메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 25, Issue C, 1996, Pages 533-577

Parental Investment in Pinnipeds

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 77956724413     PISSN: 00653454     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60342-3     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (94)

References (149)
  • 1
    • 0002166550 scopus 로고
    • Sexual dimorphism and breeding systems in pinnipeds, ungulates, primates, and humans
    • Chagnon N.A., and Irons W. (Eds), Duxbury Press, North Scituate, MA.
    • Alexander R.D., Hoogland J.L., Howard R.D., Noonan K.M., and Sherman P.W. Sexual dimorphism and breeding systems in pinnipeds, ungulates, primates, and humans. In: Chagnon N.A., and Irons W. (Eds). Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior (1979), Duxbury Press, North Scituate, MA. 432-435
    • (1979) Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior , pp. 432-435
    • Alexander, R.D.1    Hoogland, J.L.2    Howard, R.D.3    Noonan, K.M.4    Sherman, P.W.5
  • 2
    • 0027295434 scopus 로고
    • Male mating success and paternity in the grey seal, Halichoerus grypus: A study using DNA fingerprinting
    • Amos W., Twiss S., Pomeroy P.P., and Anderson S.S. Male mating success and paternity in the grey seal, Halichoerus grypus: A study using DNA fingerprinting. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 252 (1994) 199-207
    • (1994) Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B , vol.252 , pp. 199-207
    • Amos, W.1    Twiss, S.2    Pomeroy, P.P.3    Anderson, S.S.4
  • 3
    • 84985407150 scopus 로고
    • Grey seal, Halichoerus grypus energetics: Females invest more in male offspring
    • Anderson S.S., and Fedak M.A. Grey seal, Halichoerus grypus energetics: Females invest more in male offspring. J. Zool. (London) 211 (1987) 667-679
    • (1987) J. Zool. (London) , vol.211 , pp. 667-679
    • Anderson, S.S.1    Fedak, M.A.2
  • 4
    • 0022453313 scopus 로고
    • Pinniped phylogeny enlightened by molecular hybridization using highly repetitive DNA
    • Arnason U., and Widegren B. Pinniped phylogeny enlightened by molecular hybridization using highly repetitive DNA. Mol. Biol. Evol. 3 (1986) 356-365
    • (1986) Mol. Biol. Evol. , vol.3 , pp. 356-365
    • Arnason, U.1    Widegren, B.2
  • 5
    • 0001484833 scopus 로고
    • Variation in weaning mass of pups in relation to maternal mass, postweaning fast duration, and weaned pup behaviour in Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) at South Georgia
    • Arnbom T., Fedak M.A., Boyd I.L., and McConnell B.J. Variation in weaning mass of pups in relation to maternal mass, postweaning fast duration, and weaned pup behaviour in Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) at South Georgia. Can. J. Zool. 71 (1993) 1772-1781
    • (1993) Can. J. Zool. , vol.71 , pp. 1772-1781
    • Arnbom, T.1    Fedak, M.A.2    Boyd, I.L.3    McConnell, B.J.4
  • 6
    • 0028251873 scopus 로고
    • Offspring sex ratio in relation to female size in Southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina
    • Arnbom T., Fedak M.A., and Rothery P. Offspring sex ratio in relation to female size in Southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 35 (1994) 373-378
    • (1994) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.35 , pp. 373-378
    • Arnbom, T.1    Fedak, M.A.2    Rothery, P.3
  • 7
    • 0028979397 scopus 로고
    • Temporal patterns of milk production in Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella)
    • Arnould J.P.Y., and Boyd I.L. Temporal patterns of milk production in Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). J. Zool. (London) 237 (1995) 1-12
    • (1995) J. Zool. (London) , vol.237 , pp. 1-12
    • Arnould, J.P.Y.1    Boyd, I.L.2
  • 8
    • 0029667234 scopus 로고
    • Milk consumption and growth efficiency in Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) pups
    • Arnould J.P.Y., Boyd I.L., and Socha D.G. Milk consumption and growth efficiency in Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) pups. Can. J. Zool. 74 (1995) 254-266
    • (1995) Can. J. Zool. , vol.74 , pp. 254-266
    • Arnould, J.P.Y.1    Boyd, I.L.2    Socha, D.G.3
  • 9
    • 0015439340 scopus 로고
    • A paternal role for bulls of the Galapagos Islands sea lion
    • Barlow G.W. A paternal role for bulls of the Galapagos Islands sea lion. Evolution 26 (1972) 307-308
    • (1972) Evolution , vol.26 , pp. 307-308
    • Barlow, G.W.1
  • 10
    • 0040543138 scopus 로고
    • Galapagos sea lions are paternal
    • Barlow G.W. Galapagos sea lions are paternal. Evolution 28 (1974) 476-478
    • (1974) Evolution , vol.28 , pp. 476-478
    • Barlow, G.W.1
  • 11
  • 12
    • 0007945287 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive and social behaviour of the Northern elephant seal
    • Bartholomew G.A. Reproductive and social behaviour of the Northern elephant seal. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 47 (1952) 369-429
    • (1952) Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. , vol.47 , pp. 369-429
    • Bartholomew, G.A.1
  • 13
    • 0000239983 scopus 로고
    • A model for the evolution of pinniped polygyny
    • Bartholomew G.A. A model for the evolution of pinniped polygyny. Evolution 24 (1970) 546-559
    • (1970) Evolution , vol.24 , pp. 546-559
    • Bartholomew, G.A.1
  • 14
    • 0002928049 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive behavior of the Alaska fur seal Callorhinus ursinus
    • Bartholomew G.A., and Hoel P.G. Reproductive behavior of the Alaska fur seal Callorhinus ursinus. J. Mammal. 34 (1953) 417-436
    • (1953) J. Mammal. , vol.34 , pp. 417-436
    • Bartholomew, G.A.1    Hoel, P.G.2
  • 15
    • 0028045431 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of parent-offspring relationships in mammals
    • Bateson P. The dynamics of parent-offspring relationships in mammals. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9 (1994) 399-403
    • (1994) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.9 , pp. 399-403
    • Bateson, P.1
  • 16
    • 0024483417 scopus 로고
    • Skeleton of the oldest known pinniped Enaliarctos mealsi
    • Berta A., Ray C.E., and Wyss A.R. Skeleton of the oldest known pinniped Enaliarctos mealsi. Science (Washington, D. C.) 244 (1989) 60-62
    • (1989) Science (Washington, D. C.) , vol.244 , pp. 60-62
    • Berta, A.1    Ray, C.E.2    Wyss, A.R.3
  • 17
    • 0025693634 scopus 로고
    • Fostering behavior in Hawaiian monk seals: Is there a reproductive cost?
    • Boness D.J. Fostering behavior in Hawaiian monk seals: Is there a reproductive cost?. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol 27 (1990) 113-122
    • (1990) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol , vol.27 , pp. 113-122
    • Boness, D.J.1
  • 18
    • 0002962202 scopus 로고
    • Determinants of mating systems in the otariidae (Pinnipedia)
    • Renouf D. (Ed), Chapman & Hall, London.
