At A Loss From Words: Verbal Overshadowing of Perceptual Memories

Psychology of Learning and Motivation - Advances in Research and Theory

Volumn 37, Issue C, 1997, Pages 291-340

  Schooler, Jonathan W ^a   Fiore, Stephen M ^a   Brandimonte, Maria A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956713478     PISSN: 00797421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60505-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (125)

1. Anderson M.C., and Spellman B.A. On the status of inhibitory mechanisms in cognition: Memory retrieval as a model case. Psychological Review 102 (1995) 68-100
2. Attneave F. Transfer of experience with a class-schema to identification-learning of patterns and shapes. Journal of Experimental Psychology 54 (1957) 81-88
3. Bahrick H.P., and Boucher B. Retention of visual and verbal codes of the same stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology 78 (1969) 417-422
4. Bartlett J.C., Till R.E., and Levy J.C. Retrieval characteristics of complex pictures: Effects of verbal encoding. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19 (1980) 430-449
5. Bekerian D.A., and Bowers J.M. Eyewitness testimony: Were we misled?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 9 (1983) 139-145
6. Bjork R.A. Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In: Roediger H.L., and Craik F.I.M. (Eds). Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (1989), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 309-330
7. Black M. A companion to Wittgenstein's Tractatus (1964), Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY
8. Brandimonte M.A., and Gerbino W. Mental image reversal and verbal recoding: When ducks become rabbits. Memory & Cognition 21 (1993) 23-33
9. Brandimonte M.A., and Gerbino W. When imagery fails: Effects of verbal recoding on visual memory accessibility. In: Cornoldi C., Logie R.H., Brandimonte M.A., Kaufman G., and Reisberg D. (Eds). Stretching the imagination: Representations and transformations in mental imagery (1996), Oxford University Press, Oxford, England 31-76
10. Brandimonte M.A., Hitch G.J., and Bishop D.V.M. Influence of short-term memory codes on visual image processing: Evidence from image transformation tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18 (1992) 157-165
11. Brandimonte M.A., Hitch G.J., and Bishop D.V.M. Verbal recoding of visual stimuli impairs mental image transformations. Memory & Cognition 20 (1992) 449-455
12. Brandimonte M.A., Schooler J.W., and Gabbino P. Attenuating verbal overshadowing through visual retrieval cues. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23 (1997) 915-931
13. Bransford J.D., and Franks J.J. The abstraction of linguistic ideas. Cognitive Psychology 2 (1971) 331-350
14. Brigham J.C., and Malpass R.S. The role of experience and contact in the recognition of faces of own- and other-race persons. Journal of Social Issues 41 (1985) 139-155
15. Carmichael L., Hogan H.P., and Walter A.A. An experimental study of the effect of language on the reproduction of visually perceived forms. Journal of Experimental Psychology 15 (1932) 73-86
16. Chi M.T.H., de Leeuw N., Chiu M., and LaVancher C. Eliciting self-explanation improves understanding. Cognitive Science 18 (1994) 439-477
17. Christiaansen R.E., and Ochalek K. Editing misleading information from memory: Evidence for the coexistence of original and postevent information. Memory & Cognition 11 (1983) 467-475
18. Cohen J.D., and Servain-Schreiber D. Context, cortex, and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychological Review 99 (1992) 45-77
19. Cooper J., and Fazio R.H. A new look at dissonance theory. In: Berkowitz L. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 17 (1984), Academic Press, New York 229-265
20. Daniel T.C. Nature of the effect of verbal labels on recognition memory of form. Journal of Experimental Psychology 96 (1972) 152-157
21. Darley C.F., and Glass A.L. Effects of rehearsal and serial list position on recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 104 (1975) 453-458
22. Dodson C.S., Johnson M.K., and Schooler J.W. The verbal overshadowing effect: Source confusion or strategy shift?. Memory & Cognition 25 (1997) 129-139
23. Dunning D., and Stern L.B. Distinguishing accurate from inaccurate eyewitness identifications via inquiries about decision processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1994) 818-835
24. Ellis H.D., Shepard J.W., and Davies G.M. The deterioration of verbal descriptions of faces over different delay intervals. Journal of Police Science and Administration 8 (1980) 101-106
25. Engen T., and Ross B.M. Long-term memory of odors with and without verbal descriptions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 100 (1973) 221-227
26. Ericsson K.A., and Simon H.A. Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review 87 (1980) 215-251
27. Ericsson K.A., and Simon H.A. Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data (1984), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
28. Fallshore M., and Schooler J.W. The verbal vulnerability of perceptual expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21 (1995) 1608-1623
29. Fiore, S. M. (1994). Verbal overshadowing of macro-spatial memory. Unpublished master's thesis. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
30. Fiore S.M., and Schooler J.W. How did you get here from there: Verbal overshadowing of macro-spatial memory (1997) Manuscript in preparation.
