Terrestrial Plant Ecology and 15N Natural Abundance: The Present Limits to Interpretation for Uncultivated Systems with Original Data from a Scottish Old Field

Advances in Ecological Research

Volumn 27, Issue C, 1997, Pages 133-212

  Handley, L L ^a   Scrimgeour, C M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956777024     PISSN: 00652504     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60008-2     Document Type: Article

References (245)

1. Abbadie L., Mariotti A., and Menaut J.-C. Independence of savanna grasses from soil organic matter for their nitrogen supply. Ecology 73 (1992) 608-613
2. Allen M.F. The Ecology of Mycorrhizae. (1991), Cambridge University Press, New York
3. Allen S., and Raven J.A. Intracellular pH regulation in Ricinus communis grown with ammonium or nitrate as N source: the role of long-distance transport. J. Exp. Bot. 38 (1987) 580-596
4. Allen S., Raven J.A., and Sprent J.I. The role of long-distance transport in intracellular pH regulation in Phaseolus vulgaris grown with ammonium or nitrate as nitrogen source, or nodulated. J. Exp. Bot. 39 (1988) 513-528
5. Allison F.E. Forms of nitrogen assimilated by plants. Quart. Rev. Biol. 6 (1931) 313-321
6. Amberger A., and Schmidt H.-L. Natiirliche isotopengehalte von Niträt als Indikatoren für dessen Herkunft. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51 (1987) 2699-2705
7. Anderson L.S., and Mansfield T.A. The effects of nitric oxide pollution on the growth of tomato. Environ. Poll. 20 (1979) 113-121
8. 13C, methods for determining input and turnover in soils. In: Harrison A.F., and Ineson P. (Eds). Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems: Field Methods, Application and Interpretation (1990), Elsevier Applied Science, London 259-275
9. Androsoff G.L., van Kessel C., and Pennock D.J. Landscape-scale estimates of dinitrogen fixation by Pisum sativum by nitrogen-15 natural abundance and enriched isotope dilution. Biol. Fertil. Soils 20 (1994) 33-40
10. Arnebrant K., Ek H., Finlay R.D., and Soderstrom B. Nitrogen translocation between Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. seedlings inoculated with Frankia sp. and Pinus contorta Doug. ex Loud seedlings connected by a common ectomycorrhizal mycelium. New Phytol. 124 (1993) 231-242
11. Bååth E., and Söderström B. Fungal biomass and fungal immobilization of plant nutrients in Swedish coniferous forest soils. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Soil 16 (1979) 477-489
12. Badger M.R., and Price G.D. The role of carbonic anhydrase in photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 45 (1994) 369-392
13. 15N. Stable Isotopes in Plant Nutrition, Soil Fertility and Environmental Studies: Proc. Symp. Vienn, 1-5 October 1990 (1991), IAEA/FAO, Vienna 209-216 Anonymous
14. Barnes C.J., Jacobson G., and Smith G.D. The origin of high-nitrate ground waters in Australian arid zone. J. Hydrol. 137 (1992) 181-197
15. Belsky A.J., Amundson R.G., Duxbury J.M., Riha S.J., Ali A.R., and Mwonga S.M. The effects of trees on their physical, chemical, and biological environments in a semi-arid savanna in Kenya. J. Appl. Ecol. 26 (1989) 1005-1024
16. 15N) in decomposing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needle litter. Long-term decomposition in a Scots pine forest. VI. Can. J. Bot. 66 (1988) 1539-1546
17. Berg B., McClaugherty C., and Johansson M.-B. Litter mass-loss rates in late stages of decomposition at some climatically and nutritionally different pine sites. Long-term decomposition in a Scots pine forest. VIII. Can. J. Bot. 71 (1993) 680-692
18. Berg B., Berg M.P., Bottner P., Box E., Breymeyer A., De Anta R.C., Kratz W., Madeira M., Malkonen E., McCIaugherty C., et al. Litter mass loss rates in pine forests of Europe and Eastern United States: some relationships with climate and litter quality. Biogeochem. 20 (1993) 127-159
19. 15N in root nodules of Lupinus spp. Soil Biol. Biochem. 18 (1986) 97-101
20. Bergersen F.J., Peoples M.B., and Turner G.L. Isotopic discrimination during the accumulation of nitrogen by soybeans. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 15 (1988) 407-420
21. 15N natural abundance in the management of legume crops: roles and precautions. In: Gresshoff P.M., Roth L.E., Stacey G., and Newton W.E. (Eds). Nitrogen Fixation: Achievements and Objectives. Proc. 8th International Congress of Nitrogen Fixation. Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, May 20-26 1990 (1990), Chapman and Hall, New York 315-322
22. Biggar J.W. Spatial variability of nitrogen in soils. In: Nielsen D.R., and MacDonald J.G. (Eds). Nitrogen in the Environment (1978), Academic Press, New York 201-211
23. Binkley D., and Matson P. Ion exchange resin bag method for assessing forest soil nitrogen availability. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47 (1983) 1050-1052
24. Binkley D., Sollins P., and McGill W.B. Natural abundance of nitrogen-15 as a tool for tracing alder-fixed nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49 (1985) 444-447
25. 15N in the soil-water system of a small catchment area. Austr. J. Soil Sci. 15 (1977) 51-57
26. Blackmer A.M., and Bremner J.M. Nitrogen isotope discrimination in deni-trification of nitrate in soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 9 (1977) 73-77
27. Bottcher J., Strebel O., Voerkelius S., and Schmidt H.-L. Using isotope fractionation of nitrate-nitrogen and nitrate-oxygen for evaluation of microbial denitrification in a sandy aquifer. J. Hydrol. 114 (1990) 413-424
28. Bouwman L.A., Bloem J., van den Boogert P.H.J.F., Bremer F., Hoenderboom G.H.J., and de Ruiter P.C. Short-term and long-term effects of bacterivo-rous nematodes and nematophagous fungi on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in microcosms. Biol. Fertil. Soils 17 (1994) 249-256