    • Boness D.J. Determinants of mating systems in the otariidae (Pinnipedia). In: Renouf D. (Ed). Behavior of Pinnipeds (1991), Chapman & Hall, London. 1-44
    • (1991) Behavior of Pinnipeds , pp. 1-44
    • Boness, D.J.1
  • 19
    • 0028163692 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of maternal foraging cycle resembling that of otariid seals in a small phocid, the habor seal
    • Boness D.J., Bowen W.D., and Oftedal O.T. Evidence of maternal foraging cycle resembling that of otariid seals in a small phocid, the habor seal. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 34 (1994) 95-104
    • (1994) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.34 , pp. 95-104
    • Boness, D.J.1    Bowen, W.D.2    Oftedal, O.T.3
  • 20
    • 0001259275 scopus 로고
    • Lactation strategies in pinnipeds: Problems for a marine mammalian group
    • Bonner W.N. Lactation strategies in pinnipeds: Problems for a marine mammalian group. Symp. Zool. Soc London 51 (1984) 253-272
    • (1984) Symp. Zool. Soc London , vol.51 , pp. 253-272
    • Bonner, W.N.1
  • 21
    • 0001962287 scopus 로고
    • Behavioural ecology of pinniped neonates
    • Renouf D. (Ed), Chapman & Hall, London.
    • Bowen W.D. Behavioural ecology of pinniped neonates. In: Renouf D. (Ed). Behaviour of Pinnipeds (1991), Chapman & Hall, London. 66-127
    • (1991) Behaviour of Pinnipeds , pp. 66-127
    • Bowen, W.D.1
  • 22
    • 0022207430 scopus 로고
    • Birth to weaning in 4 days: Remarkable growth in the hooded seal Cystophora cristata
    • Bowen W.D., Oftedal O.T., and Boness D.J. Birth to weaning in 4 days: Remarkable growth in the hooded seal Cystophora cristata. Can. J. Zool. 63 (1985) 2841-2846
    • (1985) Can. J. Zool. , vol.63 , pp. 2841-2846
    • Bowen, W.D.1    Oftedal, O.T.2    Boness, D.J.3
  • 23
    • 0000796477 scopus 로고
    • Mass and energy transfer during lactation in a small phocid, the habor seal (Phoca vitulina)
    • Bowen W.D., Oftedal O.T., and Boness D.J. Mass and energy transfer during lactation in a small phocid, the habor seal (Phoca vitulina). Physiol. Zool. 65 (1992) 844-866
    • (1992) Physiol. Zool. , vol.65 , pp. 844-866
    • Bowen, W.D.1    Oftedal, O.T.2    Boness, D.J.3
  • 24
    • 0027084134 scopus 로고
    • Mass changes of grey seal Halichoerus grypus pups on Sable Island: Differential maternal investment reconsidered
    • Bowen W.D., Stobo W.T., and Smith S.J. Mass changes of grey seal Halichoerus grypus pups on Sable Island: Differential maternal investment reconsidered. J. Zool. (London) 227 (1992) 607-622
    • (1992) J. Zool. (London) , vol.227 , pp. 607-622
    • Bowen, W.D.1    Stobo, W.T.2    Smith, S.J.3
  • 25
    • 0024882885 scopus 로고
    • Pre-natal investment in reproduction by female Antarctic fur seals
    • Boyd I.L., and McCann T.S. Pre-natal investment in reproduction by female Antarctic fur seals. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1A (1989) 377-385
    • (1989) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.1 A , pp. 377-385
    • Boyd, I.L.1    McCann, T.S.2
  • 26
    • 0028975749 scopus 로고
    • Population demography of Antarctic fur seals: The costs of reproduction and implications for life-histories
    • Boyd I.L., Croxall J.P., Lunn N.J., and Reid K. Population demography of Antarctic fur seals: The costs of reproduction and implications for life-histories. J. Anim. Ecol. 64 (1995) 505-518
    • (1995) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.64 , pp. 505-518
    • Boyd, I.L.1    Croxall, J.P.2    Lunn, N.J.3    Reid, K.4
  • 27
    • 0029134312 scopus 로고
    • Validation of heart rate and doubly labelled water as measures of metabolic rate during swimming in California sea lions
    • Boyd I.L., Woakes A.J., Butler P.J., Davis R.W., and Williams T.M. Validation of heart rate and doubly labelled water as measures of metabolic rate during swimming in California sea lions. Fund. Ecol. 9 (1995) 151-160
    • (1995) Fund. Ecol. , vol.9 , pp. 151-160
    • Boyd, I.L.1    Woakes, A.J.2    Butler, P.J.3    Davis, R.W.4    Williams, T.M.5
  • 28
    • 0000658693 scopus 로고
    • Equal investment in male and female offspring in Southern elephant seals
    • Le Campagna C., Boeuf B.J., Lewis M., and Bisioli C. Equal investment in male and female offspring in Southern elephant seals. J. Zool. (London) 226 (1992) 551-561
    • (1992) J. Zool. (London) , vol.226 , pp. 551-561
    • Le Campagna, C.1    Boeuf, B.J.2    Lewis, M.3    Bisioli, C.4
  • 29
    • 85033146915 scopus 로고
    • Sexual selection and growth in male Northern elephant seals
    • Le Boeuf B.J., and Laws R.M. (Eds), Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
    • Clinton W.L. Sexual selection and growth in male Northern elephant seals. In: Le Boeuf B.J., and Laws R.M. (Eds). Elephant Seals (1994), Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 154-168
    • (1994) Elephant Seals , pp. 154-168
    • Clinton, W.L.1
  • 30
    • 0004081175 scopus 로고
    • Clutton-Brock T.H. (Ed), Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago
    • In: Clutton-Brock T.H. (Ed). Reproductive Success (1988), Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago
    • (1988) Reproductive Success
  • 31
    • 58149369520 scopus 로고
    • Great expectations: Dominance, breeding success and offspring sex ratios in red deer
    • Clutton-Brock T.H., Albon S.D., and Guinness F.E. Great expectations: Dominance, breeding success and offspring sex ratios in red deer. Anim. Behav. 34 (1986) 460-471
    • (1986) Anim. Behav. , vol.34 , pp. 460-471
    • Clutton-Brock, T.H.1    Albon, S.D.2    Guinness, F.E.3
  • 32
    • 0001931460 scopus 로고
    • Isotopic methods for quantifying material and energy intake of free-ranging marine mammals
    • Huntley A.C., Costa D.P., Worthy G.A.J., and Castellini M.A. (Eds), Allen Press, Lawrence, KS.
    • Costa D.P. Isotopic methods for quantifying material and energy intake of free-ranging marine mammals. In: Huntley A.C., Costa D.P., Worthy G.A.J., and Castellini M.A. (Eds). Marine Mammals Energetics (1987), Allen Press, Lawrence, KS. 43-66
    • (1987) Marine Mammals Energetics , pp. 43-66
    • Costa, D.P.1
  • 33
    • 0002977749 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive and foraging energetics of pinnipeds: Implications for life history patterns
    • Renouf D. (Ed), Chapman & Hall, London.
