Human myiasis in New Zealand: Imported and indigenously-acquired cases; the species of concern and clinical aspects

New Zealand Medical Journal

Volumn 123, Issue 1322, 2010, Pages 21-38

  Derraik, José G B ^a   Heath, Allen C G ^b   Rademaker, Marius ^c  

^a MASSEY UNIVERSITY   (New Zealand)

^b AGRESEARCH   (New Zealand)

^c WAIKATO HOSPITAL   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IVERMECTIN;

BOTFLY MYIASIS; CALLIPHORIDAE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CORDYLOBIA ANTHROPOPHAGA; DEBRIDEMENT; DERMATOBIA; DERMATOBIA HOMINIS MYIASIS; ERISTALIS TENAX; FANNIIDAE; FLY; GASTEROPHILUS INTESTINALIS; HOUSE FLY; HUMAN; LARVA; LUCILIA SERICATA; MAGGOT THERAPY; MUSCIDAE; MYIASIS; NEW ZEALAND; OESTRIDAE; OPHTHALMOMYIASIS; PHORIDAE; PSYCHODIDAE; REVIEW; SARCOPHAGIDAE; STRATIOMYIDAE; SYRPHIDAE; ANIMAL; DIPTERA; EPIDEMIC; PARASITOLOGY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ANIMALS; DIPTERA; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HUMANS; MYIASIS; NEW ZEALAND;

EID: 77956687871     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11758716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Zumpt F. Myiasis in man and animals in the Old World. London: Butterworths, 1965.
2. Hall M, Wall R. Myiasis of humans and domestic animals. Adv Parasitol 1995;35:258-334.
3. Hall MJR. Screwworm flies as agents of wound myiasis. In: Branckaert RDS, editor, New World Screwworm: Response to an Emergency, World Animal Review, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 1991;8-17. www.fao.org/DOCREP/U4220T/U4220T07.htm
4. Edwardes B. Tumbu and botflies: an underestimated nuisance for travellers? N Z Med J 2009;122(1304):126-127. http://www.nzmj.com/journal/122- 1304/3836/content.pdf
5. Dalton SC, Chambers ST. Cutaneous myiasis due to Dermatobia hominis (the human botfly) in a New Zealand traveller returned from South America. N Z Med J 2009;122(1302):95-99. http://www.nzmj.com/journal/122-1302/3778/content.pdf
6. James MT. The flies that cause myiasis in man. Washington DC: US Dept. of Agriculture, 1947.
7. Sherman RA, Hall MJR, Thomas S. Medicinal maggots: an ancient remedy for some contemporary afflictions. Ann Rev Entomol 2000;45:55-81. (Pubitemid 30187854)
8. McGraw TA, Turiansky GW. Cutaneous myiasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58:907-926.
9. Dogra SS, Mahajan VK. Oral myiasis caused by Musca domestica larvae in a child. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009;73:1604-1605.
10. Heath ACG, Appleton C. Small vertebrate carrion and its use by blowflies (Calliphoridae) causing ovine myiasis (flystrike) in New Zealand. NZ Entomol 2000;22:81-87.
11. Heath ACG, Bishop DM. Flystrike in New Zealand: An overview based on a 16-year study, following the introduction and dispersal of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Vet Parasitol 2006;137:333-44.
12. Scott HG. Human myiasis in North America (1952-1962 inclusive). Florida Entomol 1964;47:255-61.
13. Sherman RA. Wound myiasis in urban and suburban United States. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2004-14.
14. Brown BV, Oliver H. First records of Megaselia scalaris (Loew) and M. spiracularis Schmitz (Diptera: Phoridae) from New Zealand, with additional information on other worldwide species. NZ Entomol 2007;30:85-87.
15. MacDonald PJ, Chan C, Dickson J, Jean-Louis F, Heath A. Ophthalmomyiasis and nasal myiasis in New Zealand: a case series. N Z Med J 1999;112(1100):445- 47.
16. Palmer PH, Tingey RE, Holloway BA. Human ophthalmomyiasis externa caused by larvae of the sheep nasal bot-fly, Oestrus ovis. N Z Med J 1992;105(929):84-85.
17. Jones BR. Human myiasis in New Zealand. Ophthalmomyiasis externa due to Oestrus ovis: report of a case. Trans Ophthalmol Soc NZ 1951;Suppl:55-60.