29. Bremer E., and van Kessel C. Appraisal of the nitrogen-15 natural-abundance method for quantifying dinitrogen fixation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54 (1990) 404-411
30. 15N abundance. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25 (1993) 1197-1202
31. Broadbent F.E., Rauschkolb R.S., Lewis K.A., and Chang G.Y. Spatial variability of nitrogen-15 and total nitrogen in some virgin and cultivated soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 44 (1980) 524-527
32. Bronk D.A., Glibert P.M., and Ward B.B. Nitrogen uptake, dissolved organic nitrogen release, and new production. Science. 265 (1994) 1843-1846
33. In: Caldwell M.M., and Pearcy R.W. (Eds). Exploitation of Environmental Heterogeneity by Plants. (1995), Academic Press, San Diego
34. Chapin I F.S., Moilanen L., and Kielland K. Preferential use of organic nitrogen for growth by a non-mycorrhizal arctic sedge. Nature 361 (1993) 150-153
35. Cheng H.H., Bremner J.M., and Edwards A.P. Variations of nitrogen-15 abundance in soils. Science. 146 (1964) 1574-1575
36. Cliquet J.-B., and Stewart G.R. Ammonia assimilation in Zea mays L. infected with a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum. Plant Phys. 10 (1993) 865-871
37. Cornell S., Rendell A., and Jickells T. Atmospheric inputs of dissolved organic nitrogen to the oceans. Nature 376 (1995) 243-246
38. Côté B., Vogel C.S., and Dawson J.O. Autumnal changes in tissue nitrogen of autumn olive, black alder and eastern cottonwood. Plant Soil 118 (1989) 23-32
39. Coûteaux M.-M., Bottner P., and Berg B. Litter decomposition, climate and litter quality. Tree 10 (1995) 63-66
40. Crabtree R.C., and Bernston G.M. Root architectural responses of Betula lenta to spatially heterogeneous ammonium and nitrate. Plant Soil 158 (1994) 129-134
41. DeNiro M.J., and Epstein S. Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45 (1981) 341-351
42. de Ruiter P.C., Moore J.C., Zwart K.B., Bouwman L.A., Hassink J., Bloem J., de Vos J.A., Marinissen J.C.Y., Didden W.A.M., Lebbink G., et al. Simulation of nitrogen mineralization in the below-ground food webs of two winter wheat fields. J. Appl. Ecol. 30 (1993) 95-106
43. Delwiche C.C., and Steyn P.L. Nitrogen isotope fractionation in soils and microbial reactions. Environ. Sci. Tech. 4 (1970) 929-934
44. 3 efflux. J. Exp. Bot. 45 (1994) 667-676
45. 3 unidirectional fluxes and distribution within the tissues. J. Exp. Bot. 45 (1994) 677-684
46. 15N abundance. Plant Soil 118 (1989) 51-59
47. Doube B.M., Ryder M.H., Davoren C.W., and Stephens P.M. Enhanced root nodulation of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) by Rhizobium leguminosarium biovar trifolii in the presence of the earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoides (Lumbricidae). Biol. Fertil. Soils 18 (1994) 169-174
48. 15N in barley as influenced by prior cropping or fallow, nitrogen fertilizer and tillage. Austr. J. Agric. Res. 42 (1991) 723-733
49. 18O measurements. Nature 372 (1994) 765-767
50. Ehleringer J.R. Gas exchange implications of isotopic variation in arid-land plants. In: Smith J.A.C., and Griffiths H. (Eds). Water Deficits: Plant Responses from Cell to Community (1993), BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford 265-284
51. In: Ehleringer J.R., Hall A.E., and Farquhar G.D. (Eds). Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-Water Relations. (1993), Academic Press, San Diego, CA
52. Ellenberg H. Stickstoff als Standortsfaktor, insbesondere für mitteleuropais-che Pflanzengesellschaften. Oecol. Plant. 12 (1977) 1-22
53. Evans R.D., and Ehleringer J.R. Water and nitrogen dynamics in an arid woodland. Oecol. 99 (1994) 233-242
54. Farquhar G.D., and Richards R.A. Isotopic composition of plant carbon correlates with water-use efficiency of wheat genotypes. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 11 (1984) 539-552
55. Farquhar G.D., Wetselaar R., and Weir B. Gaseous nitrogen losses from plants. In: Freeney J.R., and Simpson J.R. (Eds). Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences (1983), Nijhoff, Den Hague 159-180
56. 15N abundance in nitrate mineralized during incubation of several Illinois soils. Soil Sci Soc. Amer. Proc. 38 (1974) 90-95
57. Feigin A., Shearer G., Kohl D.H., and Commoner B. The amount and nitrogen-15 content of nitrate in soil profiles from two Central Illinois fields in a corn-soybean rotation. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 38 (1974) 465-471
58. Fitter A.H. An architectural approach to the comparative ecology of plant root systems. New Phytologist 106 (1987) 61-77
59. Focht D.D. Isotope fractionation of 15-N and 14-N in microbiological nitrogen transformations: a theoretical model. J. Environ. Qual. 2 (1973) 247-252
60. Fogel M.L., and Cifuentes L.A. Isotope fractionation during primary production. In: Engel M.H., and Macko S.A. (Eds). Organic Geochemistry: Principles and Applications (1993), Plenum Press, New York 73-98
61. Fogel R. Roots as primary producers in below-ground ecosystems. In: Fitter A.H., Atkinson D., Read D.J., and Usher M.B. (Eds). Ecological Interactions in Soil (Special Publication of the British Ecological Society, No. 4) (1985), Blackwell, Oxford 23-36
62. Fogel R., and Hunt G. Fungal and arboreal biomass in a western Oregon Douglas-fir ecosystem. Can. J. Forest Res. 13 (1979) 219-232
63. Frey B., and Schüepp H. Acquisition of nitrogen by external hyphae of arbus-cular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Zea mays L. New Phytol. 124 (1993) 221-230
64. Freyer, H.D. and Aly, A.I.M. (1974). Nitrogen-15 studies on identifying fertilizer excess in environmental studies. In: Isotope Ratios as Pollutant Source and Behaviour Indicators - Proceedings of a Symposium (Ed. by IAEA/FAO), pp. 21-33. IAEA/FAO, Vienna.
