Advances in Solution Culture Methods for Plant Mineral Nutrition Research

Advances in Agronomy

Volumn 65, Issue C, 1999, Pages 151-213

  Parker, David R ^a   Norvell, Wendell A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b ROBERT W HOLLEY CENTER FOR AGRICULTURE AND HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956687558     PISSN: 00652113     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60913-X     Document Type: Article

References (228)

1. Adams F. Ionic concentrations and activities in soil solutions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 35 (1971) 420-426
2. Alcantara E., Romera F.J., and de la Guardia M.D. Genotypic differences in bicarbonate-induced iron chlorosis in sunflower. J. Plant Nutr. 11 (1988) 65-75
3. Angle J.S., and Chaney R.L. Cadmium resistance screening in nitrilotriacetate-buffered minimal media. Appl. Environ. Microsc. 55 (1989) 2101-2104
4. Angle J.S., McGrath S.P., and Chaudri A.M. Effects of media components on toxicity of Cd to Rhizobia. Water Air Soil Pollut. 64 (1992) 627-633
5. Arnon D.I., and Grossenbacher K.A. Nutrient culture of crops with the use of synthetic ion-exchange materials. Soil Sci. 63 (1947) 159-192
6. Asad A., Bell R.W., Dell B., and Huang L. Development of a boron buffered solution culture system for controlled studies of plant boron nutrition. Plant Soil 188 (1997) 21-32
7. Asad A., Bell R.W., Dell B., and Huang L. External boron requirements for canola (Brassica napus L.) in boron buffered solution culture. Ann. Bot. 80 (1997) 65-73
8. Asher C.J. Beneficial elements, functional nutrients, and possible new essential elements. In: Mortvedt J.J., Cox F.R., Shuman L.M., and Welch R.M. (Eds). Micronutrients in Agriculture. 2nd ed. (1991), Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, WI 703-723 Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Book Ser. No. 4
9. Asher C.J., and Blarney F.P. Experimental control of plant nutrition status using programmed nutrient addition. J. Plant Nutr. 10 (1987) 1371-1380
10. Asher C.J., and Cowie A.M. Programmed nutrient addition: A simple method for controlling the nutrient status of plants. Proc. Aust. Plant Nutr. Conf. Mt. Gambier 1 b (1970) 28-32
11. Asher C.J., and Edwards D.G. Relevance of dilute nutrient solution culture studies to problems of low fertility tropical soils. In: Andrews C.S., and Kamprath E.J. (Eds). Mineral Nutrition of Legumes in Tropical and Subtropical Soils (1978), CSIRO, Melbourne
12. Asher C.J., and Edwards D.G. Modern solution culture techniques. Encycl. Plant Physiol. New Ser. 15A (1983) 94-119
13. Asher C.J., and Loneragan J.F. Response of plants to phosphate concentration in solution culture: I. Growth and phosphorus content. Soil Sci. 103 (1967) 225-233
14. Asher C.J., and Ozanne P.G. Growth and potassium content of plants in solution cultures maintained at constant potassium concentrations. Soil Sci. 103 (1967) 155-161
15. Asher C.J., Ozanne P.G., and Loneragan J.F. A method for controlling the ionic environment of plant roots. Soil Sci. 103 (1965) 155-161
16. Bannochie C.J., and Martell A.E. Affinities of racemic and meso forms of N,N′-ethyl-enebis[2-(o-hydroxyphenyl)glycine] for divalent and trivalent metals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111 (1989) 4735-4742
17. Barber S.A. Soil Nutrient Bioavailability. 2nd ed. (1995), Wiley, New York
18. Bell P.F., Chaney R.L., and Angle J.S. Free metal activity and total metal concentrations as indices of micronutrient availability to barley [Hordeum vulgare (L.) "Klages"]. Plant Soil 130 (1991) 51-62
19. 2 activity required by maize using chelator-buffered nutrient solutions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55 (1991) 1366-1374
20. Bell P.F., Chen Y., Potts W.E., Chaney R.L., and Angle J.S. A reevaluation of the Fe(III), Ca(II), Zn(II), Cu(II) and proton formation constants for 4, 7,-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthrolinedisulfonate. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 30 (1991) 125-144
21. Bell P.F., Parker D.R., and Page A.L. Contrasting selenate-sulfate interactions in selenium-accumulating and nonaccumulating plant species. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56 (1992) 1818-1824