    • Costa D.P. Reproductive and foraging energetics of pinnipeds: Implications for life history patterns. In: Renouf D. (Ed). Behaviour of Pinnipeds (1991), Chapman & Hall, London. 300-344
    • (1991) Behaviour of Pinnipeds , pp. 300-344
    • Costa, D.P.1
  • 34
    • 0000233356 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between reproductive and foraging energetics and the evolution of the Pinnipedia
    • Costa D.P. The relationship between reproductive and foraging energetics and the evolution of the Pinnipedia. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 66 (1993) 293-314
    • (1993) Symp. Zool. Soc. London , vol.66 , pp. 293-314
    • Costa, D.P.1
  • 35
    • 0001817360 scopus 로고
    • Free-ranging energetics of Northern fur seals
    • Gentry R.L., and Kooyman G.L. (Eds), Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.
    • Costa D.P., and Gentry R.L. Free-ranging energetics of Northern fur seals. In: Gentry R.L., and Kooyman G.L. (Eds). Fur Seals: Maternal Strategies on Land at the Sea (1986), Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ. 79-101
    • (1986) Fur Seals: Maternal Strategies on Land at the Sea , pp. 79-101
    • Costa, D.P.1    Gentry, R.L.2
  • 36
    • 0003130492 scopus 로고
    • Mass changes and metabolism during the perinatal fast: A comparison between Antarctic (Arctocephalus gazella) and Galapagos fur seals (Arctocephalus galapagoensis)
    • Costa D.P., and Trillmich F. Mass changes and metabolism during the perinatal fast: A comparison between Antarctic (Arctocephalus gazella) and Galapagos fur seals (Arctocephalus galapagoensis). Physiol. Zool. 61 (1988) 160-169
    • (1988) Physiol. Zool. , vol.61 , pp. 160-169
    • Costa, D.P.1    Trillmich, F.2
  • 38
    • 0024184503 scopus 로고
    • Intraspecific allometry of neonatal size in the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella)
    • Costa D.P., Trillmich F., and Croxall J.P. Intraspecific allometry of neonatal size in the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 22 (1988) 361-364
    • (1988) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.22 , pp. 361-364
    • Costa, D.P.1    Trillmich, F.2    Croxall, J.P.3
  • 39
    • 0024927877 scopus 로고
    • Foraging energetics of Antarctic fur seals in relation to changes in prey availability
    • Costa D.P., Croxall J.P., and Duck C.D. Foraging energetics of Antarctic fur seals in relation to changes in prey availability. Ecology 70 (1989) 596-606
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 596-606
    • Costa, D.P.1    Croxall, J.P.2    Duck, C.D.3
  • 40
    • 0011749899 scopus 로고
    • Variation in the secondary sex-ratio of the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus (Fabr.)) during the breeding season
    • Coulson J.C., and Hickling G. Variation in the secondary sex-ratio of the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus (Fabr.)) during the breeding season. Nature (London) 190 (1961) 281
    • (1961) Nature (London) , vol.190 , pp. 281
    • Coulson, J.C.1    Hickling, G.2
  • 41
    • 0008131918 scopus 로고
    • Status, Biology, and Ecology of Fur Seals
    • NMFS 51. U.S. Dept. of Commerce Springfield, VA
    • J.P. Croxall R.L. Gentry "Status, Biology, and Ecology of Fur Seals." 1987 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 51. U.S. Dept. of Commerce Springfield, VA.
    • (1987) NOAA Technical Report
    • Croxall, J.P.1    Gentry, R.L.2
  • 42
    • 0001952684 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive performance of seabirds and seals at South Georgia and Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, 1976-1987: Implications for southern ocean monitoring studies
    • Sahrhage D. (Ed), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
    • Croxall J.P., McCann T.S., Prince P.A., and Rothery P. Reproductive performance of seabirds and seals at South Georgia and Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, 1976-1987: Implications for southern ocean monitoring studies. In: Sahrhage D. (Ed). Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability (1988), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 261-285
    • (1988) Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability , pp. 261-285
    • Croxall, J.P.1    McCann, T.S.2    Prince, P.A.3    Rothery, P.4
  • 43
    • 0002538653 scopus 로고
    • Impact of the 1982-1983 El Nino on the Northern fur seal population at San Miguel Island, California
    • Trillmich F., and Ono K.A. (Eds), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
    • DeLong R.L., and Antonelis G.A. Impact of the 1982-1983 El Nino on the Northern fur seal population at San Miguel Island, California. In: Trillmich F., and Ono K.A. (Eds). Pinnipeds and El Niflo (1991), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 75-83
    • (1991) Pinnipeds and El Niflo , pp. 75-83
    • DeLong, R.L.1    Antonelis, G.A.2
  • 44
    • 0001928497 scopus 로고
    • Sex-and age-related variation in reproductive effort of Northern elephant seals
    • Le Boeuf B.J., and Laws R.M. (Eds), Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
    • Deutsch C.J., Crocker D.E., Costa D.P., and Boeuf B.J. Sex-and age-related variation in reproductive effort of Northern elephant seals. In: Le Boeuf B.J., and Laws R.M. (Eds). Elephant Seals (1994), Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 169-210
    • (1994) Elephant Seals , pp. 169-210
    • Deutsch, C.J.1    Crocker, D.E.2    Costa, D.P.3    Boeuf, B.J.4
  • 45
    • 0002215577 scopus 로고
    • Attendance behavior of Antarctic fur seals
    • Gentry R.L., and Kooyman G.L. (Eds), Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.
    • Doidge D.W., McCann T.S., and Croxall J.P. Attendance behavior of Antarctic fur seals. In: Gentry R.L., and Kooyman G.L. (Eds). Fur Seals: Maternal Strategies on Land and at the Sea (1986), Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ. 102-114
    • (1986) Fur Seals: Maternal Strategies on Land and at the Sea , pp. 102-114
    • Doidge, D.W.1    McCann, T.S.2    Croxall, J.P.3
  • 46
    • 0000498563 scopus 로고
    • The prudent parent: Energetic adjustments in avian breeding
    • Drent R.H., and Daan S. The prudent parent: Energetic adjustments in avian breeding. Ardea 68 (1980) 225-252
    • (1980) Ardea , vol.68 , pp. 225-252
    • Drent, R.H.1    Daan, S.2
  • 47
    • 84995184272 scopus 로고
    • Ethologische Studien am Galapagos SeelcSwen, Zalophus wollebaeki; Sivertsen
    • Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. Ethologische Studien am Galapagos SeelcSwen, Zalophus wollebaeki; Sivertsen. Z. Tierpsychol. 12 (1955) 286-303
    • (1955) Z. Tierpsychol. , vol.12 , pp. 286-303
    • Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I.1
  • 50
    • 0020387073 scopus 로고
    • The energetics of lactation: Accurate measurements from a large wild mammal, the Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)
    • Fedak M.A., and Anderson S.S. The energetics of lactation: Accurate measurements from a large wild mammal, the Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). J. Zool. (London) 198 (1982) 473-479
    • (1982) J. Zool. (London) , vol.198 , pp. 473-479
    • Fedak, M.A.1    Anderson, S.S.2
  • 52
    • 0004733050 scopus 로고
    • The effects of El Niflo on the frequency and sex ratio of suckling yearlings in the California sea lion
    • Trillmich F., and Ono K.A. (Eds), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
    • Francis J.M., and Heath C.B. The effects of El Niflo on the frequency and sex ratio of suckling yearlings in the California sea lion. In: Trillmich F., and Ono K.A. (Eds). Pinnipeds and El Nino (1991), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 193-201
    • (1991) Pinnipeds and El Nino , pp. 193-201
    • Francis, J.M.1    Heath, C.B.2
  • 53
    • 84966196808 scopus 로고
    • The genetic value of sons and daughters
    • Frank S.A. The genetic value of sons and daughters. Heredity 56 (1986) 351-354
    • (1986) Heredity , vol.56 , pp. 351-354
    • Frank, S.A.1
  • 54
    • 0025528034 scopus 로고
    • Sex allocation theory for birds and mammals
    • Frank S.A. Sex allocation theory for birds and mammals. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21 (1990) 13-55
    • (1990) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.21 , pp. 13-55
    • Frank, S.A.1
  • 55
    • 0000755117 scopus 로고
    • The development of social behavior through play in the Steller sea lion
    • Gentry R.L. The development of social behavior through play in the Steller sea lion. Am. Zool. 14 (1974) 391-404
    • (1974) Am. Zool. , vol.14 , pp. 391-404
    • Gentry, R.L.1
  • 56
    • 0001809825 scopus 로고
    • Attendance behavior of Northern fur seals
    • Gentry R.L., and Kooyman G.L. (Eds), Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.
