Chapter 2 Linking legacies of the Cold War to arrival of anthropogenic radionuclides in the oceans through the 20th century

Radioactivity in the Environment

Volumn 6, Issue C, 2005, Pages 23-78

  Hamilton, T F ^a  

^a LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956763595     PISSN: 15694860     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1569-4860(05)80003-8     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. 238Pu to the oceans. Inventories of Selected Radionuclides in the Oceans. IAEA-TECDOC-481 (1988), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna 103-138
2. Aarkrog A. Radioactivity in the polar regions-main sources. In: Strand P., and Holm E. (Eds). Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic (1993), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østers, Norway 15-34
3. Aarkrog A., Dahlgaard H., Hallstadius L., Hansen H., and Holm E. Radiocesium from Sellafield effluents in Greenland water. Nature 304 (1983) 49-51
4. Aarkrog A., Dahlgaard H., Nilsson K., and Holm E. Further studies of plutonium and americium at Thule, Greenland. Health Physics 46 (1984) 29-44
5. Aarkrog A., Boellskifte S., Dahlgaard H., Duniec S., Holm E., and Smith J.N. Studies of transuranics in an Arctic marine environment. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 1115 (1987) 39-50
6. (71 pp.). Aarkrog A., Simmonds J., Strand P., Christensen G., and Salbu B. Radiological assessment of past, present and potential sources to environmental contamination in the Southern Urals and strategies for remedial measures. December 2000. SUCON, Risø-R-1243 (EN) (2000), RisøNational Laboratory, Roskilde
7. Adams C.E., Farlow N.H., and Schell W.R. The compositions, structure and origins of radioactive fall-out particles. Geochimica et Cosmoschimica Acta 18 (1960) 42-56
8. AMAP (1998). Radioactivity. In P. Strand, M. Balonoc, A. Aarkrog, M. J. Bewers, B. Howard, A. Salo & Y. S. Tsaturov (Eds), AMAP Assessment Program Arctic Pollution Issues, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) (Ch. 8, pp. 525-610). Oslo, Norway.
9. 238Pu concentrations in sediments from the Ob and Yenisey Rivers and the Kara Sea. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 46 (1995) 1109-1119
10. (179 pp.). Baumgartner A., and Reichel E. World Water Balance: Mean, Annual Global, Continental and Maritime Precipitation, Evaporation and Run-off (1975), Elsevier, New York
11. Baxter M.S., McKinley I.G., Mackenzie A.B., and Jack W. Windscale radiocesium in the Clyde Sea area. Marine Pollution Bulletin 10 (1979) 116-120
12. Baxter M.S., Ballestra S., Gastaud J., Hamilton T.F., Harms I., Huynh-Ngoc L., Liong Wee-Kwong L., Osvath I., Parsi P., Petterssen H., Povinec P.P., and Sanchez A. Marine radioactivity studies in the vicinity of sites with potential radionuclide releases. International Symposium on Environmental Impact of Radioactive Releases, International Atomic Energy Agency. (IAEA). Vienna, Austria, 8-12 May, 1995 (1995)
13. Beck H.L., and Krey P.W. Radiation exposure in Utah from Nevada nuclear tests. Science 220 (1983) 18-24
14. (78 pp.). Sweden. Bergman R., and Baklanov A. Radioactive sources of main radiological concern in the Kola-Barents region. Defense Research Establishment. FOA-B-98-00343-861-SE (1998)
15. Betis J. Impact of the La Hague reprocessing plant on the surrounding environment. In: Volke H., and Pretre S. (Eds). Environmental Impact of Nuclear Installations. Les Ulis Cedex A (1993), Les Éditions de Physique, France 33-36
16. Bol'shakov V.N., Aleksakhin R.M., Bol'shov L.A., Chukanov V.N., Kochetkov L.A., Petukhov V.I., and Tsyb A.F. Conclusion of the Commission for Evaluating the Ecological Situation in the Sphere of Influence of the Industrial Plant (IP) 'Mayak' of the USSR Ministry of Atomic Energy. Organized by the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences No. 1140-501, on June 12, 1990, Moscow, Russia (1991)
17. Botov N.G. ALWP-67: A Little-known big nuclear accident. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on High Level Radioactive Waste Management. April 12-16, 1992, Las Vegas, Nevada (1992)
18. Bourlat Y., and Martin G. Precise determination of the concentration of radiocesium in the water of Mururoa Lagoon. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 17 (1992) 13-29
