Positive-feedback Switches in Plant Communities

Advances in Ecological Research

Volumn 23, Issue C, 1992, Pages 263-336

  Wilson, J Bastow ^a   Agnew, Andrew D Q ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956801543     PISSN: 00652504     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60149-X     Document Type: Article

References (313)

1. Agnew, A.D.Q., Studies on the plant ecology of the Jezira of central Iraq. II. Hummock formation by Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bge. Bull. Coll. Sci., Baghdad 6 (1961), 42–60.
2. Agnew, A.D.Q., Haines, R.W., Studies on the plant ecology of the Jezira of central Iraq. I. The influence of perennials on annuals in the Jezira. Bull. Coll. Sci., Baghdad 5 (1960), 41–60.
3. Arnason, J.T., Lambert, J.D., Gale, J., Mineral cycling in a tropical palm forest. Pl. Soil 79 (1984), 211–225.
4. Ash, J., The location and stability of rainforest boundaries in north-eastern Queensland, Australia. J. Biogeogr. 15 (1988), 619–630.
5. Ashton, D.H., Fire in tall open-forests (wet sclerophyll forests. Gill, A.M., Groves, R.H., Noble, I.R., (eds.) Fire and the Australian Biota, 1981, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, 339–366.
6. Atkinson, C.J., The effect of clipping on net photosynthesis and dark respiration rates of plants from an upland grassland, with reference to carbon partitioning in Festuca ovina. Ann. Bot. N.S. 58 (1986), 61–72.
7. Baig, M.N., Tranquillini, W., The effect of wind and temperature on cuticular transpiration of Picea abies and Pinus cembra and their significance in desiccation damage at alpine treeline. Oecologia, Berl. 47 (1980), 252–256.
8. Baker, A.J.M., Brooks, R.R., Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements-A review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry. Biorecovery 1 (1989), 81–126.
9. Baker, A.J.M., Brooks, R.R., Kersten, W.J., Accumulation of nickel by Psychotria species from the pacific basin. Taxon 34 (1985), 89–95.
10. Banyikwa, F.F., The effect of simulated grazing, nitrogen and density of competition between two Serengeti planing grasses (Andropogon greenwayi Napper and Chloris pycnothrix Trin. Tanzania J. Sci. 13 (1987), 15–28.
11. Barber, K.E., Peat Stratigraphy and Climatic Change., 1981, Balkema, Rotterdam.
12. Barkman, J.J., Controversies and perspectives in plant ecology and vegetation science. Phytocoenologia 18 (1990), 565–589.
13. Bazely, D.R., Jefferies, R.L., Goose faeces: a source of nitrogen for plant growth in a grazed salt marsh. J. appl. Ecol. 22 (1985), 693–703.
14. Bazely, D.R., Jefferies, R.L., Changes in the composition and standing crop of salt-marsh communities in response to the removal of a grazer. J. Ecol. 74 (1986), 693–706.
15. Beard, J.S., The natural regions of the deserts of Western Australia. J. Ecol. 57 (1969), 677–711.
16. Bell, D.T., Muller, C.H., Dominance of California annual grasslands by Brassica nigra. Am. Midl. Nat. 90 (1973), 277–299.
17. Bellamy, D.J., Rieley, J., Some ecological statistics of a “miniature bog”. Oikos 18 (1967), 33–40.
18. Belsky, A.J., Population and community processes in a mosaic grassland in the Serengeti, Tanzania. J. Ecol. 74 (1986), 841–856.
19. Belsky, A.J., Amundson, R.G., Duxbury, J.M., Riha, S.J., Ali, A.R., Mwonga, S.M., The effects of trees on their physical, chemical, and biological environments in a semi-arid savanna in Kenya. J. appl. Ecol. 26 (1989), 1005–1024.
20. Benedict, J.B., Rates of tree-island migration, Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA. Ecology 65 (1984), 820–823.
21. Berg, A.W., Formation of Mima mounds: a seismic hypothesis. Geology 18 (1990), 281–284.
22. van den Bergh, J.P., Elberse, W.Th., Competition between Lolium perenne L., Anthoxanthum odoratum L. at two levels of phosphate and potash. J. Ecol. 50 (1962), 87–95.
23. Boaler, S.B., Hodge, C.A.H., Vegetation stripes in Somaliland. J. Ecol. 50 (1962), 465–474.
24. Boaler, S.B., Hodge, C.A.H., Observations on vegetation arcs in the northern region, Somali Republic. J. Ecol. 52 (1964), 511–544.
25. Boatman, D.J., The Silver Flowe National Nature Reserve, Galloway, Scotland. J. Biogeogr. 10 (1983), 163–274.
26. Boatman, D.J., Goode, D.A., Hulme, P.D., The Silver Flowe. III. Pattern development on Long Loch B and Craigeazle Mires. J. Ecol. 69 (1981), 897–918.
27. Boatman, D.J., Tomlinson, R.W., The Silver Flowe. II. Features of the vegetation and stratigraphy of Brishie Bog, and their bearing on pool formation. J. Ecol. 65 (1977), 531–546.
28. Bonan, G.B., Korzuhin, M.D., Simulation of moss and tree dynamics in the boreal forests of interior Alaska. Vegetatio 84 (1989), 31–44.
29. Booth, W.E., Revegetation of abandoned fields in Kansas and Oklahoma. Am. J. Bot. 28 (1941), 415–422.
30. Bornkamm, R., Mechanisms of succession on fallow lands. Vegetatio 77 (1988), 95–101.
31. Bowman, D.M.J.S., Stand characteristics, understorey associates and environmental correlates of Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. forests on Gunn Point, northern Australia. Vegetatio 65 (1986), 105–113.
32. Bowman, D.M.J.S., Stability amid turmoil?: towards an ecology of north Australian eucalypt forests. Proc. ecol. Soc. Aust. 15 (1988), 149–158.
33. Bowman, D.M.J.S., Minchin, P.R., Environmental relationships of woody vegetation patterns in the Australian monsoon tropics. Aust. J. Bot. 35 (1987), 151–169.
34. Bowman, D.M.J.S., Wilson, B.A., Fuel characteristics of coastal monsoon forests, Northern Territory, Australia. J. Biogeogr. 15 (1988), 807–817.
35. Braithwaite, R.W., Estbergs, J.A., Fire patterns and woody vegetation trends in the Alligator Rivers Region of Northern Australia. Tothill, J.C., Mott, J.J., (eds.) Ecology and Management of the World's Savannas, 1985, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, 359–364.
36. Branson, F.A., Natural and modified plant communities as related to runoff and sediment yields. Hasler, A.D., (eds.) Coupling of Land and Water Systems (Ecological Studies, 10, 1975, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 157–172.