31. Gagne R.H., and Smith E.C. A study of the effects of verbalization on problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology 63 (1962) 12-18
32. Gardiner J.M. Functional aspects of recollective experience. Memory & Cognition 16 (1988) 309-313
33. Gardiner J.M., and Java R.I. Recognizing and remembering. In: Collins A., Conway M.A., Gathercole S.E., and Morris P.E. (Eds). Theories of memory (1993), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 163-188
34. Glanzer M., and Clark W.H. The verbal loop hypothesis: Binary numbers. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 2 (1963) 301-309
35. Glenberg A., and Adams F. Type 1 rehearsal and recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 17 (1978) 455-463
36. Glucksberg S., and Danks J. Effects of discriminative labels and of nonsense labels upon availability of novel function. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 7 (1968) 72-76
37. Graf P., and Mandler G. Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 23 (1984) 553-568
38. Graf P., Mandler G., and Haden P. Simulating amnesic symptoms in normal subjects. Science 218 (1982) 1243-1244
39. Greene E., Flynn M.S., and Loftus E.F. Inducing resistance to misleading information. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 21 (1982) 207-219
40. Halberstadt, J. B. (1996). Effects of verbalization on configural and featural face recognition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
41. Hardin D., and Banaji M.R. The influence of language on thought. Social Cognition 11 (1993) 277-308
42. Hasher L., Stoltzfus E.R., Zacks R.T., and Rypma B. Age and inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17 (1991) 163-169
43. Heider E.R. Universals in color naming and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology 93 (1972) 10-20
44. Henry S.B., LeBreck D.B., and Holzemer W.L. The effect of verbalization of cognitive processes on clinical decision making. Research in Nursing and Health 12 (1989) 187-193
45. Hirtle S.C., and Hudson J. Acquisition of spatial knowledge for routes. Journal of Environmental Psychology 11 (1991) 335-345
46. Houser T., Fiore S.M., and Schooler J.W. Verbal overshadowing of music memory: What happens when you describe that tune? (1997) Manuscript in preparation.
47. Hunt E., and Agnoli F. The Whorfian hypothesis: A cognitive psychology perspective. Psychological Review 98 (1991) 377-389
48. Jacoby L.L., and Dallas M. On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 110 (1981) 306-340
49. Jacoby L.L., Yonelinas A.P., and Jennings J.M. The relation between conscious and unconscious (automatic) influences: A declaration of independence. In: Cohen J.C., and Schooler J.W. (Eds). Scientific approaches to consciousness: The 25th Carnegie Symposium on Cognition (1997), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 13-47
50. James W.J. The principles of psychology (1891), Holt, New York
51. Johnson M.K., Hashtroudi S., and Lindsay D.S. Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin 114 (1993) 3-28
52. Kolers P.A. Remembering operations. Memory & Cognition 1 (1973) 347-355
53. Kolers P.A., and Roediger III H.I. Procedures of mind. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 23 (1984) 425-449
54. Kosslyn S.M., Ball T.M., and Reiser B.J. Visual images preserve metric spatial information: Evidence from studies of image scanning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4 (1978) 47-60
55. Krumhansl C.L. Music psychology: Tonal structures in perception and memory. Annual Review of Psychology 42 (1991) 277-303
56. Lantz D., and Volney S. Language and cognition revisited. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 69 (1964) 472-481
57. Lawless H.T. Flavor description of white wine by "expert" and nonexpert wine consumers. Journal of Food Science 49 (1985) 120-123
58. Lawless H.T., and Eagen T. Associations to odors: Interference, mnemonics, and verbal labeling. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 3 (1977) 52 29
59. Lindsay D.S., and Johnson M.K. The eyewitness suggestibility effect and memory for source. Memory & Cognition 17 (1989) 349-358
60. Loftus E.F., and Loftus G.R. On the permanence of stored information in the human brain. American Psychologist 35 (1980) 409-420
61. Loftus E.F., Miller D.G., and Burns H.J. Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 4 (1978) 19-31
62. Loftus G.R., and Kallman H.J. Encoding and use of detail information in picture recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 5 (1979) 197-211
63. S.B. Lovett M.Y. Small S.A. Engstrom The verbal overshadowing effect: Now you see it, now you don't. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, MO. 1992.