    • Gentry R.L., and Holt J.R. Attendance behavior of Northern fur seals. In: Gentry R.L., and Kooyman G.L. (Eds). Fur Seals: Maternal Strategies on Land and at Sea (1986), Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ. 41-60
    • (1986) Fur Seals: Maternal Strategies on Land and at Sea , pp. 41-60
    • Gentry, R.L.1    Holt, J.R.2
  • 57
    • 0003554944 scopus 로고
    • Gentry R.L., and Kooyman G.L. (Eds), Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton NJ
    • In: Gentry R.L., and Kooyman G.L. (Eds). Fur Seals: Maternal Strategies on Land and at Sea. (1986), Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton NJ
    • (1986) Fur Seals: Maternal Strategies on Land and at Sea.
  • 59
    • 0000406974 scopus 로고
    • California sea lions pups play an active role in reunions with their mothers
    • Gisiner R., and Schusterman R.J. California sea lions pups play an active role in reunions with their mothers. Anim. Behav. 41 (1991) 364-366
    • (1991) Anim. Behav. , vol.41 , pp. 364-366
    • Gisiner, R.1    Schusterman, R.J.2
  • 60
    • 0025923572 scopus 로고
    • Signalling of need by offspring to their parents
    • Godfray H.C.J. Signalling of need by offspring to their parents. Nature (London) 352 (1991) 328-330
    • (1991) Nature (London) , vol.352 , pp. 328-330
    • Godfray, H.C.J.1
  • 62
    • 0028978440 scopus 로고
    • Differential expenditure of maternal resources in Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella at Heard Island, southern Indian Ocean
    • Goldsworthy S.D. Differential expenditure of maternal resources in Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella at Heard Island, southern Indian Ocean. Behav. Ecol. 6 (1995) 218-228
    • (1995) Behav. Ecol. , vol.6 , pp. 218-228
    • Goldsworthy, S.D.1
  • 63
    • 0025330346 scopus 로고
    • Biological signals as handicaps
    • Grafen A. Biological signals as handicaps. J. Theor. Biol. 144 (1990) 517-546
    • (1990) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.144 , pp. 517-546
    • Grafen, A.1
  • 65
    • 0025526933 scopus 로고
    • Kin recognition in captive California sea lions (Zalophus califomianus)
    • Hanggi E.B., and Schusterman R.J. Kin recognition in captive California sea lions (Zalophus califomianus). J. Comp. Psychol. 104 (1990) 368-372
    • (1990) J. Comp. Psychol. , vol.104 , pp. 368-372
    • Hanggi, E.B.1    Schusterman, R.J.2
  • 67
    • 0027835607 scopus 로고
    • The non-annual, non-seasonal breeding cycle of the Australian sea lions
    • Higgins L.V. The non-annual, non-seasonal breeding cycle of the Australian sea lions. J. Mammal. 74 (1993) 270-274
    • (1993) J. Mammal. , vol.74 , pp. 270-274
    • Higgins, L.V.1
  • 69
    • 0023516457 scopus 로고
    • Natality and weaning success in relation to age of first reproduction in Northern elephant seals
    • Huber H.R. Natality and weaning success in relation to age of first reproduction in Northern elephant seals. Can. J. Zool. 65 (1987) 1311-1316
    • (1987) Can. J. Zool. , vol.65 , pp. 1311-1316
    • Huber, H.R.1
  • 70
    • 77956749567 scopus 로고
    • Huntley A.C., Costa D.P., Worthy G.A.J., and Castellini M.A. (Eds), Allen Press, Lawrence, KS
    • In: Huntley A.C., Costa D.P., Worthy G.A.J., and Castellini M.A. (Eds). Marine Mammal Energetics. (1987), Allen Press, Lawrence, KS
    • (1987) Marine Mammal Energetics.
  • 71
    • 84985379598 scopus 로고
    • Pup growth in the fur seals Arctocephalus tropicalis and Arctocephalus gazella on Marion Island
    • Kerley G.I.H. Pup growth in the fur seals Arctocephalus tropicalis and Arctocephalus gazella on Marion Island. J. Zool. (London) 205 (1985) 315-324
    • (1985) J. Zool. (London) , vol.205 , pp. 315-324
    • Kerley, G.I.H.1
  • 72
  • 73
    • 0015608016 scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary gas exchange in freely diving weddell seal Leptonychotes weddelli
    • Kooyman G.L., Kerem D.H., Campbell W.B., and Wright J.J. Pulmonary gas exchange in freely diving weddell seal Leptonychotes weddelli. Respir. Physiol 17 (1973) 190-283
    • (1973) Respir. Physiol , vol.17 , pp. 190-283
    • Kooyman, G.L.1    Kerem, D.H.2    Campbell, W.B.3    Wright, J.J.4
  • 74
    • 1342342651 scopus 로고
    • Two recently developed recorders for monitoring diving activity of marine birds and mammals
    • Macdonald A.G., and Priede I.G. (Eds), Academic Press, New York.