37. Braun-Blanquet, J., Plant Sociology. USA, 1932.
38. Brooks, R.R., Naidu, S.M., Malaisse, F., Lee, J., The elemental content of metallophytes from the copper/cobalt deposits of Central Africa. Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 119 (1987), 179–191.
39. Brooks, R.R., Trow, J.M., Veillon, J.-M., Jaffré, T., Studies on manganese-accumulating Alyxia species from New Caledonia. Taxon 30 (1981), 420–423.
40. Cannon, H.L., The development of botanical methods of prospecting for uranium on the Colorado Plateau-Botanical prospecting for uranium on the Colorado Plateau. Geol. Survey Bull., 1085-A, 1960.
41. Cargill, S.M., Jefferies, R.L., The effects of grazing by lesser snow geese on the vegetation of a sub-arctic salt marsh. J. appl. Ecol. 21 (1984), 669–686.
42. Case, T.J., Invasion resistance arises in strongly interacting species-rich model competition communities. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 87 (1990), 9610–9614.
43. Casparie, W.A., Bog development in southeastern Drenthe (The Netherlands. Vegetatio 25 (1972), 1–271.
44. Cates, R.G., Orians, G.H., Successional status and the palatability of plants to generalized herbivores. Ecology 56 (1975), 410–418.
45. Cavelier, J., Goldstein, G., Mist and fog interception in elfin cloud forests in Colombia and Venezuela. J. trop. Ecol. 5 (1989), 309–322.
46. Chadwick, M.J., Nardus stricta, a weed of hill grazings. Harper, J.L., (eds.) The Biology of Weeds, 1960, Blackwell, Oxford, 246–256.
47. Chadwick, M.J., Nardus stricta L. J. Ecol. 48 (1960), 255–267.
48. Chapin, F.S., Van Cleve, K., Chapin, M.C., Soil temperature and nutrient cycling in the tussock growth form of Eriophorum vaginatum. J. Ecol. 67 (1979), 169–189.
49. Charley, J. L. The role of shrubs in nutrient cycling Ed. by C.M. McKell, J. P. Blaisdell and J.R. Goodin Wildland Shrubs-their Biology and Utilization 1972, pp. 182–203. USDA Forest Service (General Technical Report INT-1), Ogden, Utah.
50. Charley, J.L., West, N.E., Plant-induced soil chemical patterns in some shrub-dominated semi-desert ecosystems of Utah. J. Ecol. 63 (1975), 945–963.
51. Clarke, L.D., Hannon, N.J., The mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities of the Sydney district IV. The significance of species interaction. J. Ecol. 59 (1971), 535–553.
52. Clarke, L.D., West, N.E., Germination of Kochia americana in relation to salinity. J. Range Mgmt 22 (1969), 286–287.
53. Clayton, W.D., Secondary vegetation and the transition to savanna near Ibadan, Nigeria. J. Ecol. 46 (1958), 217–238.
54. Clayton-Greene, K.A., Beard, J.S., The fire factor in vine thicket and woodland vegetation of the Admiralty Gulf region, north-west Kimberley, Western Australia. Proc. ecol. Soc. Aust. 13 (1985), 225–230.
55. Clements, F.E., Research Methods in Ecology., 1905, University Publishing, Lincoln, Nebraska.
56. Clements, F.E., Plant Succession, 1916, Carnegie Institution of Washington.
57. Clements, F.E., Nature and structure of the climax. J. Ecol. 24 (1936), 252–284.
58. Clements, F.E., Weaver, J.E., Hanson, H.C., Plant competition: an analysis of community functions, 1965, Carnegie Institute, Washington D.C.
59. Clymo, R.S., Experiments on breakdown of Sphagnum in two bogs. J. Ecol. 53 (1929), 747–758.
60. Clymo, R.S., The growth of Sphagnum: some effects of environment. J. Ecol. 61 (1973), 849–869.
61. Cole, K., Past rates of change, species richness, and a model of vegetational inertia in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Am. Nat. 125 (1985), 289–303.
62. Connell, J.H., Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199 (1978), 1302–1310.
63. Connell, J.H., Slatyer, R.O., Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organisation. Am. Nat. 111 (1977), 1119–1144.
64. Conway, V.M., The bogs of central Minnesota. Ecol. Monogr. 19 (1949), 173–206.
65. Cook, C.W., Seeding response and soil characteristics on adjacent sagebrush and desert molly soils. J. Range Mgmt 14 (1961), 134–138.
66. Cornet, A.F., Delhoume, J.P., Montana, C., Dynamics of striped vegetation patterns and water balance in the Chihuahuan Desert. During, H.J., Werger, M.J.A., Willems, J.H., (eds.) Diversity and Pattern in Plant Communities, 1988, SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, 221–231.
67. Costin, A. B., Wimbush, D. J. 1961 Studies in Catchment Hydrology in the Australian Alps. IV. Interception by Trees of Rain, Cloud, and Fog. CSIRO Division of Plant Industry (Technical Paper 16), Melbourne.
68. Coulson, R.N., Population dynamics of bark beetles. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 24 (1979), 417–447.
69. Cox, G.W., The distribution and origin of Mima mound grasslands in San Diego County, California. Ecology 65 (1984), 1397–1405.
70. Crawley, M.J., Herbivory: The Dynamics of Animal-Plant Interactions., 1983, Black-well Scientific, Oxford.
71. Cremer, K.W., The effect of fire on eucalypts reserved for seeding. Aust. For. 26 (1962), 129–154.
72. Cronin, E. H. 1965 Ecological and Physiological Factors Influencing Chemical Control of Halogeton glomeratus. Tech. Bull. 1325, US Dept. Agric.
73. Darlington, J.P.E.C., The underground passages and storage pits used in foraging by a nest of the termite Macrotermes michaelseni in Kajiado, Kenya. J. Zool. 198 (1982), 237–247.
74. Darlington, J.P.E.C., Lenticular soil mounds in the Kenya highlands. Oecologia Berl. 66 (1985), 116–121.
75. Daubenmire, R., Alpine timberlines in the Americas and their interpretation. Butler Univ. bot. Stud. 11 (1954), 119–136.
76. Daubenmire, R., Plant Communities: A Textbook of Plant Synecology., 1968, Harper and Row, New York.
77. Dice, L.R., Natural Communities., 1952, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
78. Dickinson, K.J.M., Kirkpatrick, J.B., The flammability and energy content of some important plant species and fuel components in the forests of southeastern Tasmania. J. Biogeogr. 12 (1985), 121–134.
79. Drake, J.A., The mechanics of community assembly and succession. J. theor. Biol. 147 (1990), 213–233.
80. Duvigneaud, P., Denaeyer-de Smet, S., Cuivre et Végétation au Katanga. Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 96 (1963), 93–231.