65. 15N tracers to ecosystem experiments. In: Wada E., Yoneyama T., Minagawa M., Ando T., and Fry B.D. (Eds). Stable Isotopes in the Biosphere (1995), Kyoto University Press, Kyoto 171-192
66. Gainey P.L. The significance of nitrification as a factor in soil fertility. Soil Science 3 (1917) 399-416
67. Garcia-Mendez G., Maass J., Matson P.A., and Vitousek P.M. Nitrogen transformations and nitrous oxide flux in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico. Oecol. 88 (1991) 362-366
68. Garten Jr. C.T. Nitrogen isotope composition of ammonium and nitrate in bulk precipitation and forest throughfall. Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 47 (1992) 33-45
69. 15N abundance and the availability of soil nitrogen on walker branch watershed. Ecology. 74 (1993) 2098-2113
70. 15N abundance in plant foliage from Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Can. J. Forest Res. 24 (1994) 1636-1645
71. Gebauer G., and Dietrich P. Nitrogen isotope ratios in different compartments of a mixed stand of spruce, larch and beech trees and of understorey vegetation including fungi. Isotopes Environ. Health Stud. 29 (1993) 35-44
72. Gebauer G., and Schulze E.-D. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in different compartments of a healthy and a declining Picea forest in the Fichtelgebirge, NE Bavaria. Oecol. 87 (1991) 198-207
73. Gebauer G., Giesemann A., Schulze E.-D., and Jäger H.-J. Isotope ratios and concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen in needles and soils of Picea abies stands as influenced by atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen compounds. Plant Soil 164 (1994) 267-281
74. 13C content of primary and secondary plant products in different cell compartments and that in decomposing Basidiomycetes. Plant Physiol. 102 (1993) 1287-1290
75. Goericke R., Montoya J.P., and Fry B. Physiology of isotopic fractionation in algae and cyanobacteria. In: Lajtha K., and Michener R.H. (Eds). Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science (1994), Blackwell Scientific Publications, London 187-221
76. Goovaerts P., and Chiang C.N. Temporal persistence of spatial patterns for mineralizable nitrogen and selected soil properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 57 (1993) 372-381
77. Grime J.P., Hodgson J.G., and Hunt R. Comparative Plant Ecology: A Functional Approach to Common British Species. (1988), Unwin Hyman, London
78. Groffman P.M., Zak D.R., Christensen S., Mosier A., and Tiedje J.M. Early spring nitrogen dynamics in a temperate forest landscape. Ecology. 74 (1993) 1579-1585
79. 15N natural abundance of forest soils. Pedosphere 1 (1991) 277-281
80. Handley L.L., and Raven J.A. The use of natural abundance of nitrogen isotopes in plant physiology and ecology. Plant Cell Environ. 15 (1992) 965-985
81. 13C values of Eucalyptus globulus and Ricinus communis. Plant Cell Environ. 16 (1993) 375-382
82. 13C) in barley. J. Exp. Bot. 45 (1994) 1661-1663
83. 13C patterns in savanna vegetation: dependence on water availability and disturbance. Funct. Ecol. 8 (1994) 306-314
84. Handley L.L., Raven J.A., Brendel O., Schmidt S., Erskine P., Turnbull M., and Stewart G.R. Natural abundance fractionations of N and C in field-collected fungi. Presented at Stable Isotopes Mass Spectroscopy Users Group, Llandudno, Wales, 13 January 1996. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectr. 10 (1996) 974-978
85. 15N correlates with genotype and stress in barley. Planta 200 (1996) (in press).