18. Tenquist JD. The aetiology of an unpleasant itch. NZ Med J 1977;86:435-36.
19. Kettle PR. A study on the sheep botfly, Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) in New Zealand. NZ Entomol 1973;5:185-91.
20. Colwell DD, Hall MJR, Scholl PJ. A synopsis of the biology, hosts, distribution, disease significance and management of the genera. In: Colwell DD, Hall MJR, Scholl PJ, editors. The Oestrid Flies. Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2006:220-305.
21. Heath ACG, Johnston C. Nasal myiasis in a dog due to Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae). NZ Vet J 2001;49:164-64.
22. Verstrynge K, Foets B. External ophthalmomyiasis: a case report. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 2004;294:67-71.
23. Cepeda-Palacios R, Scholl PJ. Factors affecting the larvipositional activity of Oestrus ovis gravid females (Diptera: Oestridae). Vet Parasitol 2000;91:93-105.
24. Gregory AR, Schatz S, Laubach H. Ophthalmomyiasis caused by the sheep bot fly Oestrus ovis in Northern Iraq. Optom Vis Sci 2004;81:586-90.
25. Dar MS, Amer MB, Dar FK, Papazotos V. Ophthalmomyiasis caused by the sheep nasal bot, Oestrus ovis (Oestridae) larvae, in the Benghazi area of Eastern Libya. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1980;74:303-06.
26. Wong D. External ophthalmomyiasis caused by the sheep bot Oestrus ovis L. Br J Ophthamol 1982;66:786-87.
27. Sigauke E, Beebe WE, Gander RM, et al. Case report: ophthalmomyiasis externa in Dallas County, Texas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003;68:46-47. (Pubitemid 38234846)
28. Chodosh J, Clarridge J. Ophthalmomyiasis: a review with special reference to Cochliomyia hominivorax. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:444-49.
29. Cass EE. A case of ocular myiasis. Br Med J 1949;33:385-86.
30. Heath AC, Elliott DC, Dreadon RG. Gasterophilus intestinalis, the horse bot-fly as a cause of cutaneous myiasis in man. N Z Med J 1968;68(434):31-32.
31. Ito E, Honda A, Honjo M, et al. Migratory myiasis due to Hypoderma bovis [abstract, original in Japanese]. Rinsho Derma 2003;45:129-31.
32. Mito T, Uesugi T. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Glob Environm Res 2004;8:171-91.
33. Haruki K, Hayashi T, Kobayashi M, et al. Myiasis with Dermatobia hominis in a traveler returning from Costa Rica: review of 33 cases imported from South America to Japan. J Trav Med 2005;12:285-88.
34. Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, et al. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med 2006;354(2):119-30.
35. Gurrutxaga MA, Rementeria XB, Eguiluz GC, et al. Miasis cutanea por Cordylobia anthropophaga. Rev Esp Salud Pública 2001;75(1):23-30.
36. Dehecq É, Nzungu PN, Cailliez J-C, et al. Cordylobia anthropophaga (Diptera: Calliphoridae) outside Africa: a case of furuncular myiasis in a child returning from Congo. J Med Entomol 2009;42:187-92.
37. Jelinek R, Nothdurft HD, Rieder N, Löscher T. Cutaneous myiasis: review of 13 cases in travellers returning from tropical countries. Int J Dermatol 1995;34:624-26.
38. Caumes E, Carrière J, Guermonprez G, et al. Dermatoses associated with travel to tropical countries: a prospective study of the diagnosis and management of 269 patients presenting to a tropical disease unit. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:542-48.
39. Schenone H, Apt W, Velez R, et al. Miasis importada: siete casos de parasitación cutánea por larvas de la mosca Dermatobia hominis. Rev Med Chil 2001;129:786-88.
40. Pinto SB, Soccol VT, Vendruscolo E, et al. Bioecology of Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr., 1781) in Palotina, Paraná, Brazil. Ciência Rural 2002;32:821-27.
41. Cramer-Ribeiro BC, Sanavria A, Oliveira MQ, et al. Inquiry of cases of myiasis by Dermatobia hominis in dogs of the southern zone of Rio de Janeiro municipality in 2000. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 2002;39:176-80.
42. Akhter J, Qadri SM, Imam AM. Cutaneous myiasis due to Dermatobia hominis in Saudis. Saudi Med J 2000;21:689-91.
43. Silva-Junior VP, Moya BGE, Leandro AS. Duration and viability of the larval instars of Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Cuterebridae) in bovines. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 1999;8:103-6.