81. Eckert, R.E. Jr., Kinsinger, F.E., Effects of Halogeton glomeratus leachate on chemical and physical characteristics of soils. Ecology 41 (1960), 764–772.
82. Egler, F.E., The Nature of Vegetation, its Management and Mismanagement, 1977, Connecticut Conservation Association, Norfolk, Connecticut The author, in cooperation with the.
83. Ekern, P.C., Direct interception of cloud water on Lanaihale, Hawaii. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 28 (1964), 419–421.
84. Ernst, W., Nelissen, H.J.M., Growth and mineral nutrition of plant species from clearings on different horizons of an iron-humus podzol profile. Oecologia, Berl. 41 (1979), 175–182.
85. Etherington, J.R., Limestone heaths in south-west Britain: their soils and the maintenance of their calcicole-calcifuge mixtures. J. Ecol. 69 (1981), 277–294.
86. Evans, H.J., Barber, L.E., Biological nitrogen fixation for food and fiber production. Science 197 (1977), 332–339.
87. Ewel, J.J., Litter fall and leaf decomposition in a tropical forest succession in eastern Guatemala. J. Ecol. 64 (1976), 293–308.
88. Fetcher, N., Effects of removal of neighboring species on growth, nutrients, and microclimate of Eriophorum vaginatum. Arctic Alpine Res. 17 (1985), 7–17.
89. Field, C.R., Elephant ecology in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 9 (1971), 99–123.
90. Floate, M.J.S., Eadie, J., Black, J.S., Nicholson, I.A., The improvement of Nardus-dominated hill pasture by grazing control and fertilizer treatment and its economic assessment. Potassium Inst. Ltd, Colloq. Proc. 3 (1973), 33–39.
91. Florence, R.G., Crocker, R.L., Analysis of blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis Sm.) seedling growth in a blackbutt forest soil. Ecology 43 (1962), 670–679.
92. de Forest, H., Rainfall interception by plants: an experimental note. Ecology 4 (1923), 417–419.
93. Foster, D.R., Wright, H.E. Jr., Role of ecosystem development and climate change in bog formation in central Sweden. Ecology 71 (1990), 450–463.
94. Fowler, N.L., The effects of environmental heterogeneity in space and time on the regulation of populations and communities. Davy, A.J., Hutchings, M.J., Watkinson, A.R., (eds.) Plant Population Ecology, 1988, Blackwell, Oxford, 249–269 British Ecological Society Symposium 28.
95. Frenzel, B., Mires-repositories of climatic information or self-perpetuating ecosystems?. Gore, A.J.P., (eds.) Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor: General Studies (Ecosystems of the World, 4A, 1983, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 35–65.
96. Furley, P., The significance of the Cohune Palm, Orbignya cohune (Mart.) Dahlgren, on the nature and in the development of the soil profile. Biotropica 7 (1975), 32–36.
97. Gakahu, C.G., Cox, G.W., The occurrence and origin of Mima mound terrain in Kenya. Afr. J. Ecol. 22 (1984), 31–42.
98. Gilbert, J.M., Forest succession in the Florentine Valley, Tasmania. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 93 (1959), 129–151.
99. Gill, A.M., Adaptive responses of Australian vascular plant species to fires. Gill, A.M., Groves, R.H., Noble, I.R., (eds.) Fire and the Australian Biota, 1981, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, 243–272.
100. Gimingham, C.H., A reappraisal of cyclic processes in Calluna heath. Vegetatio 77 (1988), 61–64.
101. Gleason, H.A., The structure and development of the plant association. Bull. Torrey bot. Club 44 (1917), 463–481.
102. Gleason, H.A., The individualistic concept of the plant association. Am. Midl. Nat. 21 (1939), 92–110.
103. Glover, P.E., Glover, J., Gwynne, M.D., Light rainfall and plant survival in E. Africa II. Dry grassland vegetation. J. Ecol. 50 (1962), 199–206.
104. Glover, P.E., Trump, E.C., Wateridge, L.E.D., Termitaria and vegetation patterns on the Loita Plains of Kenya. J. Ecol. 52 (1964), 367–377.
105. Goldberg, D.E., The distribution of evergreen and deciduous trees relative to soil type: an example from the Sierra Madre, Mexico, and a general model. Ecology 63 (1982), 942–951.
106. Goudie, A.S., The geomorphological role of termites and earthworms in the tropics. Viles, H.A., (eds.) Biogeomorphology, 1988, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 166–192.
107. Grabherr, G., On community structure in high alpine grasslands. Vegetatio 83 (1989), 223–227.
108. Grace, J., Tree lines. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B324 (1989), 233–245.
109. Grant, S.A., Suckling, D.E., Smith, H.K., Torvell, L., Forbes, T.D.A., Hodgson, J., Comparative studies of diet selection by sheep and cattle: the hill grasslands. J. Ecol. 73 (1985), 987–1004.
110. Grant, S.A., Torvell, L., Armstrong, R.H., Beattie, M.M., The manipulation of mat-grass pasture by grazing management. Bell, M., Bunce, R.G.H., (eds.) Agriculture and Conservation in the Hills and Uplands, 1987, Institute of Terrestial Ecology, Grange-over-Sands, 62–64.
111. Grime, J.P., Hodgson, J.G., An investigation of the ecological significance of lime-chlorosis by means of large-scale comparative experiments. Rorison, I.H., (eds.) Ecological Aspects of the Mineral Nutrition of Plants, 1969, Blackwell, Oxford, 67–99 Symp. Br. ecol. Soc. 9.
112. Grove, T.S., Effects of fire on concentrations of phosphorus and potassium in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest soils. Nutrient Cycling in Indigenous Forest Ecosystems, 1977, Institute of Forest Research and Protection, Western Australia, Como, WA, 119–121.
113. Grubb, P.J., Suter, M.B., The mechanism of acidification of soil by Calluna and Ulex and the significance for conservation. Duffey, E., Watt, A.S., (eds.) The Scientific Management of Animal and Plant Communities for Conservation, 1971, Blackwell, Oxford, 115–133 Symp. Br. ecol. Soc. 11.
114. Grubb, P.J., Whitmore, T.C., A comparison of montane and lowland rain forest in Ecuador. II. The climate and its effect on the distribution and physiognomy of the forests. J. Ecol. 54 (1966), 303–333.
115. Grubb, P.J., Green, H.E., Merrifield, R.C.J., The ecology of chalk heath: its relevance to the calcicole-calcifuge and soil acidification problems. J. Ecol. 57 (1969), 175–212.
116. Hadley, J.L., Smith, W.K., Influence of wind exposure on needle desiccation and mortality for timberline conifers in Wyoming, USA. Arctic Alpine Res. 15 (1983), 127–135.