86. 2 fixation of understorey legumes in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) forest in S.W. Australia. J. Exp. Bot. 38 (1987) 1446-1458
87. Hatch D.J., and Murray P.J. Transfer of nitrogen from damaged roots of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to closely associated roots of intact perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Plant Soil 166 (1994) 181-185
88. Hauck R.D., Bartholomew W.V., Bremner J.M., Broadbent F.E., Cheng H.H., Edwards A.P., Keeney D.R., Legg J.O., Olsen S.R., and Porter L.K. Use of variations in natural nitrogen isotope abundance for environmental studies: A questionable approach. Science 177 (1972) 453-454
89. Heaton T.H.E. Isotopic and chemical aspects of nitrate in the groundwater of the Springbok Flats. Water, S. Africa 11 (1985) 199-208
90. Heaton T.H.E. Isotopic studies of nitrogen pollution in the hydrosphere and atmosphere: a review. Chem. Geol. (Isotope Geoscience Section) 59 (1986) 87-102
91. Heaton T.H.E., and Crossley A. Carbon isotope variations in a plantation of Sitka spruce, and the effect of acid mist. Oecol. 103 (1995) 109-117
92. Heaton T.H.E., Talma A.S., and Vogel J.C. Origin and history of nitrate in confined groundwater in the western Kalahari. J. Hydrol. 62 (1983) 243-262
93. Heaton T.H.E., Spiro B., and Robertson S.M.C. Potential canopy influences on the isotopic composition of nitrogen and sulphur in atmospheric deposition. Oecologia (1996) in press.
94. Hedin L.O. Stable isotopes, unstable forest. Nature 372 (1994) 725-726
95. Hellebust J.A. Extracellular products. In: Stewart W.D.P. (Ed). Algal Physiology and Biochemistry (1974), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 838-863
96. 15N extracts. Ground Water 31 (1993) 376-382
97. Herman D.J., and Rundel P.W. Nitrogen isotope fractionation in burned and unburned chapparal soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 53 (1989) 1229-1236
98. 15N) suggests gender-linked differences in water and N use. Botan. J. Scotland 48 (1996) 209-224
99. Hoch M.P., Fogel M.L., and Kirchman D.L. Isotope fractionation associated with ammonium uptake by marine bacterium. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37 (1992) 1447-1459
100. Hoch M.P., Fogel M.L., and Kirchman D.L. Isotope fractionation during ammonium uptake by marine microbial assemblages. Geomicrobiol. 12 (1994) 113-127
101. 15N natural abundance as a possible marker of the ectomycor- rhizal habit of trees in mixed African woodlands. New Phytol. 115 (1990) 483-486
102. 15N abundance and foliar analysis. J. Ecol. 83 (1995) 217-224
103. 15N abundance of forests is correlated with losses of nitrogen. Plant Soil 157 (1993) 147-150
104. 15N labelling of available N. New Phytol. 127 (1994) 515-519
105. 13C as tools in retrospective studies of N balances and water stress in forests: A discussion of preliminary results. Plant Soil 168-169 (1995) 125-133
106. 15N abundance methods at different nitrogen application rates and defoliation frequencies. Plant Soil 166 (1994) 153-163
107. Hübner C., Redl G., and Wurst F. In situ methodology for studying N-min- eralization in soils using anion exchange resins. Soil Biol. Biochem. 23 (1991) 701-702
108. Hutchings M.J., and de Kroon H. Foraging in plants: the role of morphological plasticity in resource acquisition. Adv. Ecol. Res. 25 (1994) 159-237
109. Ingelög T., and Nohrstedt H.-O. Ammonia formation and soil pH increase caused by decomposing fruitbodies of macrofungi. Oecol. 93 (1993) 449-451
110. Jackson L.E., Schimel J.P., and Firestone M.K. Short-term partitioning of ammonium and nitrate between plants and microbes in an annual grassland. Soil Biol. Biochem. 21 (1989) 409-415
111. 15N abundance of soils and plants along an experimentally induced forest nitrogen supply gradient. Oecol. 97 (1994) 322-325
112. Johnson H.B., and Mayeux Jr. H.S. Prosopis glandulosa and the nitrogen balance of rangelands: extent and occurrence of nodulation. Oecol. 84 (1990) 176-185
113. Karamanos R.E., and Rennie D.A. Nitrogen isotope fractionation during ammonium exchange reactions with soil clay. Can. J. Soil Sci. 58 (1978) 53-60
114. 15N abundance associated with pedogenic processes in soil. II. changes on different slope positions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 60 (1980) 365-372
115. Karamanos R.E., Voroney R.P., and Rennie D.A. Variation in natural N-15 abundance of central Saskatchewan soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 45 (1981) 826-828
116. Kielland K. Amino acid absorption by Arctic plants: implications for plant nutrition and nitrogen cycling. Ecology. 75 (1994) 2373-2383
117. Kim K.-R., and Craig H. Nitrogen-15 and oxygen-18 characteristics of nitrous oxide: a global perspective. Science 262 (1993) 1855-1857
118. Knight J.D., Verhees F., van Kessel C., and Slinkard A.E. Does carbon isotope discrimination correlate with biological nitrogen fixation?. Plant Soil 153 (1993) 151-153
119. 3 by plants. Plant Physiol. 66 (1980) 51-56
120. 2 fixation and N cycling by Dryas along a chronosequence within the forelands of the Athabasca Glacier, Canada. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26 (1994) 623-632
121. Komor S.C., and Anderson Jr. H.W. Nitrogen isotopes as indicators of NO3 sources in Minnesota sand-plain aquifers. Ground Water 31 (1993) 260-269
122. Lajtha K., and Marshall J.D. Sources of variation in the stable isotopic composition of plants. In: Lajtha K., and Michener R.H. (Eds). Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science (1994), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1-21