    • Kooyman G.L., Billups J.O., and Farwell W.D. Two recently developed recorders for monitoring diving activity of marine birds and mammals. In: Macdonald A.G., and Priede I.G. (Eds). Experimental Biology at Sea (1983), Academic Press, New York. 197-214
    • (1983) Experimental Biology at Sea , pp. 197-214
    • Kooyman, G.L.1    Billups, J.O.2    Farwell, W.D.3
  • 75
    • 0000015448 scopus 로고
    • Maternal behaviour and early behavioural ontogeny of harp seals Phoca groenlandica
    • Kovacs K.M. Maternal behaviour and early behavioural ontogeny of harp seals Phoca groenlandica. Anim. Behav. 35 (1987) 844-855
    • (1987) Anim. Behav. , vol.35 , pp. 844-855
    • Kovacs, K.M.1
  • 76
    • 0022841891 scopus 로고
    • Maternal investment and neonatal growth in phocid seals
    • Kovacs K.M., and Lavigne D.M. Maternal investment and neonatal growth in phocid seals. J. Anim. Ecol. 55 (1986) 1035-1051
    • (1986) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.55 , pp. 1035-1051
    • Kovacs, K.M.1    Lavigne, D.M.2
  • 77
    • 0022840813 scopus 로고
    • Growth of grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) neonates: Differential maternal investment in the sexes
    • Kovacs K.M., and Lavigne D.M. Growth of grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) neonates: Differential maternal investment in the sexes. Can. J. Zool. 64 (1986) 1937-1943
    • (1986) Can. J. Zool. , vol.64 , pp. 1937-1943
    • Kovacs, K.M.1    Lavigne, D.M.2
  • 78
    • 0027062592 scopus 로고
    • Maternal investment in otariid seals and walruses
    • Kovacs K.M., and Lavigne D.M. Maternal investment in otariid seals and walruses. Can. J. Zool. 70 (1992) 1953-1964
    • (1992) Can. J. Zool. , vol.70 , pp. 1953-1964
    • Kovacs, K.M.1    Lavigne, D.M.2
  • 79
    • 0028903487 scopus 로고
    • Potential mechanisms for sex ratio adjustment in mammals and birds
    • Krackow S. Potential mechanisms for sex ratio adjustment in mammals and birds. Biol. Rev. 70 (1994) 225-241
    • (1994) Biol. Rev. , vol.70 , pp. 225-241
    • Krackow, S.1
  • 80
    • 0027532824 scopus 로고
    • Maternal energy investment in elephant seal pups: Evidence for sexual equality?
    • Kretzmann M.B., Costa D.P., and Le Boeuf B.J. Maternal energy investment in elephant seal pups: Evidence for sexual equality?. Am. Nat. 141 (1993) 466-480
    • (1993) Am. Nat. , vol.141 , pp. 466-480
    • Kretzmann, M.B.1    Costa, D.P.2    Le Boeuf, B.J.3
  • 81
    • 77957218373 scopus 로고
    • Male-male competition and reproductive success in elephant seals
    • Le Boeuf B.J. Male-male competition and reproductive success in elephant seals. Am. Zool. 14 (1974) 163-176
    • (1974) Am. Zool. , vol.14 , pp. 163-176
    • Le Boeuf, B.J.1
  • 82
    • 0003060013 scopus 로고
    • Pinniped mating systems on land, ice and in the water: Emphasis on the phocidae
    • Renouf D. (Ed), Chapman & Hall, London.
    • Le Boeuf B.J. Pinniped mating systems on land, ice and in the water: Emphasis on the phocidae. In: Renouf D. (Ed). Behaviour of Pinnipeds (1991), Chapman & Hall, London. 45-65
    • (1991) Behaviour of Pinnipeds , pp. 45-65
    • Le Boeuf, B.J.1
  • 83
    • 0011122363 scopus 로고
    • Protection and abuse of young in pinnipeds
    • Parmigiani S., and vom Saal F.S. (Eds), Harwood Academic Publisher, Chur, Switzerland.
    • Le Boeuf B.J., and Campagna C. Protection and abuse of young in pinnipeds. In: Parmigiani S., and vom Saal F.S. (Eds). Infanticide and Parental Care (1994), Harwood Academic Publisher, Chur, Switzerland. 257-276
    • (1994) Infanticide and Parental Care , pp. 257-276
    • Le Boeuf, B.J.1    Campagna, C.2
  • 84
  • 86
    • 0002451207 scopus 로고
    • Continuous, deep diving in female Northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris
    • Le Boeuf B.J., Costa D.P., Huntley A.C., and Feldkamp S.D. Continuous, deep diving in female Northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris. J. Zool. (London) 208 (1988) 1-7
    • (1988) J. Zool. (London) , vol.208 , pp. 1-7
    • Le Boeuf, B.J.1    Costa, D.P.2    Huntley, A.C.3    Feldkamp, S.D.4
  • 87
    • 0024900278 scopus 로고
    • Parental investment and the secondary sex ratio in Northern elephant seals
    • Le Boeuf B.J., Condit R., and Reiter J. Parental investment and the secondary sex ratio in Northern elephant seals. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25 (1989) 109-117
    • (1989) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.25 , pp. 109-117
    • Le Boeuf, B.J.1    Condit, R.2    Reiter, J.3
  • 88
    • 85178361306 scopus 로고
    • Juvenile survivorship of Northern elephant seals
    • Le Boeuf B.J., and Laws R. (Eds), Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
    • Le Boeuf B.J., Morris P., and Reiter J. Juvenile survivorship of Northern elephant seals. In: Le Boeuf B.J., and Laws R. (Eds). Elephant Seals (1994), Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 121-136
    • (1994) Elephant Seals , pp. 121-136
    • Le Boeuf, B.J.1    Morris, P.2    Reiter, J.3
  • 89
    • 0000605577 scopus 로고
    • Influence of maternal characteristics and environmental variation on reproduction in Antarctic fur seals
    • Lunn N.J., and Boyd I.L. Influence of maternal characteristics and environmental variation on reproduction in Antarctic fur seals. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 66 (1993) 115-129
    • (1993) Symp. Zool. Soc. London , vol.66 , pp. 115-129
    • Lunn, N.J.1    Boyd, I.L.2
  • 90
    • 0027455931 scopus 로고
    • Effects of maternal age and condition in parturition and the perinatal period of Antarctic fur seals
    • Lunn N.J., and Boyd I.L. Effects of maternal age and condition in parturition and the perinatal period of Antarctic fur seals. J. Zool. (London) 229 (1993) 55-67
    • (1993) J. Zool. (London) , vol.229 , pp. 55-67
    • Lunn, N.J.1    Boyd, I.L.2
  • 91
    • 0027329469 scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting the growth rate and mass at weaning of Antarctic fur seals at bird island, South Georgia
    • Lunn N.J., Boyd I.L., Barton T., and Croxall J.P. Factors affecting the growth rate and mass at weaning of Antarctic fur seals at bird island, South Georgia. J. Mammal. 74 (1993) 908-919
    • (1993) J. Mammal. , vol.74 , pp. 908-919
    • Lunn, N.J.1    Boyd, I.L.2    Barton, T.3    Croxall, J.P.4
  • 92
    • 0028163047 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive performance of female Antarctic fur seals: The influence of age, breeding experience, environmental variation and individual quality
    • Lunn N.J., Boyd I.L., and Croxall J.P. Reproductive performance of female Antarctic fur seals: The influence of age, breeding experience, environmental variation and individual quality. J. Anim. Ecol. 63 (1994) 827-840
    • (1994) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.63 , pp. 827-840
    • Lunn, N.J.1    Boyd, I.L.2    Croxall, J.P.3
  • 93
    • 0027803645 scopus 로고
    • Diving in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) pups during the nursing period
    • Lydersen C., and Hammill M.O. Diving in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) pups during the nursing period. Can. J. Zool. 71 (1993) 991-996
    • (1993) Can. J. Zool. , vol.71 , pp. 991-996
    • Lydersen, C.1    Hammill, M.O.2
  • 94
    • 0027331569 scopus 로고
    • Diving behaviour of lactating harp seal, Phoca groentandica females from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada
    • Lydersen C., and Kovacs K.M. Diving behaviour of lactating harp seal, Phoca groentandica females from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Anim. Behav 46 (1993) 1213-1221
    • (1993) Anim. Behav , vol.46 , pp. 1213-1221
    • Lydersen, C.1    Kovacs, K.M.2
  • 95
    • 0028163822 scopus 로고
    • Diving activity in nursing bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) pups
    • Lydersen C., Hammill M.O., and Kovacs K.M. Diving activity in nursing bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) pups. Can. J. Zool. 72 (1994) 96-103
    • (1994) Can. J. Zool. , vol.72 , pp. 96-103
    • Lydersen, C.1    Hammill, M.O.2    Kovacs, K.M.3
  • 97
    • 77956755322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M.P.J. Majluf Reproductive ecology of female South American fur seals at Punta San Juan, Peru. Ph.D. thesis 1987 Univ. of Cambridge. United Kingdom.