117. Hadley, J.L., Smith, W.K., Wind effects on needles of timberline conifers: seasonal influence on mortality. Ecology 67 (1986), 12–19.
118. Hadley, J.L., Smith, W.K., Wind erosion of leaf surface wax in alpine timberline conifers. Arctic Alpine Res. 21 (1989), 392–398.
119. Harper, H.J., Daniel, H.A., Murphy, H.F., The total nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium content of common weeds and native grasses in Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 14 (1934), 36–44.
120. Harper, J.L., Population Biology of Plants., 1977, Academic Press, London.
121. Harr, R.D., Fog drip in the Bull Run Municipal Watershed, Oregon. Water Resour. Bull. (US 18 (1982), 785–789.
122. Harrington, G.N., Johns, G.G., Herbaceous biomass in a Eucalyptus savanna woodland after removing trees and/or shrubs. J. appl. Ecol. 27 (1990), 775–787.
123. Harwood, C.E., Jackson, W.D., Atmospheric losses of four plant nutrients during a forest fire. Aust. For. 38 (1975), 92–99.
124. Hayward, P.M., Clymo, R.S., The growth of Sphagnum: experiments on, and simulation of, some effects of light flux and water-table depth. J. Ecol. 71 (1983), 845–863.
125. Heilman, P.E., Change in distribution and availability of nitrogen with forest succession on north slopes in interior Alaska. Ecology 47 (1966), 825–831.
126. Heilman, P.E., Relationship of availability of phosphorus and cations to forest succession and bog formation in interior Alaska. Ecology 49 (1968), 331–336.
127. Heinselman, M.L., Landscape evolution, peatland types, and the environment in the Lake Agassiz Peatlands Natural Area, Minnesota. Ecol. Monogr. 40 (1970), 235–261.
128. Heisey, R.M., Delwiche, C.C., Allelopathic effects of Trichostema lanceolatum (Labiatae) in the California annual grassland. J. Ecol. 73 (1985), 729–742.
129. Hesse, P.R., A chemical and physical study of the soils of termite mounds in East Africa. J. Ecol. 43 (1955), 449–461.
130. Hik, D.S., Jefferies, R.L., Increases in the net above-ground primary production of a salt-marsh forage grass: a test of the predictions of the herbivore-optimization model. J. Ecol. 78 (1990), 180–195.
131. Holdsworth, D.K., Mark, A.F., Water and nutrient input:output budgets: effects of plant cover at seven sites in upland snow tussock grasslands of Eastern and Central Otago, New Zealand. J. R. Soc. N.Z. 20 (1990), 1–24.
132. Hopkins, B., Forest and Savanna: an Introduction to Tropical Plant Ecology with Special Reference to West Africa., 1965, Heinemann, London.
133. Hopkins, B., Successional processes. Bourliere, F., (eds.) Tropical Savannas (Ecosystems of the World 13, 1983, Elsevier, Amersterdam, 605–616.
134. de Hullu, E., Gimingham, C.H., Germination and establishment of seedlings in different phases of the Calluna life cycle in a Scottish heathland. Vegetatio 58 (1984), 115–121.
135. Humphreys, F.R., Lambert, M.J., An examination of a forest site which has exhibited the ash-bed effect. Aust. J. Soil Res. 3 (1965), 81–94.
136. Hunter, R.F., The grazing of hill pasture sward types. J. Br. Grassld Soc. 9 (1954), 195–208.
137. Hunter, R.F., Hill sheep and their pasture; a study of sheep grazing in south east Scotland. J. Ecol. 50 (1962), 651–680.
138. Innes, R.R., Fire in West African vegetation. Proc. a. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 11 (1972), 147–173.
139. Jackson, W.D., Fire, earth and water-an elemental ecology of Tasmania. Proc. ecol. Soc. Aust. 3 (1968), 9–16.
140. Jaffré, T., Accumulation du manganèse par des espèces associées aux terrains ultrabasiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie. C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris D 284 (1977), 1573–1575.
141. Jaffré, T., Accumulation du manganèse par les Protéacées de Nouvelle-Calédonie. C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris D 289 (1979), 425–428.
142. Jaffré, T., Schmid, M., Accumulation du nickel par une Rubiacée de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Psychotria douarrei (G. Beauvisage) Daniker. C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris D 278 (1974), 1727–1730.
143. Jefferies, R.L., Vegetational mosaics, plant-animal interactions and resources for plant growth. Gottlieb, L.D., Jain, S.K., (eds.) Plant Evolutionary Biology, 1988, Chapman and Hall, London, 341–369.
144. Johnson, L.C., Damman, A.W.H., Malmer, N., Sphagnum macrostructure as an indicator of decay and compaction in peat cores from an ombrotrophic south Swedish peat-bog. J. Ecol. 78 (1990), 633–647.
145. Johnson, L.C., Damman, A.W.H., Species-controlled Sphagnum decay on a South Swedish raised bog. Oikos 61 (1991), 234–242.
146. 2-fixation in soil and old field succession in Central Oklahoma. Soil Biol. Biochem. 8 (1976), 497–503.
147. Kearney, T.H., Briggs, L.J., Shantz, H.L., McLane, J.W., Piemeisel, R.L., Indicator significance of vegetation in Tooele Valley, Utah. J. agric. Res. 1 (1914), 365–417.
148. Keay, R.W.J., Some notes on the ecological status of savanna vegetation in Nigeria. Bull. Commonw. Bur. Past. Fld Crops, 41, 1951 Ch 5.
149. Kellman, M., Soil enrichment by Neotropical savanna trees. J. Ecol. 67 (1979), 565–577.
150. Kellman, M., Synergistic relationships between fire and low soil fertility in neotropical savannas: a hypothesis. Biotropica 16 (1984), 158–160.
151. Kemp, E.M., Pre-quaternary fire in Australia. Gill, A.M., Groves, R.H., Noble, I.R., (eds.) Fire and the Australian Biota, 1981, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, 3–21.
152. Kershaw, K.A., The use of cover and frequency in the detection of pattern in plant communities. Ecology 38 (1957), 291–299.
153. Kessell, S. R. Wildland inventories and fire modeling by gradient analysis in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA Proc. a. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 14 1976 115–162.
154. Kincaid, D.T., Lyons, E.E., Winter water relations of red spruce on Mount Monadnock, New Hampshire. Ecology 62 (1981), 1155–1161.
155. Kloot, P.M., The role of common iceplant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) in the deterioration of medic pastures. Aust. J. Ecol. 8 (1983), 301–306.
156. Knoop, W.T., Walker, B.H., Interactions of woody and herbaceous vegetation in a southern African savanna. J. Ecol. 73 (1985), 235–253.