64. Lucy J.A., and Shweder R.A. Whorf and his critics: Linguistic and non-linguistic influences on color memory. American Anthropologist 8 (1979) 581-613
65. Maki R.H., and Schuler J. Effects of rehearsal duration and levels of processing on memory for words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19 (1980) 36-45
66. Makumo M. Encoding strategies for tonal and atonal melodies. Music Perception 10 (1992) 73-82
67. Mandler G. Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. Psychological Review 87 (1980) 252-271
68. McGeoch J.A. The psychology of human learning (1942), Longmans, Green, New York
69. Melcher J.M., and Schooler J.W. The misremembrance of wines past: Verbal and perceptual expertise differentially mediate verbal overshadowing of taste memory. Journal of Memory and Language 35 (1996) 231-245
70. Melton A.W., and Irwin J.M. The influence of degree of interpolated learning on retroactive inhibition and overt transfer of specific responses. American Journal of Psychology 53 (1940) 173-203
71. Morris C.D., Bransford J.D., and Franks J.J. Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 16 (1977) 519-533
72. Morton J., Hammersley R.H., and Bekerian D.A. Headed records: A model for memory and its failures. Cognition 20 (1985) 1-23
73. Murnane K., and Phelps M.P. When does a different environmental context make a difference in recognition? A global activation model. Memory & Cognition 22 (1994) 584-590
74. Murray D.J. The role of speech responses in short-term memory. Canadian Journal of Psychology 21 (1967) 263-276
75. Nelson D.L., and Brooks D.H. Functional independence of pictures and their verbal memory codes. Journal of Experimental Psychology 98 (1973) 44-48
76. Nisbett R.E., and Wilson T.D. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84 (1977) 231-259
77. Ohlsson S. Information-processing explanations of insight and related phenomena. In: Keane M., and Gilhooley K. (Eds). Advances in the psychology of thinking (1992), Harvester-Wheatsheaf, London 1-44
78. Paivio A. Mental representations: A dual coding approach (1986), Oxford University Press, New York
79. K. Pezdek R. Maki D. Valencia-Laver T. Whetstone J. Stoeckert T. Dougherty How well do we remember the visual details in pictures? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, New Orleans. 1986.
80. Polanyi M. The tacit dimension (1966), Anchor Books, Garden City, NY
81. Rabinowitz J.C., Mandler G., and Barsalou L.W. Recognition failure: Another case of retrieval failure. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 16 (1977) 639-663
82. Rajaram S., and Roediger H.L. Remembering and knowing as states of consciousness during retrieval. In: Cohen J.C., and Schooler J.W. (Eds). Scientific approaches to consciousness: The 25th Carnegie Symposium on Cognition (1997), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 213-240
83. Read J.D., Hammersley R., Cross-Calvert S., and McFadzen E. Rehearsal of faces and details in actions events. Applied Cognitive Psychology 3 (1989) 295-311
84. J.D. Read J.W. Schooler Verbalization decrements in long-term person identification. Paper presented at the Third Practical Aspects of Memory Conference. College Park, MD. 1994.
85. Rhodes G., Tan S., Brake S., and Taylor K. Expertise and configural coding in face recognition. British Journal of Psychology 80 (1989) 313-331
86. Riley D.A. Memory for form. In: Postman L.J. (Ed). Psychology in the making: Histories of selected research problems (1962), Knopf, New York 402-465
87. Roediger H.L. Inhibiting effects of recall. Memory & Cognition 2 (1974) 261-269
88. Roediger H.L., Weldon M.S., and Challis B.H. Explaining dissociations between implicit and explicit measures of retention: A processing account. In: Roediger H.L., and Craik F.I.M. (Eds). Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (1989), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 3-41
89. Samson S., and Zatorre R.J. Recognition memory for text and melody of songs after unilateral temporal lobe lesion: Evidence for dual encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17 (1991) 793-804
90. Sapir E. Language: An introduction to the study of speech (1921), Harcourt, Brace, New York
91. Schlipp P.A. Albert Einstein: Philosopher-scientist (1949), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
92. Schooler J.W., and Engstler-Schooler T.Y. Verbal overshadowing of visual memories: Some things are better left unsaid. Cognitive Psychology 22 (1990) 36-71
93. J.W. Schooler S.M. Fiore J. Melcher Z. Ambadar Verbal overshadowing and the "Just Know/Reason" distinction. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Chicago. 1996.
94. Schooler J.W., Foster R.A., and Loftus E. Some deleterious consequences of the act of recollection. Memory & Cognition 16 (1988) 243-251
95. Schooler J.W., Gabbino P., and Brandimonte M.A. Verbal overshadowing of out-of-focus pictures (1997) Unpublished raw data.