123. Lajtha K., and Schlesinger W.H. Plant response to variations in nitrogen availability in a desert shrubland community. Biogeochem. 2 (1986) 29-37
124. Lau L.S., Young R.H.F., Konno S.K., Olnall R.J., and Lee H.H. Wet-weather Water Quality Monitoring: Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. (1975), Water Resources Research Center, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
125. 15N in the profiles of some Australian pasture soils. Austr. J. Soil Res. 22 (1984) 155-164
126. Ledgard S.F., Woo K.C., and Bergersen F.J. Isotopic fractionation during reduction of nitrate and nitrite by extracts of spinach leaves. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 12 (1985) 631-640
127. Lee J.A., and Stewart G.R. Ecological aspects of nitrogen assimilation. Adv. Bot. Res. 6 (1978) 2-43
128. MacKerron D.K.L. Meteorological records. 1993 Annual Report (1994), Scottish Crop Research Institute. Invergowrie, Dundee 171
129. Macko S.A., and Estep M.L.F. Microbial alteration of stable nitrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of organic matter. Org. Geochem. 6 (1984) 787-790
130. Macko S., and Ostrom N.E. Pollution studies using stable isotopes. In: Lajtha K., and Michener R.H. (Eds). Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science (1994), Blackwell Scientific Publications, London 45-62
131. Macko S.A., Estep M.L., Engel M.H., and Hare P.E. Kinetic fractionation of stable isotopes during amino acid transamination. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50 (1986) 2143-2146
132. Macko S., Fogel M.L., Hare P.E., and Hoering T.C. Isotopic fractionation of nitrogen and carbon in the synthesis of amino acids by microorganisms. Chem. Geol. 65 (1987) 79-92
133. Madhavan S., Markwell J.P., and O'Leary. Correlation between leaf chlorophyll content and carbon isotope fractionation in field grown soybean genotypes. Plant Physiol. 108 (1995) 89
134. Mariotti A., Mariotti F., Amarger N., Pizelle G., Ngambi J.-M., Champigny M.-L., and Moyse A. Fractionnements isotopiques de l'azote lors des processus d'absorption des nitrates et de fixation de l'azote atmosphérique par les plantes. Physiol. Veg. 18 (1980) 163-181
135. Mariotti A., Pierre D., les Bains T., Vedy J.C., Bruckert S., and Guillemot J. The abundance of natural nitrogen-15 in the organic matter of soils along an altitudinal gradient (Chalais, Haute Savoie, France). Catena 7 (1980) 293-300
136. Mariotti A., German J.C., Hubert P., Kaiser P., Letolle R., and Tardieux A. Experimental determination of nitrogen kinetic isotopes fractionation: some principles. Illustration for the denitrification and nitrification processes. Plant Soil 62 (1981) 413-430
137. Mariotti A., Martiotti F., Champigny M.-L., Amarger N., and Moyse A. Nitrogen isotope fractionation associated with nitrate reductase activity and uptake of nitrate by pearl millet Pennisetum spp. Plant Phys. (Bethesda) 69 (1982) 880-884
138. 15N isotope bigeochemistry and natural denitrification process in groundwater: application to the chalk aquifer of northern France. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52 (1988) 1869-1878
139. Martin F., and Botton B. Nitrogen metabolism of ectomycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhiza. Adv. Plant Pathol. 9 (1993) 83-102
140. 15N-NMR study. New Phytol. 128 (1994) 479-485
141. 2. Nature 347 (1995) 277-279
142. Medina, R., Olleros, T. and Schmidt, H.-L. (1982). Isotope effects on each, C- and N-atoms, as a tool for the elucidation of enzyme catalyzed amide hydrolyses. In: Stable Isotopes: Proceedings 4th International Conference, Julich, March 23-26, 1981 (Ed. by H.-L. Schmidt, H. Forstel and K. Heinzinger), pp. 77-82. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
143. Melillo J.M., Aber J.D., Linkins A.E., Ricca A., Fry B., and Nadelhoffer K.J. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics along the decay continuum: plant litter to soil organic matter. Plant Soil. 115 (1989) 189-198
144. 15N abundance in soil, leaves, and grain as influenced by long term additions of fertilizer N at several rates. J. Environ. Qual. 4 (1975) 486-490
145. 15N natural abundance method. Plant Soil 160 (1994) 249-257
146. 15N abundance of subarctic plants provides field evidence that ericoid, ectomycorrhizal and non-arbuscular mycorrhizal species access different sources of soil nitrogen. Oecol. 105 (1996) 53-63
147. Millard P. The accumulation and storage of nitrogen by herbaceous plants. Plant, Cell Environ. 11 (1988) 1-8
148. Millard P., and Proe M.F. Storage and internal cycling of nitrogen in relation to seasonal growth of Sitka spruce. Tree Physiol. 10 (1992) 33-43
149. 15N and animal age. Goechim. Cosmochim. Acta 48 (1984) 1135-1140
150. Murray P.J., and Hatch D.J. Sitona weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as agents for rapid transfer of nitrogen from white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Ann. Appl. Biol. 125 (1994) 29-33
151. Nadelhoffer K.J., and Fry B. Controls on natural nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 abundances in forest soil organic matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 52 (1988) 1633-1640
152. Nadelhoffer K.J., and Fry B. Nitrogen isotope studies in forest ecosystems. In: Lajtha K., and Michener R.H. (Eds). Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science (1994), Blackwell Scientific Publications, London 22-44
153. 15N natural abundances and N use by tundra plants. Oecol. 107 (1995) 386-394