157. Kovda, V.A., Samoilova, E.M., Charley, J.L., Skujins, J.J., Soil processes in arid lands. Goodall, D.W., Perry, R.A., Howes, K.M., (eds.) Arid-land Ecosystems: Structure, Functioning and Management, 1, 1979, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 439–470.
158. Kullman, L., Recent retrogression of the forest-alpine tundra ecotone (Betula pubescens Ehrh. ssp. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Nyman) in the Scandes Mountains, Sweden. J. Biogeogr. 16 (1989), 83–90.
159. Kummerow, J., Mediciones cuantitativas de la neblina en el parque nacional Fray Jorge. Boletin de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago 28 (1962), 36–37.
160. Lacey, C.J., Walker, J., Noble, I.R., Fire in Australian tropical savannas. Huntley, B.J., Walker, B.H., (eds.) Ecology of Tropical Savannas, 1982, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 246–272.
161. Lawton, R.M., The ecology of the Marquesia acuminata (Gigl) R.E.Fr. evergreen forests and the related Chipya vegetation types of north-eastern Rhodesia. J. Ecol. 52 (1964), 467–479.
162. Lee, K.E., Wood, T.G., Termites and Soils., 1971, Academic Press, London.
163. Lee, K.E., Wood, T.G., Physical and chemical effects on soils of some Australian termites, and their pedological significance. Pedobiologia 11 (1971), 376–409.
164. Van Leeuwen, C.G., A relation theoretical approach to pattern and process in vegetation. Wentia 15 (1966), 25–46.
165. Lewontin, R.C., The meaning of stability. Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 22 (1969), 13–23 Diversity and Stability in Ecological Systems.
166. Lind, E.M., Morrison, M.E.S., East African Vegetation., 1974, Longmans, London.
167. Lock, J.M., The vegetation of Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 98 (1977), 372–448.
168. Lopez-Hernandez, D., Fardeau, J.C., Nino, M., Nannipier, P., Chacon, P., Phosphorus accumulation in savanna termite mound in Venezuela. J. Soil Sci. 40 (1989), 635–640.
169. Lovegrove, B.G., Siegfried, W.R., Distribution and formation of Mimalike earth mounds in the western Cape Province of South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 82 (1986), 432–436.
170. McCracken, I. J., Wardle, P., Benecke, U., Buxton, R. P. 1985 Winter water relations of tree foliage at timberline in New Zealand and Switzerland. In: Establishment and Tending of Subalpine Forest: Research and Management (Proc. 3rd IUFRO Workshop) (Ed. by H. Turner and W. Tranquillini), pp. 85–93. Swiss Federal Institute of Forestry Research.
171. Malaisse, F., Grégoire, J., Morrison, R.S., Brooks, R.R., Reeves, R.D., Copper and cobalt in vegetation of Fungurume, Shaba Province, Zaire. Oikos 33 (1979), 472–478.
172. Marchand, P.J., Wind and the winter-exposed plant. Rhodora 74 (1972), 528–531.
173. Marchand, P.J., Chabot, B.F., Winter water relations of tree-line plant species on Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. Arctic Alpine Res. 10 (1978), 105–116.
174. Mark, A.F., Rowley, J., Water yield of low-alpine snow tussock grassland in Central Otago. J. Hydrol. (NZ 15 (1976), 59–79.
175. Mark, A.F., Fetcher, N., Shaver, G.R., Chapin, F.S. III, Estimated ages of mature tussocks of Eriophorum vaginatum along a latitudinal gradient in central Alaska, USA. Arctic Alpine Res. 17 (1985), 1–5.
176. Marloth, R., Results of experiments on Table Mountain for ascertaining the amount of moisture deposited from the south-east clouds. Trans. S. Afr. phil. Soc. 14 (1904), 403–408.
177. Marloth, R., Results of further experiments on Table Mountain for ascertaining the amount of moisture deposited from the south-east clouds. Trans. S. Afr. phil. Soc. 16 (1907), 97–105.
178. Marr, J.W., The development and movement of tree islands near the upper limit of tree growth in the southern Rocky Mountains. Ecology 58 (1977), 1164–1599.
179. Marrs, R.H., Bannister, P., Response of several members of the Ericaceae to soils of contrasting pH and base-status. J. Ecol. 66 (1978), 829–834.
180. Marrs, R.H., Hicks, M.J., Study of vegetation change at Lakenheath Warren: a re-examination of A.S. Watt's theories of bracken dynamics in relation to succession and vegetation management. J. appl. Ecol. 23 (1986), 1029–1046.
181. Marshall, J. K. 1970 Assessing the protective role of shrub-dominated rangeland vegetation against soil erosion by wind. Proc. XI Int. Grassld Cong. 19–23.
182. Means, T.H., Fog precipitated by trees. Science 66 (1927), 402–403.
183. Merriam, R.A., Fog drip from artificial leaves in a fog wind tunnel. Wat. Resour. Res. 9 (1973), 1591–1598.
184. Miles, J., The pedogenic effects of different species and vegetation types and the implications of succession. J. Soil Sci. 36 (1985), 571–584.
185. Miller, A.G., Morris, M., Stuart-Smith, S., Plants of Dhofar, the Southern Region of Oman, 1988, Office of the Adviser for Conservation of the Environment, Diwan of Royal Court, Sultanate of Oman.
186. Milton, W.E.J., The palatability of herbage on undeveloped grasslands in west-central Wales. Emp. J. exp. Agric. 21 (1953), 116–122.
187. Minnich, R.A., Snow drifting and timberline dynamics on Mount San Gorgonio, California, USA. Arctic Alpine Res. 16 (1984), 395–412.
188. Moore, P.D., Stratigraphy and pollen analysis of Claish Moss, North-west Scotland: significance for the origin of surface-pools and forest history. J. Ecol. 65 (1977), 375–397.
189. Moore, R.M., Walker, J., Eucalyptus populnea shrub woodlands: control of regenerating trees and shrubs. Aust. J. exp. Agric. anim. Husb. 12 (1972), 437–440.
190. Moore, T.R., Plant production, decomposition, and carbon efflux in a subarctic patterned fen. Arctic Alpine Res. 21 (1989), 156–162.
191. Morison, C.G.T., Hoyle, A.C., Hope-Simpson, J.F., Tropical soil-vegetation catenas and mosaics; a study in the south-western part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. J. Ecol. 36 (1948), 1–84.
192. Morton, H.L., Haas, R.H., Erickson, L.C., Oxalate and mineral contents of Halogeton glomeratus. Weeds 7 (1959), 255–264.
193. Mount, A.B., The interdependence of the eucalypts and forest fires in Southern Australia. Aust. For. 28 (1964), 166–172.