    • M.P.J. Majluf Reproductive ecology of female South American fur seals at Punta San Juan, Peru. Ph.D. thesis 1987 Univ. of Cambridge. United Kingdom.
  • 98
    • 0001350054 scopus 로고
    • A new theory of sexual investment
    • Maynard Smith J. A new theory of sexual investment. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 7 (1980) 247-251
    • (1980) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.7 , pp. 247-251
    • Maynard Smith, J.1
  • 99
    • 0024882844 scopus 로고
    • Parental investment in Southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina
    • McCann T.S., Fedak M.A., and Harwood J. Parental investment in Southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25 (1989) 81-87
    • (1989) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.25 , pp. 81-87
    • McCann, T.S.1    Fedak, M.A.2    Harwood, J.3
  • 100
    • 0039950266 scopus 로고
    • A paternal role in Galapagos sea lions?
    • Miller E.H. A paternal role in Galapagos sea lions?. Evolution 28 (1974) 473-476
    • (1974) Evolution , vol.28 , pp. 473-476
    • Miller, E.H.1
  • 101
    • 0005076176 scopus 로고
    • Summer behavior of Atlantic walruses Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus (L.) at Coats Island, N. W. T. (Canada)
    • Miller E.H., and Boness D.J. Summer behavior of Atlantic walruses Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus (L.) at Coats Island, N. W. T. (Canada). Z. SUugetierk. 48 (1983) 298-313
    • (1983) Z. SUugetierk. , vol.48 , pp. 298-313
    • Miller, E.H.1    Boness, D.J.2
  • 102
    • 0027086215 scopus 로고
    • Parent-offspring conflict: A case of arrested development
    • Mock D.W., and Forbes L.S. Parent-offspring conflict: A case of arrested development. Trends Ecol. Evol. 7 (1992) 409-413
    • (1992) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.7 , pp. 409-413
    • Mock, D.W.1    Forbes, L.S.2
  • 103
    • 0000374087 scopus 로고
    • Duration of lactation and postweaning changes in mass and body composition of harbour seal, Phoca vitulina pups
    • Muelberg M.M.C., and Bowen W.D. Duration of lactation and postweaning changes in mass and body composition of harbour seal, Phoca vitulina pups. Can. J. Zool. 71 (1993) 1405-1414
    • (1993) Can. J. Zool. , vol.71 , pp. 1405-1414
    • Muelberg, M.M.C.1    Bowen, W.D.2
  • 105
    • 0001784220 scopus 로고
    • Hydrogen isotope methodology for measurement of milk intake and energetics of growth in suckling young
    • Huntley A.C., Costa D.P., Worthy G.A.J., and Castellini M.A. (Eds), Allen Press, Lawrence, KS.
    • Oftedal O.T., and Iverson S.J. Hydrogen isotope methodology for measurement of milk intake and energetics of growth in suckling young. In: Huntley A.C., Costa D.P., Worthy G.A.J., and Castellini M.A. (Eds). Marine Mammals Energetics (1987), Allen Press, Lawrence, KS. 67-96
    • (1987) Marine Mammals Energetics , pp. 67-96
    • Oftedal, O.T.1    Iverson, S.J.2
  • 106
    • 0000436516 scopus 로고
    • The behavior, physiology, and anatomy of lactation in the pinnipedia
    • Oftedal O.T., Boness D.J., and Tedman R.A. The behavior, physiology, and anatomy of lactation in the pinnipedia. Curr. Mammal. 1 (1987) 175-245
    • (1987) Curr. Mammal. , vol.1 , pp. 175-245
    • Oftedal, O.T.1    Boness, D.J.2    Tedman, R.A.3
  • 107
    • 0000859231 scopus 로고
    • Milk and energy intakes of suckling California sea lion Zalophus californianus pups in relation to sex, growth, and predicted maintenance requirements
    • Oftedal O.T., Iverson S.J., and Boness D.J. Milk and energy intakes of suckling California sea lion Zalophus californianus pups in relation to sex, growth, and predicted maintenance requirements. Physiol. Zool. 60 (1987) 560-575
    • (1987) Physiol. Zool. , vol.60 , pp. 560-575
    • Oftedal, O.T.1    Iverson, S.J.2    Boness, D.J.3
  • 108
    • 0027870160 scopus 로고
    • Energy transfer by lactating hooded seals and nutrient deposition in their pups during the four days from birth to weaning
    • Oftedal O.T., Bowen W.D., and Boness D.J. Energy transfer by lactating hooded seals and nutrient deposition in their pups during the four days from birth to weaning. Physiol. Zool. 66 (1993) 412-436
    • (1993) Physiol. Zool. , vol.66 , pp. 412-436
    • Oftedal, O.T.1    Bowen, W.D.2    Boness, D.J.3
  • 109
    • 0038568984 scopus 로고
    • The influence of El Nino on mother-pup behavior, pup ontogeny, and sex ratios in the California sea lion
    • Trillmich F., and Ono K.A. (Eds), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
    • Ono K.A., and Boness D.J. The influence of El Nino on mother-pup behavior, pup ontogeny, and sex ratios in the California sea lion. In: Trillmich F., and Ono K.A. (Eds). Pinnipeds and El Niflo (1991), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 185-192
    • (1991) Pinnipeds and El Niflo , pp. 185-192
    • Ono, K.A.1    Boness, D.J.2
  • 110
    • 85047691747 scopus 로고
    • The effect of a natural environmental disturbance on maternal investment and pup behavior in the California sea lion
    • Ono K.A., Boness D.J., and Oftedal O.T. The effect of a natural environmental disturbance on maternal investment and pup behavior in the California sea lion. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 21 (1987) 109-118
    • (1987) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.21 , pp. 109-118
    • Ono, K.A.1    Boness, D.J.2    Oftedal, O.T.3
  • 111
    • 84985365598 scopus 로고
    • Growth in the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella
    • Payne M.R. Growth in the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella. J. Zool. (London) 187 (1979) 1-20
    • (1979) J. Zool. (London) , vol.187 , pp. 1-20
    • Payne, M.R.1
  • 112
    • 0025955982 scopus 로고
    • Rates of water turnover and energy expenditure of free-living male common seals (Phoca vitulina)
    • Reilly J.J., and Fedak M.A. Rates of water turnover and energy expenditure of free-living male common seals (Phoca vitulina). J. Zool. (London) 223 (1991) 461-468
    • (1991) J. Zool. (London) , vol.223 , pp. 461-468
    • Reilly, J.J.1    Fedak, M.A.2
  • 113
    • 0025956996 scopus 로고
    • Life history consequences of variation in age at primiparity in Northern elephant seals
    • Reiter J., and Le Boeuf B.J. Life history consequences of variation in age at primiparity in Northern elephant seals. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 28 (1991) 153-160
    • (1991) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.28 , pp. 153-160
    • Reiter, J.1    Le Boeuf, B.J.2
  • 114
    • 0001610830 scopus 로고
    • Northern elephant seal development: The transition from weaning to nutritional independence