154. Näsholm T. Removal of nitrogen during needle senescence in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Oecol. 99 (1994) 290-296
155. Nömmik H., Pluth D.J., Larsson K., and Mahendrappa M.K. Isotopic frac-tionation accompanying fertilizer nitrogen transformations in soil and trees of a Scots pine ecosystem. Plant Soil 158 (1994) 169-182
156. Northup R.R., Yu Z., Dahlgren R.A., and Vogt K.A. Polyphenol control of nitrogen release from pine litter. Nature 377 (1995) 227-229
157. O'Leary M. Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. Bio Sci. 38 (1988) 328-336
158. Okano K., Komaki S., and Matsuo K. Remobilization of nitrogen from vegetative parts to sprouting shoots of young tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants. Japanese J. Crop Sci. 63 (1994) 125-130
159. 15N in the marine environment. Advances in Marine Biology 24 (1987) 389-451
160. Owens N.J.P., and Rees A.P. Determination of nitrogen-15 at sub-microgram levels of nitrogen using automated continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrome-try. Analyst. 144 (1989) 1655-1657
161. 15N in the halophyte, Salicornia virginica, associated with groundwater subsidies of nitrogen in a southern California salt-marsh. Oecol. 104 (1995) 181-188
162. Palm C.A., and Sanchez P.A. Nitrogen release from the leaves of some tropical legumes as affected by their lignin and polyphenolic contents. Soil Biol. Biochem. 23 (1991) 83-88
163. 2-fixing abilities of component species. Plant Cell Environ. 16 (1993) 365-373
164. 2 fixation by crop and pasture legumes in south-west Australia. Austr. J. Agric. Res. 45 (1994) 133-147
165. Pearson J., and Ji Y.-M. Seasonal variation of leaf glutamine synthetase iso-forms in temperate deciduous trees strongly suggests different function for the enzymes. Plant, Cell Environ. 17 (1994) 1331-1337
166. Pearson J., and Stewart G.R. The deposition of atmospheric ammonia and its effects on plants. Tansley Review No. 56. New Phytol. 125 (1993) 283-305
167. 15N in soils along forest-to-pasture chronosequences in the western Brazilian Amazon Basin. Oecol. 99 (1994) 112-117
168. Preston T., and McMillan D.C. Rapid sample throughput for biomedical stable isotope tracer studies. Biomed. Environ. Mass Spectrom. 16 (1988) 229-235
169. Raven J.A. Acquisition of nitrogen by the shoots of land plants: its occurrence and implications for acid-base regulation. New Phytol. 109 (1988) 1-20
170. Raven J.A., and Farquhar G.D. The influence of N metabolism and organic acid synthesis on the natural abundance of isotopes of carbon in plants. New Phytol. 116 (1990) 505-529
171. Raven J.A., Allen S., and Griffiths H. N-source, transpiration rate and stom- atal aperture. In: Cram W.J., Janacek K., Rybova R., and Sigler K. (Eds). Ricinus in Membrane Transport in Plants (1984), Academia, Prague 161-162
172. Raven J.A., Wollenweber B., and Handley L.L. Ammonia and ammonium fluxes between photolithotrophs and the environment in relation to the global nitrogen cycle. New Phytol. 121 (1992) 5-18
173. Raven J.A., Wollenweber B., and Handley L.L. A comparison of ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen sources for photolithotrophs. New Phytol. 121 (1992) 19-32
174. Raven J.A., Wollenweber B., and Handley L.L. The quantitative role of ammonia/ammonium transport and metabolism by plants in the global nitrogen cycle. Physiol. Plantar. 89 (1993) 512-518
175. Read D.J. Mycorrhizas in ecosystems - nature's response to "The Law of the Minimum". In: Hawksworth D.L. (Ed). Frontiers in Mycology (1991), CAB International, Cambridge
176. Rice E.L., and Pancholy S.K. Inhibition of nitrification by climax vegetation. Am. J. Bot. 59 (1972) 1033-1040
177. Riga A., van Praag H.J., and Brigode N. Rapport isotopique naturel de l'azote dans quelques sols forestiers et agricoles de belgique soumis a divers traitements culturaux. Geoderma 6 (1971) 213-222
178. Robertson G.P., and Gross K.L. Assessing the heterogeneity of belowground resources: quantifying pattern and scale. In: Caldwell M.M., and Pearcy R.W. (Eds). Exploitation of Environmental Heterogeneity by Plants: Ecophysiological Processes Above- and Belowground. (1994), Academic Press, San Diego 237-253
179. Robinson D., Linehan D.J., and Caul S. What limits nitrate uptake from soil?. Plant, Cell Environ. 14 (1991) 77-85
180. Rogers H.H., Campbell J.C., and Volk R.J. Nitrogen-15 dioxide uptake and incorporation by Phaseolus vulgaris (L.). Science 206 (1979) 333-335
181. Rogers H.H., Jeffries H.E., and Witherspoon A.M. Measuring air pollutant uptake by plants: Nitrogen dioxide. J. Environ. Qual. 8 (1979) 551-557
182. 2 reduction rates. Plant Soil 59 (1981) 201-206
183. Ryckert R., Skujins J., Sorensen D., and Porcella D. Nitrogen fixation by lichens and free-living microorganisms in deserts. In: West N.E., and Skujins J. (Eds). Nitrogen in Desert Ecosystems (1978), Dowden, Stroudsburg, PA 20-30
184. Sandhu J., Sinha M., and Ambasht R.S. Nitrogen release from decomposing litter of Leucaena leucocephala in the dry tropics. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22 (1990) 859-863
185. Schimel J.P., Jackson L.E., and Firestone M.K. Spatial and temporal effects on plant-microbial competition for inorganic nitrogen in a California annual grassland. Soil Biol. Biochem. 21 (1989) 1059-1066
186. Schmidt, H.-L. and Voerkelius, S. (1989). Origin and isotope effects of oxygen in compounds of the nitrogen cycle. Proceedings 5th Working Meeting. Isotopes in Nature. Leipzig, September 1989, pp. 613-624.