19. Bourlat Y., Millies-LaCroix J.-C., and Nazard R. Determination of plutonium radioactivity in Mururoa Lagoon water. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 197 (1995) 387-408
20. 239+240Pu in world ocean water samples collected from 1992 to 1994. In: Guéguéniat P., Gwermain P., and Métivier H. (Eds). Radionuclides in the Oceans, Inputs and Inventories, Ch. 2. Les Ulis Cedex A (1996), Les Éditions de Physique, France 75-93
21. Bowen V.T., Noshkin V.E., Livingston H.D., and Volchok H.L. Fallout radionuclides in the Pacific Ocean: Vertical and horizontal distributions, largely from GEOSECS stations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 49 (1980) 411-434
22. (716 pp.). Bradley D.J. In: Payson D.R. (Ed). Behind the Nuclear Curtain: Radioactive Waste Management in the Former Soviet Union (1997), Battelle Press
23. Bradley D.J., and Jenquin U.P. Radioactive inventories and sources for contamination of the Kara Sea by rivers. PNWD-2316 (1995), Richland, Washington
24. Bradley D.J., Frank C.W., and Mikerin Y. Nuclear contamination from weapons complexes in the Former Soviet Union and the United States. Physics Today 49 (1996) 40-45
25. Broecker W.S., Peng T.H., Ostland G., and Stuiver M. The distribution of bomb radiocarbon in the ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 90 (1985) 6953-6970
26. Broecker W.S., Sutherland S., and Smethie W. Oceanic radiocarbon: Separation of the natural and bomb components. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9 (1995) 263-288
27. (220 pp.). Buesseler K.O. Plutonium isotopes in the North Atlantic. PhD Thesis (1986), MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography
28. Buesseler K.O. The isotopic signature of fallout plutonium in the North Pacific. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 36 (1997) 69-83
29. Christensen G.C., Malyshev S.V., Strand P., Salbu B., Romanov G.N., Selnaes T.D., Oughton D., Glagolenko Y.V., Amundsen I., Rudjord A.L., Bjerk T.O., and Lind B. Radioactive contamination in the environment of the nuclear enterprise 'Mayak' PA. Results from the Joint Russian-Norwegian Field work in 1994. Presented at The Second International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic. August 21-25, 1995. Oslo, Norway (1995)
30. Cochran T.B., Norris R.S., and Suokko K.L. Radioactive contamination at Chelyabinsk-65 Russia. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 18 (1993) 507-528
31. Cochran T.B., Norris R.S., and Bukharin A.O. Making the Russian Bomb: From Stalin to Yeltsin (1995), Westview Press, Boulder
32. (370 pp.). Compton A.A. Atomic Quest, a Personal Narrative (1956), Oxford University Press, New York
33. Cooper L.W., Larsen I.L., Beasley T.M., Dolvin S.S., Grebmeirer J.M., Kelley J.M., Scott M., and Johnson-Pyrtle A. The distribution of radiocesium and plutonium in sea ice-entrained Artic sediments in relation to potential sources and sinks. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 39 (1998) 279-303
34. Cooper L.W., Kelley J.M., Bond L.A., Orlandini K.A., and Grebmeirer J.M. Sources of the transuranic elements plutonium and neptunium in arctic marine sediments. Marine Chemistry 69 (2000) 253-276
35. Crocker G.R., O'Connor J.D., and Freiling E.C. Physical and radiochemical properties of fallout particles. Health Physics 12 (1966) 1099-1104
36. Dahlgaard H. Where does all the Cs and Sr in Greenland come from?. In: Strand P., and Holm E. (Eds). Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic (1993), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østers, Norway 121-124
37. Dahlgaard H., Aarkrog A., Hallstadius L., Holm E., and Rioseco J. Radiocesium transport from the Irish Sea via the North Sea and Norwegian Coastal Current to East Greenland. Rapport et Proces-Verbaux Reunion Conseil Internationale Exploration de Mer 186 (1986) 70-79
38. 137Cs in the North Atlantic. Journal of Marine Systems 6 (1988) 571-578
39. Dahlgaard H., Chen Q.J., and Nielsen S.P. Radioactive tracers in the Greenland Sea. In: Kershaw P.J., and Woodhead D.S. (Eds). Radionuclides in the Study of Marine Processes (1991), Elsevier, London 12-22
40. 137Cs in the North Atlantic. Journal of Marine Systems 6 (1995) 571-578
41. Danilov-Danilyan V.I. Statement (LC/16/J/4) made at the 16th Consultative Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the London Convention 1972. 10 November, 1993 (1993)
