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1
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33847071675
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note
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John F. Pfaff, "The Continued Vitality of Structured Sentencing Following Blakeley: The Effectiveness of Voluntary Guidelines," ucla Law Review 54 (2006-2007): 235.
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2
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15544375698
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note
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Steven Levitt and William Spelman have assessed the size of these elasticities relative to the drop in violent crime over the 1990s, both concluding that about 25 percent of the violent crime drop can be attributed to the increased use of incarceration. See Steven D. Levitt, "Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not," Journal of Economic Perspectives 18 (1) (2004): 163-190; and William Spelman, "The Limited Importance of Prison Expansion," in The Crime Drop in America, ed. Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
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3
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77956678579
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note
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Rosemary Gartner, Anthony N. Doob, and Franklin E. Zimring, "The Past is Prologue? Decarceration in California Then and Now," unpublished working paper.
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4
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77956697762
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note
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For a review of these results, see Joan Petersilia, "A Decade of Experimenting with Intermediate Sanctions: What Have We Learned?" in Perspectives on Crime and Justice: 1997-1998 Lecture Series (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, 1998); and Joan Petersilia and Susan Turner, "Intensive Probation and Parole," in Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, ed. Michael Tonry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).
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5
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77956697439
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note
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Robert Weisberg, "Restorative Justice and the Dangers of ';Community,'" Utah Law Review (2003): 343, 363-368.
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6
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77956689419
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note
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Kathy Sawyer, "Tougher Probation May Help Georgia Clear Crowded Prisons," The Washington Post, August 16, 1985. See also Dudley Clendinen, "Prison Crowding in South Leads to Tests of Other Punishments," The New York Times, December 18, 1985.
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7
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0032250891
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note
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Joan Petersilia, "A Decade of Experimenting with Intermediate Sanctions: What Have We Learned?" Federal Probation LXII (2) (1998).
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8
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77956678265
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note
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California Rehabilitation Oversight Board, Biannual Report (Ofce of the Inspector General, State of California, September 15, 2009), http://www.oig.ca.gov/pages/c-rob/reports.php (accessed January 4, 2010).
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9
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77956659146
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note
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Susan Turner, James Hess, and Jesse Jannetta, "Development of the California Static Risk Assessment Instrument (csra)" (University of California, Irvine, Center for Evidence-Based Corrections, November 2009), http://ucicorrections.seweb.uci.edu/pubs (accessed January 4, 2010).
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10
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77956702595
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note
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Prison Census Data, "Characteristics of Inmate Population" (California Department of Corrections, August 2009), http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Reports_Research/Offender_Information_Services_Br anch/Offender_Information_Reports.html.
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11
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77956712709
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note
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California Rehabilitation Oversight Board, Biannual Report.
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12
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77956690272
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note
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Ibid., 11.
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13
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77956677655
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note
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United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112 (2001).
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