    • Reiter J., Stinson N.L., and Le Boeuf B.J. Northern elephant seal development: The transition from weaning to nutritional independence. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 3 (1978) 337-367
    • (1978) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.3 , pp. 337-367
    • Reiter, J.1    Stinson, N.L.2    Le Boeuf, B.J.3
  • 115
    • 0000161811 scopus 로고
    • Female competition and reproductive success in Northern elephant seals
    • Reiter J., Panken K.J., and Le Boeuf B.J. Female competition and reproductive success in Northern elephant seals. Anim, Behav. 29 (1981) 670-687
    • (1981) Anim, Behav. , vol.29 , pp. 670-687
    • Reiter, J.1    Panken, K.J.2    Le Boeuf, B.J.3
  • 116
    • 0344749687 scopus 로고
    • Warm-blooded life in cold ocean currents
    • Repenning C.A. Warm-blooded life in cold ocean currents. Oceans 13 (1980) 18-24
    • (1980) Oceans , vol.13 , pp. 18-24
    • Repenning, C.A.1
  • 117
    • 0001299046 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of ailoparental care and adoption in mammals and birds
    • Riedman M.L. The evolution of ailoparental care and adoption in mammals and birds. Quart. Rev. Biol. 57 (1982) 405-435
    • (1982) Quart. Rev. Biol. , vol.57 , pp. 405-435
    • Riedman, M.L.1
  • 118
    • 77956721818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J.-P. Roux P. Jouventin Behavioural cues to individual recognition in the subantarctic fur seal, Arctocephalus tropicalis. J. Croxall R.L. Gentry Status, Biology, and Ecology of Fur Seals 1987 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 51. U.S. Dept. of Commerce Springfield, VA. 23 27
    • J.-P. Roux P. Jouventin Behavioural cues to individual recognition in the subantarctic fur seal, Arctocephalus tropicalis. J. Croxall R.L. Gentry "Status, Biology, and Ecology of Fur Seals" 1987 NOAA Technical Report NMFS 51. U.S. Dept. of Commerce Springfield, VA. 23 27
  • 119
    • 0014623982 scopus 로고
    • Pinniped phylogeny
    • Sarich V. Pinniped phylogeny. Syst. Zool. 18 (1969) 416-422
    • (1969) Syst. Zool. , vol.18 , pp. 416-422
    • Sarich, V.1
  • 120
    • 0002087327 scopus 로고
    • Acoustic signalling in mother-pup reunions, interspecies bonding, and affiliation by kinship in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)
    • Thomas J., et al. (Ed), Plenum Press, New York.
    • Schusterman R.J., Hanggi E.B., and Gisiner R. Acoustic signalling in mother-pup reunions, interspecies bonding, and affiliation by kinship in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). In: Thomas J., et al. (Ed). Marine Mammal Sensory Systems (1992), Plenum Press, New York. 533-551
    • (1992) Marine Mammal Sensory Systems , pp. 533-551
    • Schusterman, R.J.1    Hanggi, E.B.2    Gisiner, R.3
  • 121
    • 0000657633 scopus 로고
    • Polar bear predation of ringed and bearded seals in the land-fast sea ice habitat
    • Smith T.G. Polar bear predation of ringed and bearded seals in the land-fast sea ice habitat. Can. J. Zool. 58 (1980) 2201-2209
    • (1980) Can. J. Zool. , vol.58 , pp. 2201-2209
    • Smith, T.G.1
  • 122
    • 0001261648 scopus 로고
    • Variation in the density of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) birth lairs in the Amundsen Gulf, Northwest Territories
    • Smith T.G., and Stirling I. Variation in the density of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) birth lairs in the Amundsen Gulf, Northwest Territories. Can. J. Zool. 56 (1975) 1066-1071
    • (1975) Can. J. Zool. , vol.56 , pp. 1066-1071
    • Smith, T.G.1    Stirling, I.2
  • 123
    • 0000280102 scopus 로고
    • Trade-offs in life history evolution
    • Stearns S.C. Trade-offs in life history evolution. Fund. Ecol. 3 (1989) 259-268
    • (1989) Fund. Ecol. , vol.3 , pp. 259-268
    • Stearns, S.C.1
  • 124
    • 0011759671 scopus 로고
    • Variation in sex ratio of newborn weddell seals during the pupping season
    • Stirling I. Variation in sex ratio of newborn weddell seals during the pupping season. J. Mammal. 52 (1971) 842-844
    • (1971) J. Mammal. , vol.52 , pp. 842-844
    • Stirling, I.1
  • 125
    • 0002443384 scopus 로고
    • Adaptation of weddell and ringed seals to exploit the polar fast ice habitat in the absence or presence of surface predators
    • Llano G.A. (Ed), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
    • Stirling I. Adaptation of weddell and ringed seals to exploit the polar fast ice habitat in the absence or presence of surface predators. In: Llano G.A. (Ed). Adaptation within Antarctic Ecosystems (1977), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 741-748
    • (1977) Adaptation within Antarctic Ecosystems , pp. 741-748
    • Stirling, I.1
  • 126
    • 85178373101 scopus 로고
    • Life history strategies of female Northern elephant seals
    • Le Boeuf B.J., and Laws R.M. (Eds), Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
    • Sydeman W.J., and Nur N. Life history strategies of female Northern elephant seals. In: Le Boeuf B.J., and Laws R.M. (Eds). Elephant Seals: Population Ecology, Behavior, and Physiology (1994), Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 137-153
    • (1994) Elephant Seals: Population Ecology, Behavior, and Physiology , pp. 137-153
    • Sydeman, W.J.1    Nur, N.2
  • 127
    • 0026302826 scopus 로고
    • Age-specific weaning success of Northern elephant seals in relation to previous breeding experience
    • Sydeman W.J., Hubert H.R., Emslie S.D., Ribic C.A., and Nur N. Age-specific weaning success of Northern elephant seals in relation to previous breeding experience. Ecology 72 (1991) 2204-2217
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 2204-2217
    • Sydeman, W.J.1    Hubert, H.R.2    Emslie, S.D.3    Ribic, C.A.4    Nur, N.5
  • 128
    • 84962994143 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of pinnipeds to other carnivores (Mammalia)
    • Tedford R.H. Relationship of pinnipeds to other carnivores (Mammalia). Syst. Zool. 25 (1976) 363-374
    • (1976) Syst. Zool. , vol.25 , pp. 363-374
    • Tedford, R.H.1
  • 129
    • 84986792206 scopus 로고
    • Diving behavior and maternal investment in Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii)
    • Testa J.W., Hill S.E.B., and Siniff D.B. Diving behavior and maternal investment in Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii). Mar. Mamm. Sci. 5 (1989) 399-405
    • (1989) Mar. Mamm. Sci. , vol.5 , pp. 399-405
    • Testa, J.W.1    Hill, S.E.B.2    Siniff, D.B.3
  • 130
    • 0028173715 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the distribution and activity of female harbour seals during the breeding season: Implications for their lactation strategy and mating patterns