42. Degteva M.O., Kozheurov V.P., and Vorobiova M.I. General Approach to dose reconstruction in the population exposed as a result of the release of radioactive waste into the Techa River. Science of the Total Environment. Special issue, Radiation Exposure in the Southern Urals (1994)
43. Degteva M.O., Vorobiova M.I., Kozheurov V.P., Tolstykh E.I., Anspaugh L.R., and Napier B.A. Dose reconstruction system for the exposed population living along the Techa River. Health Physics 78 (2000) 542-554
44. Dobry Jr. T.J. Transuranic elements in space nuclear power systems. In: Hanson W.C. (Ed). Transuranic Elements in the Environment. DOE/TIC-22800 (1980) 83-85
45. United States Department of Energy. DOE. Enewetak Radiological Support Project, NVO-213 (1982), Nevada Operation Office, Nevada 158
46. (229 pp.). DOE/EM. Linking legacies: Connecting the Cold War nuclear weapons production processes to their environmental consequences. DOE/EM-0319 (1997), US Department of Energy/Office of Environmental Management, Washington, DC
47. Drozhko E.G., Nikipelov B.V., Nikiforov A.S., Suslov A.P., and Tsarenko A.F. Experience in radioactive waste management at the Soviet radiochemical plant and main approaches to waste reliable confinement development. The International Symposium on the Safety Assessment of Radioactive Waste Repositories. Paris, France, October 9-12, 1989 (1989)
48. (656 pp.). Eisenbud M., and Gesell T. Environmental Radioactivity, from Natural, Industrial, and Military Sources. 4th edn (1997), Academic Press, San Diego, USA
49. Ch. 16. Fisher N.S., and Fowler S.W. The role of biogenic debris in the vertical transport of transuranic wastes in the sea. In: O'Connor T.P., Burt W.V., and Duedall I.W. (Eds). Oceanic Processes in Marine Pollution Vol. 2 (1983), Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co, Florida 197-207
50. Fowler S.W., Ballestra S., J. L.R., and R. F. Vertical transport of particulate-associated plutonium and americum in the Northwest Pacific. Deep-Sea Research 7 (1983) 35-47
51. GESAMP. The State of the UNEP Regional Seas Report and Studies No. 115. UNEP (1990), Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP)
52. (September, 1994). Gosling F.G. The Manhattan project: Making the atomic bomb. DOE/HR-0096 (1994), US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
53. Gray J., Jones S.R., and Smith A.D. Discharges to the environment from Sellafield Site, 1951-1992. Journal of Radiological Protion 15 (1995) 99-131
54. Guéguéniat P., Kershaw P., Hermann J., and Bailly du Bois P. New estimation of La Hague contribution to the artificial radioactivity of Norwegian water (1992-1995) and Barents Sea (1992-1997). Science of Total Environment 202 (1997) 249-266
55. 137Cs) and Pu isotopes in the Pacific Ocean: Sources and Trends. In: Guèguèniat P., Germain P., and Mètivier H. (Eds). Radionuclides in the Ocean: Inputs and Inventories, Ch. 2. Les Ulis cedex A (1996), Les Éditions de Physique, France 29-58
56. Hardy E.P., Krey P.W., and Volchok H.L. Global inventory and distribution of fallout plutonium. Nature 241 (1973) 444-445
57. Hetherington J.A. Some investigations into the behavior of plutonium in the marine environment. Impacts of Nuclear Releases into the Aquatic Environment. IAEA symposium (SM-198/29) (1975) 193-212
58. Hewlett R.G., and Anderson Jr. O. The New World, 1939-1946, Vol. I, History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission (1962), Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park
59. Hicks H.G. Calculation of the concentration of any radionuclide deposited ont he ground by offset fallout from a nuclear detonation. Health Physics 42 (1982) 585-600
60. 239Pu. UCRL-53499/1 (1984), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
61. 137Cs in the western North Pacific: Estimation of residence time of plutonium in surface waters. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 43 (1992) 349-359
62. Hirose K., Amano H., Baxter M.S., Chaykovskaya E., Chumichev V.B., Hong G.H., Isogai K., Kim C.K., Kim S.H., Miyao T., Torimoto T., Nikitin A., Oda K., Pettersson H.B.L., Povinec P.P., Seta Y., Tkjalin A., Togawa O., and Veletova N.K. Anthropogenic radionuclides in seawater in the East Sea/Japan Sea: Results of the first-stage Japanese-Korean-Russian expedition. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 43 (1999) 1-13