44. Dunn LH. Prevalence and Importance of the tropical warble fly, Dermatobia hominis Linn., in Panama. J Parasitol 1934;20:219-26.
45. Denion E, Dalens P-H, Couppié P, et al. External ophthalmomyiasis caused by Dermatobia hominis. A retrospective study of nine cases and a review of the literature. Acta Ophthalmol Scandinavica 2004;82:576-84.
46. Rossi MA, Zucoloto S. Fatal cerebral myiasis caused by the tropical warble fly, Dermatobia hominis. Am Trop Med Hyg 1973;22:267-69.
47. Espindola CB, Couri MS. Fannia flavicincta Stein (Diptera, Fanniidae): a new vector of Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr.) (Diptera, Cuterebridae). Rev Bras Zool 2004;21:115-16.
48. Borja GEM. Erradicação ou manejo integrado das miíases neotropicais das Américas? Pesq Vet Bras 2003;23:131-38.
49. Ogbalu OK, Achufusi T-GO, Adibe C. Incidence of multiple myiases in breasts of rural women and oral infection in infants from the human warble fly larvae in the humid Tropic- Niger Delta. Int J Dermatol 2006;45:1069-70. (Pubitemid 44317122)
50. Hall MJR, Smith KGV. Diptera causing myiasis in man. In: Laner RP, Crosskey RW, editors. Medical Insects and Arachnids. London: Chapman & Hall, 1993:429-69.
51. Pepper WC, Benaragama SK, Kalsi JS, Karim O. Cutaneous myiasis of Cordylobia anthropophaga. Urology 2008;72:65-65.
52. Kozaminska-Kubarska A. Cordylobia anthropophaga infestation. Int J Dermatol 1981;20:495-96.
53. Ockenhouse CF, Samlaska CP, Benson PM, et al. Cutaneous myiasis caused by the African tumbu fly (Cordylobia anthropophaga). Arch Dermatol 1990;126:199-202.
54. Hausdörfer-Scheiff S, Bourlond A, Pirard C. Histopathological aspects of myiasis. Dermatology 1993;186:298-300.
55. Lyerly W. Cutaneous myasis: a medical problem not limited to the tropics: case report. Mil Med 1983;148:524-26.
56. Whitehorn JS, Whitehorn C, Thakrar NA, et al. The dangers of an adventurous partner: Cordylobia anthropophaga infestation in London. Tran Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010;104:374-375.
57. Bailly GG, Moody AH. Cutaneous myiasis caused by larvae of Cordylobia anthropophaga acquired in Europe. Br Med J 1985;290:1473-74.
58. Curtis SJ, Edwards C, Athulathmuda C, Paul J. Case of the month: cutaneous myiasis in a returning traveller from the Algarve: first report of tumbu maggots, Cordylobia anthropophaga, acquired in Portugal. Emerg Med J 2006;23:236-37.
59. Hasegawa M, Harada T, Kojima Y, et al. An imported case of furuncular myiasis due to Cordylobia anthropophaga which emerged in Japan. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:912-14.
60. Arosemena RS, Booth SA, Daniel, Su WP. Cutaneous myiasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:254-56.
61. Sweet RD. A clinical occasion provided by larva of Dermatobia hominis. Br J Dermatol 1962;74:141-43.
62. Yewhalaw D, Legesse W, Gebre-Selassie S, Kloos H. Human myiasis in an endemic area of southwestern Ethiopia: prevalence, knowledge, perceptions and practices. Ethiop J Health Dev 2007;21:166-72.
63. Kettle P. The genus Gasterophilus in the horse in New Zealand. NZ Vet J 1974;22:43-45.
64. Macfarlane RP, Andrew IG, Sinclair BJ, et al. Checklist of New Zealand Diptera; 2000. www.ento.org.nz/diptera-checklist.htm
65. Lee DJ. Human myiasis in Australia. Med J Aust1968;1:170-73.
66. Brand AF. Gastrointestinal myiasis: report of a case. Arch Intern Med 1931;47:149-54.
67. Harvey WH. A case of myiasis, due to Calliphora erythrocephala, occurring in man. Parasitology 1934;26:306-07.
68. Skibsted R, Larsen M, Gomme G. Nasal myiasis [abstract, original in Danish]. Ugeskr Laeger 1995;157:2158.
69. Gursel M, Aldemir OS, Ozgur Z, Ataoglu T. A rare case of gingival myiasis caused by Diptera (Calliphoridae). J Clin Periodontol 2002;29:777-80. (Pubitemid 41697820)
70. Delhaes L, Bourel B, Scala L, et al. Case report: recovery of Calliphora vicina first-instar larvae from a human traumatic wound associated with a progressive necrotizing bacterial infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001;64:159-61.