194. Mutch, R.W., Wildland fires and ecosystems-a hypothesis. Ecology 51 (1970), 1046–1051.
195. Nagel, J.F., Fog precipitation on Table Mountain. Q. Jl R. met. Soc. 82 (1956), 452–460.
196. Newman, E.I., Allelopathy: adaptation or accident?. Harborne, J.B., (eds.) Biochemical Aspects of Plant and Animal Coevolution, 1978, Academic Press, London, 327–342.
197. Nicholson, I.A., Paterson, I.S., Currie, A., A study of vegetational dynamics: selection by sheep and cattle in Nardus pasture. Watson, A., (eds.) Animal Populations in Relation to their Food Resources, 1970, Blackwell, Oxford, 129–143.
198. Niering, W.A., Egler, F.E., A shrub community of Viburnum lentago, stable for twenty-five years. Ecology 36 (1955), 356–360.
199. Niering, W.A., Dreyer, G.D., Egler, F.E., Anderson, J.P. Jr., Stability of a Viburnum lentago shrub community after 30 years. Bull. Torrey bot. Club 113 (1986), 23–27.
200. Norman, M.J.T., Wetselaar, Losses of nitrogen on burning native pasture at Katherine, N.T. J. Aust. Inst. agric. Sci. 26 (1960), 272–273.
201. Nutting, W.L., Haverty, M.I., LaFage, J.P., Physical and chemical alteration of soil by two subterranean termite species in Sonoran Desert grassland. J. Arid Environments 12 (1987), 233–239.
202. Oberbauer, S., Miller, P.C., Plant water relations in montane and tussock vegetation types in Alaska. Arctic Alpine Res. 11 (1979), 69–81.
203. Oberlander, G.T., Summer fog precipitation in San Francisco peninsula. Ecology 37 (1956), 851–852.
204. Odum, H.T., Environment, Power and Society., 1971, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
205. Okali, D.U.U., Hall, J.B., Lawson, G.W., Root distribution under a thicket clump on the Accra Plains, Ghana: its relevance to clump localization and water relations. J. Ecol. 61 (1973), 439–454.
206. Osvald, H., Die Vegetation des Hochmoores Komosse. Sven. Vaxtsociol. Sallsk. Handl. 1 (1923), 1–436.
207. Paine, R.T., A note on trophic complexity and community stability. Am. Nat. 103 (1969), 91–93.
208. Parker, V.T., Muller, C.H., Vegetational and environmental changes beneath isolated live oak trees (Quercus agrifolia) in a California annual grassland. Am. Midl. Nat. 107 (1982), 69–81.
209. Parsons, J.J., “Fog drip” from coastal stratus, with special reference to California. Weather, Lond. 15 (1960), 58–62.
210. Payette, S., Late-holocene development of subarctic ombrotrophic peatlands: allogenic and autogenic succession. Ecology 69 (1988), 516–531.
211. Perry, D.A., Molina, R., Amaranthus, M.P., Mycorrhizae, mycorrhizo-spheres, and reforestation: current knowledge and research needs. Can. J. For. Res. 17 (1987), 929–940.
212. Perry, D.A., Amaranthus, M.P., Borchers, J.G., Borchers, S.L., Brainerd, R.E., Bootstrapping in ecosystems. Bioscience 39 (1989), 230–237.
213. Pethick, J.S., The distribution of salt pans on tidal salt marshes. J. Biogeogr. 1 (1974), 57–62.
214. Phillips, J., Rainfall interception by plants. Nature, Lond. 118 (1926), 837–838.
215. Pigott, C.D., Soil formation and development on the carboniferous limestone of Derbyshire. II. The relation of soil development to vegetation on the plateau near Coombs Dale. J. Ecol. 58 (1970), 529–541.
216. Plesnik, P., Man's influence on the timberline in the West Carpathian Mountains, Czechoslovakia. Arctic Alpine Res. 10 (1978), 491–504.
217. Prat, H. Fog as a dominant factor for plant life on some parts of the Pacific coast of North America. Proc. 7th Pacific Sci. Congr. New Zealand, 1949 1953(5) (Botany), 152–156.
218. Price, P.W., Westoby, M., Rice, B., Parasite-mediated competition: some predictions and tests. Am. Nat. 131 (1988), 544–555.
219. Rawes, M., The problem of Nardus and its productivity in relation to sheep grazing at Moor House, Westmorland. J. Br. Grassl. Soc. 16 (1961), 190–193.
220. Rawes, M., Further results of excluding sheep from high-level grasslands in the north Pennines. J. Ecol. 69 (1981), 651–669.
221. Reeves, R.D., Brooks, R.R., Hyperaccumulation of lead and zinc by two metallophytes from mining areas of Central Europe. Envir. Pollut.A 31 (1983), 277–287.
222. Rice, B., Westoby, M., Heteroecious rusts as agents of interference competition. Evol. Theory 6 (1982), 43–52.
223. Rice, E.L., Inhibition of nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria by seed plants (I. Ecology 45 (1964), 824–837.
224. Rice, E.L., Inhibition of nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria by seed plants III. Comparison of three species of Euphorbia. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 45 (1964), 43–44.
225. Rice, E.L., Inhibition of nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria by seed plants. II. Characterization and identification of inhibitors. Physiologia Pl. 18 (1965), 255–268.
226. Rice, E.L., Inhibition of nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria by seed plants IV. The inhibitors produced by Ambrosia elatior and A. psilostachya. SW Nat. 10 (1965), 248–255.
227. Rice, E.L., Inhibition of nodulation of inoculated legumes by pioneer plant species from abandoned fields. Bull. Torrey bot. Club 95 (1968), 346–358.
228. Rice, E.L., Some possible roles of inhibitors in old-field succession. Biochemical Interactions Among Plants, 1971, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 128–132.
229. Rice, E.L., Allelopathy, 2nd Edn., 1984, Orlando, London.
230. Rice, E.L., Pancholy, S.K., Inhibition of nitrification by climax ecosystems. Am. J. Bot. 59 (1972), 1033–1040.
231. Rice, E.L., Pancholy, S.K., Inhibition of nitrification by climax ecosystems. II. Additional evidence and possible role of tannins. Am. J. Bot. 60 (1973), 691–702.
232. Rice, E.L., Parenti, R.L., Inhibition of nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria by seed plants. V. Inhibitors produced by Bromus japonicus Thunb. SW Nat. 12 (1967), 97–103.
233. Rice, E.L., Penfound, W.T., Rohrbaugh, L.M., Seed dispersal and mineral nutrition in succession in abandoned fields in Central Oklahoma. Ecology 41 (1960), 224–228.
234. Roberts, D.W., A dynamical systems perspective on vegetation theory. Vegetatio 69 (1987), 27–33.
235. Rochefort, L., Vitt, D.H., Bayley, S.E., Growth, production, and decomposition dynamics of Sphagnum under natural and experimentally acidified conditions. Ecology 71 (1990), 1986–2000.