63. Høibrten S., and Thoresen P.E. The sunken submarine Komsomolets and its effects on the environment. In: Strand P., and Cooke A. (Eds). Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic (1995), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østers, Norway 2350-2355
64. Holm E., Persson B.R.R., Hallstadius L., Aarkrog A., and Dahlgaard H. Radiocesium and transuranium elements in the Greenland and Barents Seas. Oceanologica Acta 6 (1983) 457-462
65. Holm E., Aarkrog A., Ballestra S., and Dahlgaard H. Origin and isotopic ratios of plutonium in the Barents and Greenland Sea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 79 (1986) 27-32
66. Honjo S. Material fluxes and modes of sedimentation in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones. Journal of Marine Research 38 (1980) 53-97
67. (83 pp.). IAEA. Inventory of radioactive material entering the marine environment: Sea disposal of radioactive waste. IAEA-TECDOC-588 (1991), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
68. (83 pp.). IAEA. Predicted radionuclide release from marine reactors dumped in the Kara Sea. IAEA-TECDOC-938 (1997), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
69. (282 pp.). IAEA. The Radiological situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa, main report. Report by the International Advisory Committee. Radiological Assessment Report Series (1998), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
70. (121 pp.). IAEA. Inventory of radioactive waste disposal at sea. IAEA-TECDOC-1105 (1999), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
71. IMO. Final act of the conference with attachment including the convention on the prevention of marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matter. International Conference on the Convention on the Dumping of Wastes at Sea. London 30 October-13 November 1972 (1972), International Maritime Organization, London
72. IMO. Resolution LC.51 (16): Report of the 16th Consultative Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, LC 16/14 (1993), International Maritime Organization, London
73. International Herald Tribune (October 12-13, 1996)
74. Iseki K. Vertical transport of particulate organic matter in deep Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. Journal of Oceanographical Society of Japan 37 (1981) 101-110
75. ITAR-TASS. Nuclear reactors at Krasnoyarsk shut down after 30 years (19920630)
76. Jachmenev V. Problems of Radioactive Contamination of the Chelyabinsk Region and the Way to Solve Them. IIASA Meeting. Luxemburg, Austria (19950310)
77. Jones V.C. The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1985), US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
78. Joseph A.B., Gustafson P.F., Russel I.R., Schuert E.A., Volchok H.L., and Tamplin A. Sources of radioactivity and their characteristics. Radioactivity in the Marine Environment, Ch. 2 (1971), National Academy of Sciences, Washington 6-41
79. (397 pp.). Kathren R.L. Radioactivity in the Environment: Sources, Distribution and Surveillance (1984), Harwood Academic Publishers, Chur, Switzerland
80. Kautsky H. Content of radiocesium in the water of the northern North Atlantic during the year 1985. Deutches Hydrographisches Zeitung 42 (1989) 21-26
81. Kennedy J.W., Seaborg G.T., Segre E., and Wahl A.C. Radioctive element 94 from deutrons on uranium. Physical Reviews 70 (1946) 555
82. Kershaw P., and Baxter A. The transfer of reprocessing waste from north-west Europe to the Arctic. Deep-sea Research II 42 (1995) 1413-1448
83. Kershaw P., Woodhead D.S., Lovett M.B., and Leonard K.S. Plutonium from European reprocessing operations-its behavior in the marine environment. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 46 (1995) 1121-1134
84. Kershaw K., McCubbin D., and Leonard K.S. Continuing contamination of North Atlantic and Arctic waters by Sellafield radionuclides. Science of Total Environment 237/238 (1999) 119-132
85. (65 pp). Kershaw P.J., Pentreath R.J., Woodhead D.S., and Hunt G.J. A review of radioactivity in the Irish Sea. Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report, No. 32 (1992), MAFF Directorate of Fisheries Research, Lowestoft, UK
86. 239Pu ratio, a potential geochronometer. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 72 (1985) 1-8
