
145. Wegmann, C.E., Über die Tektonik der jüngeren Faltung in Ostfinnland. Fennia, 50(16), 1928.
146. Wilson, J.T., Static or mobile earth: The current scientific revolution. Am. Philos. Soc. Proa 112 (1968), 309–320.
147. Windley, B.F., Precambrian Rocks in the light of the plate tectonic concept. Kröner, A., (eds.) Precambrian Plate Tectonics, 1981, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1–20.
148. Windley, B.F., The Evolving Continents, 1984, Wiley, New York, N.Y., 399.