71. Leger A, Couput A. Nasomyiase à Chrysomya dux, Esch. [cited in Zumpt 1965]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1924;17:375.
72. Fernandes LF, Pimenta FC, Fernandes FF. First report of human myiasis in Goiás state, Brazil: frequency of different types of myiasis, their various etiological agents, and associated factors. J Parasitol 2009;95:32-38.
73. Sukontason KL, Narongchai P, Sripakdee D, et al. First report of human myiasis caused by Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Thailand, and its implication in forensic entomology. J Med Entomol 2009;42:702-04.
74. Jumaian NF, Kamhawi SA, Nimri FA, Abdel-Hafez SK. A case of intestinal myiasis caused by Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) from Jordan. Jpn J Parasitol 1995;44:361-64.
75. Magnarelli LA, Andreadis TG. Human cases of furuncular, traumatic, and nasal myiasis in Connecticut. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1981;30:894-96.
76. Chigusa Y, Shinonaga S, Matsumoto J, et al. Aural myiasis due to Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in a patient suffering from diabetes, hypochondriasis and depression. Med Entomol Zool 1999;50:295-97.
77. Mielke U. Nosocomial myiasis. J Hosp Infect 1997;37:1-5.
78. Hira PR, Assad RM, Okasha G, et al. Myiasis in Kuwait: nosocomial infections caused by Lucilia sericata and Megaselia scalaris. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004;70:386-89.
79. Chigusa Y, Nemoto M, Kirinoki M, Matsuda H. Oral myiasis due to Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on a patient suffering from cerebral contusion in an intensive care unit (ICU) of a general hospital. Med Entomol Zool 2005;56:251-55.
80. Chigusa Y, Sasaki K, Kirinoki M, Matsuda H. Orbital myiasis in a severely mentally retarded woman who apparently enucleated her own eye. Med Entomol Zool 2006;57:59.
81. Blondeau JM, Haldane DJ, Murray U, Buchholz KP. Gastric myiasis - role of the lesser housefly. Can Fam Physician 1993;39:646-47.
82. Perez-Eid C, Mouffok N. Human urinary myiasis caused by Fannia canicularis (Diptera, Muscidae) larvae in Algeria. Presse Médicale 1999;28:580.
83. Leclercq M, Laurent P. Rectal myiasis with larvae of Fannia scalaris FAB (Diptera muscidae) in Belgium [abstract, original in French]. Rev Méd Liège 1973;28:27.
84. Sehgal R, Bhatti HP, Bhasin DK, et al. Intestinal myiasis due to Musca domestica: a report of two cases. Jpn J Infect Dis 2002;55:191-93.
85. Leon N. A case of urethral myiasis. J Parasitol 1921;7:184-85.
86. Shaunik A. Pelvic organ myiasis. Obstetr Gynecol 2006;107:501-03.
87. Burgess I, Davies EA. Cutaneous myiasis caused by the housefly, Musca domestica. Br J Dermatol 1991;125:377-79.
88. Shivekar S, Senthil K, Srinivasan R, et al. Intestinal myiasis caused by Muscina stabulans. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008;26:83-85.
89. DeFoliart GR, Pelton EC. A case of human intestinal myiasis caused by Muscina stabulans (Fallen). Am J Trop Med Hyg 1955;4:953-55.
90. Bernhard K. Demonstration of rectal myiasis in humans [abstract, original in German]. Angew Parasitol 1987;28:59.
91. Ferreira MF, Ieng KK, Claro L, et al. Intestinal myiasis in Macao [abstract, original in Chinese]. Chin J Parasitol Parasitic Dis1990;8:214-16.
92. Townsend Jr. LH, Hall RD, Turner Jr EC. Human oral myiasis in Virginia caused by Gasterophilus intestinalis (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) [abstract]. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 1978;80:129-30.
93. Masoodi M, Hosseini K. The respiratory and allergic manifestations of human myiasis caused by larvae of the sheep bot fly (Oestrus ovis): a report of 33 pharyngeal cases from southern Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2003;97:75-81.