87. Kolstad A.K. Expeditions to "Komsomolets" in 1993 and 1994. NPRA Stralevern Rapport 1995:7 (1995), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østers, Norway
88. Krey P.W. Atmospheric burnup of a plutonium-238 generator. Science 158 (1967) 769-771
89. Krey P.W., Hardy E.P., Pachucki C., Rourke F., Coluzza J., and Benson W. Mass isotopic composition of global fallout plutonium in soil. Transuranium Nuclides in the Environment. IAEA-SM-199/39 (1976), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
90. Lassey K.R., Manning M.R., and O'Brien B.J. Assessment of the inventory of carbon-14 in the oceans: An overview. Inventories of Selected Radionuclides in the Oceans. AEA-TECDOC-481 (1988), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria 7-50
91. (43 pp.). Lee Y.K. The study of the atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic radionuclides in the Korean Peninsula. (in Korean). MS Thesis (1994), Hanyang University, Seoul
92. Livingston H.D., Bowen V.T., and Kupferman S.L. Radionuclides from Windscale discharges II, their dispersion in Scottish and Norwegian coastal circulation. Journal of Marine Research 40 (1982) 1227-1258
93. (73 pp.). Livingston H.D., Bowen V.T., Casso S.A., Volchok H.L., Noshkin V.E., Wong K.M., and Beasley T.M. Fallout nuclides in Atlantic and Pacific waters columns: GEOSECS Data. WHOI-85-19, Woods Hole, MA 02543 (1985)
94. Martin J.H. The possible transport of trace metals via moulted copopod exoskeletons. Limnology and Oceanography 15 (1970) 756-761
95. Mitchell P.I., Condren O.M., Vintro L., and McMahon C.A. Trends in plutonium, americium and radiocesium accumulation and-long-term bioavailability in the western Irish Sea mud basin. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 44 (1999) 223-251
96. (56 pp.). Monetti M.A. Worldwide Deposition of Strontium-90 through 1990. Environmental Measurements Laboratory, EML-579 (1996), US DOE, New York
97. Moscow Interfax (1994), 21 January 1994.
98. 137Cs contents in the surface waters of adjacent seas of Japan and North Pacific during 1969 and 1973. Journal of Oceanographycal Society of Japan 40 (1976) 228-234
99. 90Sr in deep waters. Journal of Oceanographycal Society of Japan 37 (1981) 135-144
100. 90Sr in the central North Pacific. Journal of Oceanographycal Society of Japan 40 (1984) 416-424
101. 239,240Pu inventories in water and sediment columns observed from 1980 to 1986. Journal of Oceanographycal Society of Japan 43 (1987) 345-355
102. Nakamura K., and Nagaya Y. Accumulation of radionuclides in coastal sediment of Japan (II): Contents of fission products in some coastal sediments collected in 1966-1972. Journal of Radiation Research 16 (1975) 184-192
103. Nakamura K., and Nagaya Y. Accumulation of Cs-137 and Pu-239, 240 in sediments of the coastal sea and the North Pacific. In: Sigleo A.C., and Hattori A. (Eds). Marine and Estuarine Geochemistry, Ch. 12 (1985), Lewis Pub., Chelsea 171-180
104. 239,240Pu in seawater. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research 223 (1984) 239-242
105. Nakanishi T., Shiba Y., Muramatsu M., and Azizul Haque M. Estimation of mineral aerosol fluxes to the Pacific by using environmental plutonium as a tracer. In: Sakai H., and Nozaki Y. (Eds). Biogeochemical Processes and Ocean Flux in the Western Pacific (1995), Terra Scientific (TERRAPUB), Tokyo 15-30
106. NCRP. X-ray Protection Report No. 3 (1936), National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
107. NCRP. Radium Protection Report NO. 4 (1938), National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
108. NEA/OECD. Coordinated Research and Environmental Surveillance Programme Related to Sea Disposal of Radioactive Waste. CRESP Final Report 1991-1995 (1996), Nuclear Energy Agency, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris
109. Newell R.W. The global circulation of atmospheric pollutants. Scientific American 224 (1971) 32-47
110. Nikipelov B.V., and Drozhko E.G. Explosion in the south Ural Mountains. PRIRODA, May 1990 (1990) 48-49
111. Original article submitted July 14, 1989. Nikipelov B.V., Romanov G.N., Buldakov L.A., Babev N.S., Kholina Yu.B., and Mikerin E.I. A radiation accident in the southern Urals in 1957 (1990), Plenum Publishing Co