96. Schooler J.W., Gerhard D., and Loftus E. Qualities of the unreal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 12 (1986) 171-181
97. Schooler J.W., and Melcher J.M. The ineffability of insight. In: Smith S.M., Ward T.B., and Finke R.A. (Eds). The creative cognition approach (1995), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 97-133
98. Schooler J.W., Ohlsson S., and Brooks K. Thoughts beyond words: When language overshadows insight. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 122 (1993) 166-183
99. Schooler, J. W., Ryan, R. S., Fallshore, M. F., & Melcher, J. M. (in press). Knowing more than you can tell: The relationship between language and expertise. In R. E. Nisbett & J. Caverni (Eds.), The psychology of expertise. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
100. J.W. Schooler R. Ryan L.M. Reder Better the second time around: Representation reverses verbalization's impairment of face recognition. Paper presented at the International Conference on Memory. 1991 July.
101. Schooler J.W., Ryan R.S., and Reder L. The costs and benefits of verbally rehearsing memory for faces. In: Herrmann D., Johnson M., McEvoy C., Hertzog C., and Hertel P. (Eds). Basic and applied memory: New findings (1996), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 51-65
102. Schooler, T. Y. (1990). Do discrepant attitudinal components become consistent over time. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
103. Shapiro P.N., and Penrod S. Meta-analysis of facial identification studies. Psychological Bulletin 100 (1986) 139-156
104. Shimamura A.P., Jurica P.J., Mangels J.A., and Gershberg F.B. Susceptibility to memory interference effects following frontal lobe damage: Findings from tests of paired-associate learning. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7 (1995) 144-152
105. Siegel A.W., and White S.H. The development of spatial representation of large-scale environments. In: Reese H.W. (Ed). Advances in child development and behavior (1975), Academic Press, New York 9-55
106. Slamecka N.J. Intralist cuing of recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 14 (1975) 630-637
107. Smith S.M. Environmental context-dependent memory. In: Davies G., and Thomson D. (Eds). Memory in context: Context in memory (1988), Wiley, New York 13-34
108. Solomon G.E.A. Psychology of novice and expert wine talk. American Journal of Psychology 103 (1990) 495-517
109. Thorndyke P.W., and Hayes-Roth B. Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation. Cognitive Psychology 14 (1982) 560-589
110. Tulving E. Cue-dependent forgetting. American Scientist 62 (1974) 74-82
111. Tulving E. Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychologist 26 (1985) 1-12
112. Tulving E., and Pearlstone Z. Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 5 (1966) 381-391
113. Wells G.L., and Turtle J.W. What is the best way to encode faces. In: Gruneberg M.M., Morris P.E., and Sykes R.N. (Eds). Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues (1987), Wiley, New York 163-168
114. D.L. Westerman The effects of verbal description on the recognition of faces and other visual material. Paper presented at the North East Ohio Undergraduate Psychology Conference, Kent. 1991.
115. Whorf B.L. Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings (1956), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
116. Wilson T.D., and Dunn D.S. Effects of introspection on attitude-behavior consistency: Analyzing reasons versus focusing on feelings. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 22 (1986) 249-263
117. Wilson T.D., Dunn D.S., Kraft D., and Lisle D.J. Introspection, attitude change, and attitude-behavior consistency: The disruptive effects of explaining why we feel the way we do. In: Berkowitz L. (Ed). Advances in experimental social psychology 22 (1989), Academic Press, Orlando, FL 287-343
118. Wilson T.D., and Lafleur S.J. Knowing what you'll do: Effects of analyzing reasons on self-prediction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (1995) 21-35
119. Wilson T.D., Lisle D.J., Schooler J.W., Hodges S.D., Klaaren K.J., and Lafleur S.J. Introspecting about reasons can reduce post-choice satisfaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 19 (1993) 331-339
120. Wilson T.D., and Schooler J.W. Thinking too much: Introspection can reduce the quality of preferences and decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60 (1991) 181-192
121. Wittgenstein L. Tractatus Logica-Philosophicus (1961), Humanities Press, New York Original work published 1922
122. Yu C.J., and Geiselman R.E. Effects of constructing identi-kit composites on photo-spread identification performance. Criminal Justice and Behavior 20 (1993) 280-292
123. Zaragoza M.S., and Koshmider J.W. Misled subjects may know more than their performance implies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15 (1989) 246-255
124. Zaragoza M.S., and Lane S.M. Source misattribution and the suggestibility of eyewitness memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20 (1994) 934-945
125. Zatorre R.J., and Beckett C. Multiple coding strategies in the retention of musical tones by possessors of absolute pitch. Memory & Cognition 17 (1989) 582-589