236. Roxburgh, S.H., Wilson, J.B., Mark, A.F., Succession after disturbance of a New Zealand high-alpine cushionfield. Arctic Alpine Res. 20 (1988), 230–236.
237. Rutter, A.J., The hydrological cycle in vegetation. Monteith, J.L., (eds.) Vegetation and the Atmosphere, 1, 1975, Academic Press, London, 111–154 Principles.
238. Rychnovská, M., An outpost site of Corynephorus canescens in the region between the Danube and the Tisza and its causal explanation. Acta biol. hung. 14 (1963), 57–66.
239. Savage, D. A., Runyon, H. E. 1937 Natural revegetation of abandoned farm land in the Central and Southern Great Plains. Rep. 4th Int. Grassld Congr. Aberystwyth, 178–182.
240. Schowalter, T.D., Adaptations of insects to disturbance. Pickett, S.T.A., White, P.S., (eds.) The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics, 1985, Academic Press, Orlando, 235–252.
241. Schroeter, C., Das Pflanzenleben der Alpen., 1923, Albert Raustein, Zurich.
242. Singh, G., Kershaw, A.P., Clark, R., Quaternary vegetation and fire history in Australia. Gill, A.M., Groves, R.H., Noble, I.R., (eds.) Fire and the Australian Biota, 1981, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, 23–54.
243. Shmida, A., Burgess, T.L., Plant growth-form strategies and vegetation types in arid environments. Werger, M.J.A., van der Aart, P.J.M., During, H.J., Verhoeven, J.T.A., (eds.) Plant Form and Vegetation Structure, 1988, SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, 211–241.
244. Smith, J.M.B., Guyer, I.J., Rainforest-eucalypt forest interrelations and the relevance of the biological nomad concept. Aust. J. Ecol. 8 (1983), 55–60.
245. Smith, T., Huston, M., A theory of the spatial and temporal dynamics of plant communities. Vegetatio 83 (1989), 49–69.
246. Snyder, J.R., The role of fire: Mutch ado about nothing. Oikos 43 (1984), 404–405.
247. Van Someren, V.G.L., Coryndon Memorial Museum expedition to the Chyulu Hills, April-July, 1938. Part 1. General Narrative. Jl E. Africa Uganda nat. Hist. Soc. 14 (1939), 1–14.
248. Stocker, G.C., Effects of fires on vegetation in the Northern Territory. Aust. For. 30 (1966), 223–230.
249. Stocker, G.C., Fertility differences between the surface soils of monsoon and eucalypt forests in the Northern Territory. Aust. For. Res. 4 (1969), 31–38.
250. Stocker, G.C., The age of charcoal from old jungle fowl nests and vegetation change on Melville Island. Search 2 (1971), 28–30.
251. Stocker, G.C., Regeneration of a north Queensland rainforest following felling and burning. Biotropica 13 (1981), 86–92.
252. Sugden, A.M., The vegetation of the Serrania de Macuira, Guajira, Colombia: a contrast of arid lowlands and an isolated cloud forest. J. Arnold Arbor. 63 (1982), 1–30.
253. Sutherland, J.P., Multiple stable points in natural communities. Am. Nat. 108 (1974), 859–873.
254. Svensson, G., Fossil plant communities and regeneration patterns on a raised bog in south Sweden. J. Ecol. 76 (1988), 41–59.
255. Tallis, J.H., Changes in wetland communities. Gore, A.J.P., (eds.) Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor: General Studies (Ecosystems of the World, 4A, 1983, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 311–347.
256. Tanaka, N., Tree invasion into patchy dwarf-bamboo thickets within a climax beech-fir forest in Japan. During, H.J., Werger, M.J.A., Willems, J.H., (eds.) Diversity and Pattern in Plant Communities, 1988, SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, 253–261.
257. Tilman, D., Wedin, D.A., Plant traits and resource reduction for five grasses growing on a nitrogen gradient. Ecology 72 (1991), 685–700.
258. Tilman, D., Wedin, D.A., Dynamics of nitrogen competition between successional grasses. Ecology 72 (1991), 1038–1049.
259. Tongway, D.J., Ludwig, J.A., Whitford, W.G., Mulga log mounds: Fertile patches in the semi-arid woodlands of eastern Australia. Aust. J. Ecol. 14 (1989), 263–268.
260. Tranquillini, W. Winter desiccation as the cause for alpine timberline Ed. by U. Benecke and M.R. Davis Mountain Environments and Subalpine Tree Growth 1980, pp. 263–267. Forest Research Institute, Technical Paper 70, NZ Forest Service, Wellington.
261. Tranquillini, W., Plank, A., Okophysiologische Untersuchungen an Rotbuchen (Fagus sylvatica L.) in verschiedenen Hohenlagen Nord- und Sudtirols. Zentbl. ges. Forstw. 106 (1989), 225–246.
262. Trapnell, C.G., Ecological results of woodland burning experiments in Northern Rhodesia. J. Ecol. 47 (1959), 129–168.
263. Trapnell, C.G., Friend, M.T., Chamberlain, G.T., Birch, H.F., The effects of fire and termites on a Zambian woodland soil. J. Ecol. 64 (1976), 577–588.
264. Troumbis, A.Y., Trabaud, L., Some questions about flammability in fire ecology. Acta Oecol., Oecol. Plant. 10 (1989), 167–175.
265. Trumble, H.C., Woodroffe, K., The influence of climatic factors on the reaction of desert shrubs to grazing by sheep. Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L., (eds.) Biology of Desert—the Proceedings of a Symposium on the Biology of Hot and Cold Deserts Organized by the Institute of Biology, 1954, Institute of Biology, London, 129–147.
266. Twomey, S., Precipitation by direct interception of cloud water. Weather, Lond. 12 (1957), 120–122.
267. Unwin, G.L., Structure and composition of the abrupt rainforest boundary in the Herberton Highland, north Queensland. Aust. J. Bot. 37 (1989), 413–428.
268. Unwin, G.L., Stocker, G.C., Sanderson, K.D., Fire and the forest ecotone in the Herberton highland, north Queensland. Proc. ecol. Soc. Aust 13 (1985), 215–224.
269. Vesey-Fitzgerald, D. Fire and animal impact on vegetation in Tanzania National Parks Proc. a. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 11 1972 297–317.
270. Vis, M., Interception, drop size distributions and rainfall kinetic energy in four Colombian forest ecosystems. Earth Surf. Processes Landf. 11 (1986), 591–603.
271. Vivrette, N.J., Muller, C.H., Mechanism of invasion and dominance of coastal grassland by Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Ecol. Monogr. 47 (1977), 301–318.