112. 18 April 1996. Internet address. Nilsen T., Kudrik I., and Nitikin A. The Russian northern fleet: Sources of radioactive contamination (1996), Bellona Foundation, Oslo, Norway. http://www.grida.no./ngo/bellona/lhome.htm
113. Noshkin V.E., and Bowen V.T. Concentrations and distributions of long-lived fallout radionuclides in open ocean sediments. Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment (1973), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria 671-686
114. Noshkin V.E., and Wong K.M. Plutonium mobilization from sedimentary sources to solution in the marine environment. Proceedings of the Third NEA Seminar on Marine Radioecology. Tokyo (1979) 165-178
115. U.S. DOE Conference. Noshkin V.E., and Wong K.M. Plutonium in the North Equatorial Pacific. Processes Determining the Input Behavior and Fate of Radionuclides and Trace Elements in Continental Shelf Environments. Report 790382 (1980) 11-28
116. Joint Norwegian-Russian Expert Group for Investigation of Radioactive Contamination in the Northern Areas. NRPA. Dumping of radioactive waste and investigation of radioactive contamination in the Kara Sea. Results from 3 years of investigation (1992-1994) in the Kara Sea (1996), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA), Østers, Norway
117. Nuclear Fuel. Tomsk-7 environmental Pu emission about 23 grams. Fact-Finder Says (1993) 13
118. Nuclear Waste News. Tomsk-7 caused minimal radiation hazards. IAEA Team Reports (1993) 157-158
119. Oi N. Plutonium Challenges: Changing dimensions of global cooperation. IAEA Bulletin, 40/1/1998 (1998) 12-16
120. OTA. Spent Fuel and Waste Management, Presented-by the Russian Delegation to the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment Meeting. January 17-18, 1995 (1995), Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), Washington, DC
121. Pentreath R.J. General review of literature relevant to water discharges. IAEA TECDOC-239 (1985), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria 19-66
122. Petersen K.R. An empirical model for estimating worldwide deposition from atmosphere nuclear detonations. Health Physics 18 (1970) 357-378
123. Pettersson B.H.L., Amano K., Berezhnov V.I., Chaykovskaya E., Chumichev V.B., Chung C.K., Gastaud J., Hirose K., Hong G.H., Kim C.K., Kim S.H., Lee S.H., Morimoto T., Nikitin A., Oda K., Povinec P.P., Suzuki E., Tkalin A., Togawa O., Veletova N.K., Volkov Y., and Yishida K. Anthropogenic radionuclides in sediments in the NW Pacific Ocean and its marginal seas: Results of the 1994-1995 Japanese-Korean-Russian expeditions. Science of the Total Environment 237/238 (1999) 213-224
124. 129I in the Kara Sea. In: Strand P., and Holm E. (Eds). Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic (1993), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østers, Norway 125-128
125. Rhodes R. The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1986), Simon and Schuster, New York
126. 21 pp. Robison W.L., Noshkin V.E., Hamilton T.F., Conrado C.L., and Bogen K. An Assessment of Current Day impact of Various Materials Associated with the U.S. Nuclear Test Program in the Marshall Islands. UCRL-LR-143980 (2001), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
127. Roether W. The tritium and carbon-14 profiles at the GEOSECS I (1969) and GOGO I (1971) North Pacific stations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 23 (1974) 108-115
128. 239+240Pu deposition in sediments of the Ob River delta, Siberia. Science of the Total Environment 202 (1997) 25-71
129. Schell W.R., Lowman F.G., and Marshall R.P. Geochemistry of transuranic elements at bikini atoll. In: Hanson W.C. (Ed). Transuranic Elements in the Environment (1980), U.S. Department of Energy 541-577
130. Scott M.R., Salter P.F., and Halverson J.E. Transport and deposition of plutonium in the ocean: Evidence from Gulf of Mexico sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 63 (1983) 202-222
131. SCRF. Problems of arctic contamination. Materials prepared by a working group headed by Deputy Minister A. I. (1995), Volgin of the Ministry of Affairs for National and Regional Policy, Security Council of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
132. 359 pp. Seaborg G.T., and Loveland W.D. The Elements Beyond Uranium (1990), Wiley, New York