94. Singh NB, Singh TK, Singh YI, Razaque MA. Intestinal myiasis caused by Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae): a case report. J Commun Dis 1988;20:163.
95. Singh TS, Rana D. Urogenital myiasis caused by Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae): a case report. J Med Entomol 1989;26:228-29.
96. Komori K, Hara K, Smith KGV, et al. A case of lung myiasis caused by larvae of Megaselia spiracularis Schmitz (Diptera: Phoridae). Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 1978;72:467-70.
97. Peckenschneider LE, Pokorny C, Hellwig CA. Intestinal infestation with maggots of the "cheese fly" (Piophila casei). J Am Med Assoc 1952;149:262-63.
98. Saleh MS, El Sibae MM. Urino-genital myiasis due to Piophila casei. J Egyptian Soc Parasitol 1993;23:737.
99. Kamimura K. A case of human ocular myiasis due to the moth fly, Psychoda alternata [abstract, original in Japanese]. Jpn J Sanit Zool 1967;18:305-06.
100. Uni S, Shinonaga S, Fukunaga A, et al. Ophthalmomyiasis caused by Sarcophaga crassipalpis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in a hospital patient. J Med Entomol 1999;36:906-08.
101. Ali-Khan FEA, Ali-Khan Z. Two cases of human Sarcophaga (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) myiasis in Quebec, with descriptions of the larvae. Can J Zool 1974;52:643-47.
102. Yuichi C, Satoshi S, Masatomo H, et al. Vaginal myiasis due to Sarcophaga peregrina (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) on a patient with atrial fibrillation, cerebral infarction and leg amputation [abstract]. Med Entomol Zool 2005;56:247-49.
103. Adler AI, Brancato FP. Human furuncular myiasis caused by Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). J Med Entomol 1995;32:745-46.
104. Lee HL, Chandrawathani P, Wong WY, et al. A case of human enteric myiasis due to larvae of Hermetia illucens (Family: Stratiomyiadae): first report in Malaysia. Malays J Pathol 1995;17:109-11.
105. Meleney HE, Harwood PD. Human intestinal myiasis due to the larvae of the soldier fly, Hermetia illucens Linne (Diptera, Stratiomyidae). Am J Trop Med 1935;S1:45-49.
106. Aguilera A, Cid A, Regueiro BJ, et al. Intestinal myiasis caused by Eristalis tenax. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:3082.
107. Hall MC. A note regarding myiasis, especially that due to syrphid larvae. Arch Intern Med 1918;21:309-12.
108. Mumcuoglu I, Akarsu GA, Balaban N, Keles I. Eristalis tenax as a cause of urinary myiasis. Scandinavian J Infect Dis 2005;37:942-43.
109. González MM, Comte MG, Monárdez PJ, et al. Accidental genital myiasis by Eristalis tenax. Rev Chil Infectol 2009;26:270-72.
110. Murdoch DR, Pilgrim RLC, Paltridge GP. Cutaneous myiasis due to Dermatobia hominis: case report. N Z Med J 1996;109(1035):465-66.
111. Heath ACG, Bishop DM. Flystrike in New Zealand. Surveillance 1995;22(2):11-13.
112. Loong PT, Lui H, Buck HW. Cutaneous myiasis: a simple and effective technique for extraction of Dermatobia hominis larvae. Int J Dermatol 1992;31:657-659.
113. Singh I, Gathwala G, Yadav SP, et al. Myiasis in children: the Indian perspective. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1993;25:127-131.
114. Sharma H, Dayal D, Agrawal SP. Nasal myiasis: review of 10 years experience. J Laryngol Otol 1989;103:489-491. (Pubitemid 19128016)
115. Osorio J, Moncada L, Molano A, et al. Role of ivermectin in the treatment of severe orbital myiasis due to Cochliomyia hominivorax. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:e57-59.
116. Dourmishev AL, Dourmishev LA, Schwartz RA. Ivermectin: pharmacology and application in dermatology. Int J Dermatol 2005;44:981-988.
117. Gealh WC, Ferreira GM, Farah GJ, et al. Treatment of oral myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax: two cases treated with ivermectin. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;47:23-26.
118. Canizares O. Myiasis and Leeches. In: Clinical Tropical Dermatology. Canizares O, Harman R, editors, 2nd Ed. Blackwell Scientific, Boston 1992
119. van Hal SJM, Hudson BJ, Wong DA. Furuncular myiasis after contact with clothing (when washing clothes can be infectious). Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:1552-1553.