272. Vogelmann, H.W., Fog precipitation in the cloud forests of eastern Mexico. Bioscience 23 (1973), 96–100.
273. Vogelmann, H.W., Siccama, T., Leedy, D., Ovitt, D.C., Precipitation from fog moisture in the Green Mountains of Vermont. Ecology 49 (1968), 1205–1207.
274. Walker, D., Singh, G., Vegetation history. Groves, R.H., (eds.) Australian Vegetation, 1981, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 26–43.
275. Walker, D., Walker, P.M., Stratigraphic evidence of regeneration in some Irish bogs. J. Ecol. 49 (1961), 169–185.
276. Walker, T. W. 1965 The significance of phosphorus in pedogenesis. In: Experimental Pedology (Proceedings of the Eleventh Easter School in Agricultural Science, University of Nottingham) (Ed. by E.G. Hallsworth and D.V. Crawford), Butterworths, London 295–315.
277. Wallén, B., Falkengren-Grerup, U., Malmer, N., Biomass, productivity and relative rate of photosynthesis of Sphagnum at different water levels on a South Swedish peat bog. Holarct. Ecol. 11 (1988), 70–76.
278. Wardle, P., A comparison of alpine timber lines in New Zealand and North America. N.Z. Jl Bot. 3 (1965), 113–135.
279. Wardle, P., Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Engel.) at its upper limits on the Front Range, Colorado. Ecology 49 (1968), 483–495.
280. Wardle, P., Winter desiccation of conifer needles simulated by artificial freezing. Arctic Alpine Res. 13 (1981), 419–423.
281. Wardle, P., New Zealand timberlines. 1. Growth and survival of native and introduced species in the Craigeburn Range, Canterbury. N.Z. Jl Bot. 23 (1985), 219–234.
282. Wardle, P., New Zealand timberlines. 2. A study of forest limits in the Crow Valley near Arthur's Pass, Canterbury. N.Z. Jl Bot. 23 (1985), 235–261.
283. Warren, H.V., Delavault, R.E., Further studies of the biogeochemistry of molybdenum. Western Miner 38 (1965), 64–68.
284. Watson, J.P., A termite mound in an Iron Age burial ground in Rhodesia. J. Ecol. 55 (1967), 663–669.
285. Watt, A.S., Pattern and process in the plant community. J. Ecol. 35 (1947), 1–22.
286. Webb, W., Szarek, S., Lauenroth, W., Kinerson, R., Smith, M., Primary productivity and water-use in native forest, grassland and desert ecosystems. Ecology 59 (1978), 1239–1247.
287. Wedin, D.A., Tilman, D., Species effects on nitrogen cycling: a test with perennial grasses. Oecologia, Berl. 84 (1990), 433–441.
288. Welch, D., Studies in the grazing of heather moorland in north-east Scotland. V. Trends in Nardus stricta and other unpalatable graminoids. J. appl. Ecol. 23 (1986), 1047–1058.
289. Welch, D., Rawes, M., The early effects of excluding sheep from high-level grassland in the north Pennines. J. appl. Ecol. 1 (1964), 281–300.
290. West, O., Fire, man and wildlife as interacting factors limiting the development of vegetation in Rhodesia. Proc. a. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 11 (1972), 121–145.
291. Westoby, M., Elements of a theory of vegetation dynamics in arid rangelands. Israel J. Bot. 28 (1980), 169–194.
292. Westoby, M., Walker, B., Noy-Meir, I., Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium. J. Range Mgmt 42 (1989), 266–274.
293. White, L.P., Vegetation stripes on sheet wash surfaces. J. Ecol. 59 (1971), 615–622.
294. Whitehead, N.E., Brooks, R.R., Radioecological observations on plants of the lower Buller Gorge region of New Zealand and their significance for biogeochemical prospecting. J. appl. Ecol. 6 (1969), 301–310.
295. Whittaker, R.H., Communities and Ecosystems, 2nd Edn., 1975, Macmillan, New York.
296. Whittaker, R.H., Levin, S.A., (eds.) Niche: Theory and Application, 1975, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.
297. Whittaker, R.H., Woodwell, G.M., Evolution of natural communities. Wiens, J.A., (eds.) Ecosystem Structure and Function (Proc. 31st Annual Biology Colloquium, 1970, Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon, 137–155.
298. Wickens, G.E., Collier, F.W., Some vegetation patterns in the Republic of Sudan. Geoderma 6 (1971), 43–59.
299. Wild, H., The vegetation of Southern Rhodesian termitaria. Rhodesia agric. J. 49 (1952), 280–292.
300. Wild, H., Indigenous plants and chromium in Rhodesia. Kirkia 9 (1974), 233–240.
301. Williams, A.H., The threespot damselfish: a noncarnivorous keystone species. Am. Nat. 116 (1980), 138–142.
302. Williams, M.C., Effect of sodium and potassium salts on growth and oxalate content of halogeton. Pl. Physiol., Lancaster 35 (1960), 500–505.
303. Williamson, G.B., Allelopathy, Koch's postulates, and the neck riddle. Grace, J.B., Tilman, D., (eds.) Perspectives on Plant Competition, 1990, Academic Press, San Diego, 142–162.
304. Wilson, J.B., The effect of initial advantage on the course of plant competition. Oikos 51 (1988), 19–24.
305. Wilson, J.B., Mechanisms of species coexistence; twelve explanations for Hutchinson's “Paradox of the Plankton”: evidence from New Zealand plant communities. N.Z. Jl Ecol. 13 (1990), 117–142.
306. Wilson, K., The time factor in the development of dune soils at South Haven Peninsula, Dorset. J. Ecol. 48 (1960), 341–359.
307. Wilson, K.A., Fitter, A.H., The role of phosphorus in vegetational differentiation in a small valley mire. J. Ecol. 72 (1984), 463–473.
308. Wood, T.G., Food and feeding habits of termites. Brian, M.V., (eds.) Production Ecology of Ants and Termites, 1978, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 55–80.
309. Worrall, G.A., The Butana grass patterns. J. Soil Sci. 10 (1959), 34–53.
310. Wright, R.A., Mueller-Dombois, D., Relationships among shrub population structure, species associations, seedling root form and early volcanic succession, Hawaii. Werger, M.J.A., van der Aart, P.J.M., During, H.J., Verhoeven, J.T.A., (eds.) Plant Form and Vegetation Structure, 1988, SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, 87–104.
311. Yapp, R.H., Johns, D., The salt marshes of the Dovey Estuary. Part II. The salt marshes. J. Ecol. 5 (1917), 65–103.
312. Yarranton, G.A., Morrison, R.G., Spatial dynamics of a primary succession: nucleation. J. Ecol. 62 (1974), 417–428.
313. van Zinderen Bakker, E.M. Jr., Ecological investigations of forest communities in the Eastern Orange Free State and the adjacent Natal Drakensberg. Vegetatio 28 (1973), 299–334.