133. Sivintsev Y. Study of the nuclide composition and characteristics of the fuel in dumped submarine reactors and icebreaker "Lenin". Part 1-Atomic icebreaker. Working materials of the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project. IAEA-IASAP-1 (1994), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
134. Sivintsev Y. Study of the nuclide composition and characteristics of the fuel in dumped submarine reactors and icebreaker "Lenin". Part 2-Nuclear submarines. Working materials of the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project. IAEA-IASAP-5 (1994), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
135. Smith J.N., Ellis K.M., and Jones E.P. Cesium-137 transport into the Arctic Ocean through Fran Strait. Journal of Geophysical Research 95 C2 (1990) 1693-1701
136. 239,240Pu from the 1968 Thule, Greenland nuclear weapons accident. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 25 (1994) 135-159
137. Smith J.N., Ellis K.M., Naes K., Dahle S., and Matishov D. Sedimentation and mixing rates of fallout radionuclides in Barents Sea sediments off Novaya Zemlya. Deep-Sea Research II 42 (1995) 1471-1493
138. 239,240Pu transport into the Arctic Ocean from underwater nuclear tests in Chernaya Bay, Novaya Zemlya. Continental Shelf Research 20 (2000) 255-259
139. (415 pp.). Scientific Committee of the Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic. Strand P., and Cooke A. Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic (1995), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østers, Norway
140. (353 pp). Scientific Committee of the Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic. Strand P., and Jolle T. Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic (1999), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østers, Norway
141. Tass World Service. Two industrial nuclear reactors scheduled for closure (19920420)
142. UNSCEAR. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 1993 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. United Nations Publication No. E.94.IX.82 (1993), United Nations, New York
143. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. UNSCEAR. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes, Vol. 1: Sources. United Nations Publication E.00.IX.3 (2000), United Nations, New York
144. (August 1993). Vakulovsky S.M. Transport of Artificial Radioactivity by the Ob to the Arctic seas. In: Strand P., and Holm E. (Eds). Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic (1993), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østers, Norway
145. Vakulovsky S.M., Nikitin S., and Chumichev V. Radioactive contamination of the Barents and Kara Seas. International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic. June 7-9, 1993 (1993), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
146. Volchok H.L., Bowen V.T., Folson T.R., Broecker W.S., Schuert E.A., and Bien G.S. Oceanic distributions of radionuclides from nuclear explosions, sources of radioactivity and their characteristics. Radioactivity in the Marine Environment (1971), National Academy of Sciences, Washington 42-89
147. Vorobiova M.I., Degteva M.O., Burmistrov D.S., Safronova N.G., Kozheurov V.P., Anspaugh L.R., and Napier B.A. Review of historical monitoring data on Techa Review contamination. Health Physics 76 (1999) 605-618
148. Weiss W., and Roether W. The rates of tritium input to the world oceans. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 49 (1980) 435-446
149. White Book. "White Book". Facts and Problems Related to Radioactive Waste Disposal in Sea Adjacent to the Territory of the Russian Federation. In: Yablokov A.V., Karasev V.K., Rumyantsev V.M., Kokeev M.E., and Petrov O.J. (Eds). Materials for a report by the Government Commission on matters related to radioactive waste disposal at sea. Created by Decree No. 613 of the Russian Federation President of October 24, 1994 (1993), Small World Publisher, Moscow
150. Yefimov E. Radionuclide composition, characteristics of shielding barriers and analysis of weak points of the dumped reactors of submarine N. 601. Working materials of the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project. IAEA-IASAP-6 (1994), International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna
151. 129I from Sellafield and La Hague (1995), Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østes, Norway 113-116