22. Bell R.W., Edwards D.G., and Asher C.J. External calcium requirements for growth and nodulation of six tropical food legumes grown in flowing solution culture. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 40 (1989) 85-96
23. Bhat K.K.S. A low-cost, easy-to-install flow culture system suitable for use in a constant environment cabinet. J. Exp. Bot. 31 (1980) 1435-1440
24. Bloom A.J., and Chapin F.S. Differences in steady-state net ammonium and nitrate influx by cold- and warm-adapted barley varieties. Plant Physiol. 68 (1981) 1064-1067
25. Bond G.A. Screening oak species for iron efficiency (1998), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY M. S. thesis
26. Bradfield R. Calcium in the soil: I. Physico-chemical relations. Soil Sci. Soc. Proc. 6 (1942) 8-15
27. Breeze V.G., Wild A., Hopper M.J., and Jones L.H.P. The uptake of phosphate by plants from flowing nutrient solution. II. Growth of Lolium perenne L. at constant phosphate concentrations. J. Exp. Bot. 35 (1984) 1210-1221
28. Brix H., and Sorrell B.K. Oxygen stress in wetland plant species: Comparison of deoxy-genated and reducing root environments. Funct. Ecol. 10 (1996) 521-526
29. 2 ferrozine. Agron. J. 64 (1972) 240-243
30. Brown J.C., Lunt O.R., Holmes R.S., and Tiffin L.O. The bicarbonate ion as an indirect cause of chlorosis. Soil Sci. 88 (1959) 260-266
31. Brown J.C., Tiffin L.O., Specht A.W., and Resnicky J.W. Iron absorption by roots as affected by plant species and concentration of chelating agent. Agron. J. 53 (1961) 81-85
32. Bruce R.C., Warrell L.A., Bell L.C., and Edwards D.G. Chemical attributes of some Queensland acid soils. I. Solid and solution phase composition. Aust. J. Soil. Res. 27 (1989) 333-351
33. Bugbee B.G., and Salisbury F.B. An evaluation of MES (2(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid) and Amberlite IRC-50 as pH buffers for nutrient solution studies. J. Plant Nutr. 8 (1985) 567-583
34. Buso G.S.C., and Bliss F.A. Variability among lettuce cultivars grown at two levels of available P. Plant Soil 111 (1988) 67-73
35. Byron D.F., and Lambert J.W. Screening soybeans for iron efficiency in the growth chamber. Crop Sci. 23 (1983) 885-888
36. Campbell P.G.C. Interactions between trace metals and aquatic organisms: A critique of the free-ion activity madel. In: Tessier A., and Turner D.R. (Eds). Metal Speciation and Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems (1995), John Wiley &Sons, New York 45-102
37. Carroll M.D., and Loneragan J.F. Response of plant species to concentrations of zinc in solution: I. Growth and zinc content of plants. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 19 (1968) 859-868
38. Cassman K.G., Munns D.N., and Beck D.P. Growth of Rhizobium strains at low concentrations of phosphate. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45 (1981) 520-523
39. Chaney R.L. Metal speciation and interaction among elements affect trace element transfer in agricultural and environmental food-chains. In: Kramer J.R., and Allen H.E. (Eds). Metal Speciation Theory, Analysis, and Application (1988), Lewis, Chelsa, MI 219-260
40. 6 greater formation constant than Fe-EDDHA. J. Plant Nutr. 11 (1988) 1033-1050
41. Chaney R.L., and Bell P.F. Complexity of iron nutrition: Lessons for plant-soil interaction research. J. Plant Nutr. 10 (1987) 963-994
42. R.L. Chaney, C.E. Green, (1994). Effect of Zn-excess and Zn-deficiency on Cd uptake and translocation by wheat sources. Agron. Abstr., 324
43. R.L. Chaney, B.A. Coulombe, C.A. Lloyd, (1984). Bicarbonate induced Fe-chlorosis with normal plant phosphorus levels. Agron. Abstr., 201
44. Chaney R.L., Bell P.F., and Coulombe B.A. Screening strategies for improved nutrient uptake and utilization by plants. HortScience 24 (1989) 265-272
45. Chaney R.L., Chen Y., Green C.E., Holden M.J., Bell P.F., Luster D.G., and Angle J.S. Root hairs on chlorotic tomatoes are an effect of chlorosis rather than part of the adaptive Fe-stress response. J. Plant Nutr. 15 (1992) 1857-1875
46. Chaney R.L., Coulombe B.A., Bell P.F., and Angle J.S. Detailed method to screen dicot cultivars for resistance to Fe-chlorosis using FeDTPA and bicarbonate in nutrient solutions. J. Plant Nutr. 15 (1992) 2063-2083
47. Chapin III F.S. Ecological aspects of plant mineral nutrition. In: Tinker B., and Ledchli A. (Eds). Advances in Plant Nutrition, Volume 3 (1988), Praeger, New York 161-191