    • Thompson P.M., Miller D., Cooper R., and Hammond P.S. Changes in the distribution and activity of female harbour seals during the breeding season: Implications for their lactation strategy and mating patterns. J. Anim. Ecol. 63 (1994) 24-30
    • (1994) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.63 , pp. 24-30
    • Thompson, P.M.1    Miller, D.2    Cooper, R.3    Hammond, P.S.4
  • 131
    • 0001338980 scopus 로고
    • Thermoregulation and resting metabolic rate of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups
    • Thompson S.D., Ono K.A., Oftedal O.T., and Boness D.J. Thermoregulation and resting metabolic rate of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups. Physiol. Zool. 60 (1987) 730-736
    • (1987) Physiol. Zool. , vol.60 , pp. 730-736
    • Thompson, S.D.1    Ono, K.A.2    Oftedal, O.T.3    Boness, D.J.4
  • 132
    • 0028975447 scopus 로고
    • The reproductive behavior and energetics of male gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) breeding on a land-fast ice substrate
    • Tinker M.T., Kovacs K.M., and Hanunill M.O. The reproductive behavior and energetics of male gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) breeding on a land-fast ice substrate. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 36 (1995) 159-170
    • (1995) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.36 , pp. 159-170
    • Tinker, M.T.1    Kovacs, K.M.2    Hanunill, M.O.3
  • 133
    • 0019645812 scopus 로고
    • Mutual mother-pup recognition in Galapagos fur seals and sea lions: Cues used and functional significance
    • Trillmich F. Mutual mother-pup recognition in Galapagos fur seals and sea lions: Cues used and functional significance. Behaviour 78 (1981) 21-42
    • (1981) Behaviour , vol.78 , pp. 21-42
    • Trillmich, F.1
  • 134
    • 0001562246 scopus 로고
    • Attendance behavior of Galapagos fur seals
    • Gentry R.L., and Kooyman G.L. (Eds), Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.
    • Trillmich F. Attendance behavior of Galapagos fur seals. In: Gentry R.L., and Kooyman G.L. (Eds). Fur Seals: Maternal Strategies on Land and at Sea (1986), Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ. 168-185
    • (1986) Fur Seals: Maternal Strategies on Land and at Sea , pp. 168-185
    • Trillmich, F.1
  • 135
    • 0000724007 scopus 로고
    • Maternal investment and sex-allocation in the Galapagos fur seal Arctocephalus galapagoensis
    • Trillmich F. Maternal investment and sex-allocation in the Galapagos fur seal Arctocephalus galapagoensis. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 19 (1986) 157-164
    • (1986) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.19 , pp. 157-164
    • Trillmich, F.1
  • 136
    • 0025669286 scopus 로고
    • The behavioral ecology of maternal effort in fur seals and sea lions
    • Trillmich F. The behavioral ecology of maternal effort in fur seals and sea lions. Behaviour 114 (1990) 3-20
    • (1990) Behaviour , vol.114 , pp. 3-20
    • Trillmich, F.1
  • 137
    • 84985383217 scopus 로고
    • Milk of the Galapagos fur seal and sea lion, with a comparison of the milk of eared seals (Otariidae)
    • Trillmich F., and Lechner E. Milk of the Galapagos fur seal and sea lion, with a comparison of the milk of eared seals (Otariidae). J. Zool. (London) 209 (1986) 271-277
    • (1986) J. Zool. (London) , vol.209 , pp. 271-277
    • Trillmich, F.1    Lechner, E.2
  • 138
    • 0022210517 scopus 로고
    • Drastic effects of El Niflo on Galapagos pinnipeds
    • Trillmich F., and Limberger D. Drastic effects of El Niflo on Galapagos pinnipeds. Oecologia 67 (1985) 19-22
    • (1985) Oecologia , vol.67 , pp. 19-22
    • Trillmich, F.1    Limberger, D.2
  • 141
    • 0026345556 scopus 로고
    • Fetal growth of Northern fur seals: Life history strategy and sources of variation
    • Trites A.W. Fetal growth of Northern fur seals: Life history strategy and sources of variation. Can. J. Zool. 69 (1991) 2608-2617
    • (1991) Can. J. Zool. , vol.69 , pp. 2608-2617
    • Trites, A.W.1
  • 142
    • 85068409711 scopus 로고
    • Parental investment and sexual selection
    • Campbell B. (Ed), Heinemann Ltd., London.
    • Trivers R.L. Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Campbell B. (Ed). Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man (1972), Heinemann Ltd., London. 136-179
    • (1972) Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man , pp. 136-179
    • Trivers, R.L.1
  • 143
    • 77957211866 scopus 로고
    • Parent-offspring conflict
    • Trivers R.L. Parent-offspring conflict. Amer. Zool. 14 (1974) 249-264
    • (1974) Amer. Zool. , vol.14 , pp. 249-264
    • Trivers, R.L.1
  • 144
    • 0015914379 scopus 로고
    • Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring
    • Trivers R.L., and WiUard D.E. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science (Washington, D. C.) Y19 (1973) 90-92
    • (1973) Science (Washington, D. C.) , vol.Y19 , pp. 90-92
    • Trivers, R.L.1    WiUard, D.E.2
  • 145
    • 0004931002 scopus 로고
    • On the relationship of pinnipeds to other carnivores
    • Wüg O. On the relationship of pinnipeds to other carnivores. Zool. Scr. 12 (1983) 225-227
    • (1983) Zool. Scr. , vol.12 , pp. 225-227
    • Wüg, O.1
  • 146
    • 0018664632 scopus 로고
    • The question of adaptive sex ratio in outcrossed vertebrates
    • Williams G.C. The question of adaptive sex ratio in outcrossed vertebrates. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 205 (1979) 567-580
    • (1979) Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B , vol.205 , pp. 567-580
    • Williams, G.C.1
  • 147
    • 0002836311 scopus 로고
    • The walrus auditory region and the monophyly of pinnipeds
    • Wyss A.R. The walrus auditory region and the monophyly of pinnipeds. American Museum Natural History Novitates 2871 (1987) 31
    • (1987) American Museum Natural History Novitates , vol.2871 , pp. 31
    • Wyss, A.R.1
  • 148
    • 0023808316 scopus 로고
    • Evidence from flipper structure for a single origin of pinnipeds
    • Wyss A.R. Evidence from flipper structure for a single origin of pinnipeds. Nature (London) 334 (1988) 427-428
    • (1988) Nature (London) , vol.334 , pp. 427-428
    • Wyss, A.R.1
  • 149
    • 0024881478 scopus 로고
    • Flippers and pinniped phylogeny: Has the problem of convergence been overrated?
    • Wyss A.R. Flippers and pinniped phylogeny: Has the problem of convergence been overrated?. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 5 (1989) 343-360
    • (1989) Mar. Mamm. Sci. , vol.5 , pp. 343-360
    • Wyss, A.R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.