187. Schulze E.-D. Air pollution and forest decline in a spruce (Picea abies) forest. Science 244 (1989) 776-783
188. Schulze E.-D., Chapin III F.S., and Gebauer G. Nitrogen nutrition and isotope differences among life forms at the northern treeline of Alaska. Oecol. 100 (1994) 406-412
189. Schulze E.-D., Gebauer G., Schulze W., and Pate J.S. The utilization of nitrogen from insect capture by different growth forms of Drosera from Southwest Australia. Oecol 87 (1991) 240-246
190. Schulze E.-D., Gebauer G., Ziegler H., and Lange O.L. Estimates of nitrogen fixation by trees on an aridity gradient in Namibia. Oecol. 88 (1991) 451-455
191. 15N of insects on raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). Isotopes Environ. Health. Stud. 31 (1995) 107-115
192. Selles F., Karamanos R.E., and Kachanoski R.G. The spatial variability of nitrogen-15 and its relation to the variability of other soil properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.J. 50 (1986) 105-110
193. 15N abundance. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 13 (1986) 699-756
194. 15N natural abundance method. In: Rundel P.W., Ehleringer J.R., and Nagy K.A. (Eds). Stable Isotopes in Ecological Research (1989), Springer-Verlag., New York 343-374
195. Shearer G., Kohl D.H., and Chien S.-H. The nitrogen-15 abundance in a wide variety of soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 42 (1978) 899-902
196. 15N in Sonoran Desert ecosystems. Oecol. 56 (1983) 365-373
197. Shearer G., Schneider J.D., and Kohl D.H. Separating the efflux and influx components of net nitrate uptake by Synechococcus R2 under steady-state conditions. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137 (1991) 1179-1184
198. Smirnoff N., and Stewart G.R. Nitrate assimilation and translocation by higher plants: comparative physiology and ecological consequences. Physiol. Plantar. 64 (1985) 133-140
199. Srivastava A.K., and Ambasht R.S. Biomass, production, decomposition of and N release from root nodules in two Casuarina equisetifolia plantations in Sonbhadra, India. J. Appl. Ecol. 32 (1995) 121-127
200. 15N. Isotopes Environ. Health Stud. 29 (1993) 85-92
201. Stephens P.M., Davoren C.W., Doube B.M., and Ryder M.H. Ability of the earthworms Aporrectodea rosea and Aporrectodea trapezoides to increase plant growth and the foliar concentration of elements in wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Spear) in a sandy loam soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils 18 (1994) 150-154
202. Stevenson F.C., Knight J.D., and van Kessel C. Dinitrogen fixation in pea: controls at the landscape- and micro-scale. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 59 (1995) 1603-1611
203. Stewart C.R., Mann A.F., and Fentem P.A. Enzymes of glutamate formation: glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase. In: Miflin B.J. (Ed). The Biochemistry of Plants (1980), Academic Press, New York 271-327
204. Stewart G.R., Hegarty E.E., and Specht R.L. Inorganic nitrogen assimilation in plants of Australian rainforest communities. Physiol. Plantar. 74 (1988) 26-33
205. Stewart G.R., Pate J.S., and Unkovich M.J. Characteristics of inorganic nitrogen assimilation of plants in fire-prone Mediterranean-type vegetation. Plant, Cell Environ. 16 (1993) 351-363
206. 15N natural abundance of vascular rainforest epiphytes: implications for nitrogen source and acquisition. Plant, Cell Environment 18 (1994) 85-90
207. 15N natural abundance. Oecol. 101 (1995) 375-382
208. Sutherland R.A., van Kessel C., Farrell R.E., and Pennock D.J. Landscape-scale variations in plant and soil nitrogen-15 natural abundance. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 57 (1993) 169-178
209. Sutton M.A., Pitcairn C.E.R., and Fowler D. The exchange of ammonia between the atmosphere and plant-communities. Adv. Ecol. Res. 24 (1993) 301-393
210. Thornton B., Millard P., and Tyler M.R. Effects of nitrogen supply on the seasonal remobilization of nitrogen in Ulex europaeus L. New Phytol. 130 (1995) 557-563
211. Tobita S., Ito O., Matsunaga R., Rao T.P., Rego T.J., Johansen C., and Yoneyama T. Field evaluation of nitrogen fixation and use of nitrogen fertilizer by sorghum/pigeonpea intercropping on an alfisol in the Indian semi-arid tropics. Biol. Fertil. Soils 17 (1994) 241-248
212. 3 activities in the liverwort Conocephalum conicum L. at rest and during action potentials. Plant Physiol. 106 (1994) 1073-1084
213. Treseder K.K., Davidson D.W., and Ehleringer J.R. Absorption of ant-provided carbon dioxide and nitrogen by a tropical epiphyte. Nature 375 (1995) 137-139
214. Turner G.L., and Gibson A.H. Measurement of nitrogen fixation by indirect means. In: Bergersen F.J. (Ed). Methods for Evaluating Biological Nitrogen Fixation (1980), John Wiley and Sons, Chichester 111-138
215. 15N in extractable mineral nitrogen of cropped and fallowed surface soils. Austr. J. Agric. Res. 38 (1987) 15-25
216. 15 N natural abundance method in field estimates of nitrogen fixation by crop and pasture legumes in south-west Australia. Austr. J. Agric. Res. 45 (1994) 119-132
217. van Kessel C., Farrell R.E., and Pennock D.J. Carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 natural abundance in crop residues and soil organic matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58 (1994) 382-389
218. 15N in an established stand of Leucaena leucocephala. Soil Biol. Biochem. 26 (1994) 757-762
219. van Kessel C., Singleton P.W., and Hoben H.J. Enhanced N-transfer from a soybean to maize by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Plant Physiol. 79 (1985) 562-563
220. Velinsky D.J., Fogel M.L., Todd J.F., and Bradley M.T. Isotopic fractiona-tion of dissolved ammonium at the oxygen-hydrogen sulfide interface in anoxic waters. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18 (1991) 649-652
221. Virginia R.A., and Jarrell W.M. Soil properties in a mesquite-dominated Sonoran Desert ecosystem. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 47 (1983) 138-144
222. Vitousek P.M., and Matson P.A. Mechanisms of nitrogen retention in forest ecosystems: a field experiment. Science. 225 (1984) 51-52
223. 15N natural abundances in Hawaiian rainforest: patterns and possible mechanisms. Oecol. 78 (1989) 383-388
224. Vogel J.C., Talma A.S., and Heaton T.H.E. Gaseous nitrogen as evidence for denitrification in groundwater. J. Hydrol. 50 (1981) 191-200
225. 15N abundance in nitrogen of naturally occurring substances and global assessment of denitrification from isotopic viewpoint. Geochem. J. 9 (1975) 139-148
226. Wada E., Mizutani H., and Minagawa M. The use of stable isotopes for food web analysis. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 30 (1991) 361-371
227. Wada E., Ando T., and Kumazawa K. Biodiversity of stable isotope ratios. In: Wada E., Yoneyama T., Minagawa M., Ando T., and Fry B. (Eds). Stable Isotopes in the Biosphere (1995) 7-16
228. Wedin D.A., Tieszen L.L., Dewey B., and Pastor J. Carbon isotope dynamics during grass decomosition and soil organic matter formation. Ecol. 76 (1995) 1383-1392
229. Wendler R., Carvalho P.O., Pereira J.S., and Millard P. The role of nitrogen remobilisation from old leaves for the growth of Eucalyptus globulus. Tree Physiol. 15 (1995) 679-683
230. Wheeler C.T., and Dickson J.H. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation and distribution of Spartocytisus supranubius on Las Canadas, Tenerife. Vieraea 19 (1990) 309-314
231. Wheeler C.T., Perry D.A., Helgerson O., and Gordon J.C. Winter fixation of nitrogen in Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius L.). New Phytol. 82 (1979) 697-701
232. Wheeler C.T., Helgerson O.T., Perry D.A., and Gordon J.C. Nitrogen fixation and biomass accumulation in plant communities dominated by Cytisus scoparius in Oregon and Scotland. J. Appl. Ecol. 24 (1987) 231-237
233. Wheeler P.A. Phytoplankton nitrogen metabolism. In: Carpenter E.J., and Capone D.G. (Eds). Nitrogen in the Marine Environment (1983), Academic Press, New York 309-346
234. Yoneyama T. Nitrogen metabolism and fractionation of nitrogen isotopes in plants. In: Wada E., Yoneyama T., Minagawa M., Ando T., and Fry B.D. (Eds). Stable Isotopes in the Biosphere (1995), Kyoto University Press, Kyoto 92-102
235. 15N in nitrogenous fractions of komatsuna plants supplied with nitrate. Plant Cell Physiol. 30 (1989) 957-962
236. 15N abundance in Frankio-infected nodules. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 37 (1991) 741-743
237. 2 fixation in legume-rhizobia symbiotic system. Plant Cell Physiology 27 (1986) 791-799
238. 15N abundance of crops and soils in Japan with special reference to the effect of soil conditions and fertilizer application. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 36 (1990) 667-675
239. 2-fixing plants in Thailand. Plant and Soil 128 (1990) 287-292
240. Yoneyama T., Omata T., Nakata S., and Yazaki J. Fractionation of nitrogen isotopes during the uptake and assimilation of ammonia by plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 32 (1991) 1211-1217
241. 2 fixation by stem-nodulating plants in upland and paddy fields. Soil Sci. Plant Nutrition 37 (1991) 75-82
242. Yoneyama T., Kamachi K., Yamaya T., and Mae T. Fractionation of nitrogen isotopes by glutamine synthetase isolated from spinach leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 34 (1993) 489-491
243. 2O as a product of nitrification. Nature 335 (1988) 528-529
244. Young R.H.F., Lau L.S., Konno S.K., and Lee H.H. Water quality monitoring: Kaneohe Bay and Selected Watershed, July to December 1975. (1976), Water Resources Research Center, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
245. Zak D.R., Groffman P.M., Pregitzer K.S., Christensen S., and Tiedje J.M. The vernal dam: plant-microbe competition for nitrogen in northern hardwood forests. Ecology. 71 (1990) 651-656