48. Chaudri A.M., McGrath S.P., Giller K.E., Angle J.S., and Chaney R.L. Screening of isolates and strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii for heavy metal resistance using buffered media. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12 (1993) 1643-1651
49. Checkai R.T., and Norvell W.A. A recirculating resin-buffered hydroponic system for controlling nutrient ion activities. J. Plant Nutr. 15 (1992) 871-892
50. Checkai R.T., Hendrickson L.L., Corey R.B., and Helmke P.A. A method for controlling the activities of free metal, hydrogen, and phosphate ions in hydroponic solutions using exchange and chelating resins. Plant Soil 99 (1987) 321-334
51. Checkai R.T., Corey R.B., and Helmke P.A. Effects of ionic and complexed metal concentrations on plant uptake of cadmium and micronutrient metals from solution. Plant Soil 99 (1987) 335-345
52. Checkai R.T., Norvell W.A., Welch R.M., and Brown P.H. Using exchange resins to impose nutrient treatments on hydroponically grown seedlings from germination to transplanting. J. Plant Nutr. 10 (1987) 1447-1455
53. Clark R.B. Nutrient solution growth of sorghum and corn in mineral nutrition studies. J. Plant Nutr. 5 (1982) 1039-1057
54. Clement C.R., Hopper M.J., Canaway R.J., and Jones L.H.P. A system for measuring the uptake of ions by plants from flowing solutions of controlled composition. J. Exp. Bot. 25 (1974) 81-99
55. 3-concentration. J. Exp. Bot. 29 (1978) 453-464
56. Cline G.R., Powell P.E., Szaniszlo P.J., and Reid C.P.P. Comparison of the abilities of hydroxamic, synthetic, and other natural organic acids to chelate iron and other ions in nutrient solution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46 (1982) 1158-1164
57. Coltman R.R., Gerloff G.C., and Gableman W.H. A sand culture system for simulating plant responses to phosphorus in soil. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 107 (1982) 938-942
58. Coltman R.R., Gerloff G.C., and Gableman W.H. Differential tolerance of tomato strains to maintained and deficient levels of phosphorus. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110 (1985) 140-145
59. Coltman R.R., Gerloff G.C., and Gableman W.H. Equivalent stress comparisons among tomato strains differentially tolerant to phosphorus deficiency. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111 (1986) 422-426
60. Converse C.D., Gammon N., and Sayre J.D. The use of ion exchange materials in studies on corn nutrition. Plant Physiol. 18 (1943) 114-121
61. Coulombe B.A., Chaney R.L., and Wiebold W.J. Bicarbonate directly induces iron chlorosis in susceptible soybean cultivars. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48 (1984) 1297-1301
62. Coulombe B.A., Chaney R.L., and Wiebold W.J. Use of bicarbonate in screening soybeans for resistance to iron chlorosis. J. Plant Nutr. 7 (1984) 411-425
63. Curtin D., and Smilie G.W. Effects of incubation and pH on soil solution and exchangeable cation ratios. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 59 (1995) 1006-1011
64. David M.B., and Lawrence G.B. Soil and soil solution chemistry under red spruce stands across the northeastern United States. Soil Sci. 161 (1996) 314-328
65. DeKock P.C., and Mitchell R.L. Uptake of chelated metals by plants. Soil Sci. 84 (1957) 55-62
66. DeLaune R.D., Pezeshki S.R., and Pardue J.H. An oxidation-reduction buffer for evaluating the physiological response of plants to root oxygen stress. Environ. Exp. Bot. 30 (1990) 243-247
67. Doney R.C., Smith R.L., and Weibe H.H. Effects of various levels of bicarbonate, phosphorus, and pH on the translocation of foliar-applied iron in plants. Soil Sci. 80 (1960) 269-275
68. Dragonuk M.B., Fehr W.R., and Jessen H.J. Effectiveness of nutrient-solution evaluation for recurrent selection for Fe efficiency of soybean. Crop Sci. 29 (1989) 952-955
69. Dragonuk M.B., Fehr W.R., and Jessen H.J. Nutrient-solution techniques for evaluation of iron efficiency of soybean. J. Plant Nutr. 12 (1989) 871-880
70. Dragun J., Baker D.E., and Risius M.L. Growth and element accumulation by two single-cross corn hybrids as affected by copper in solution. Agron. J. 68 (1976) 466-470
71. Edwards D.G., and Asher C.J. The significance of solution flow rate in flowing culture experiments. Plant Soil. 41 (1974) 161-175
72. Elliott G.C. Evaluation of sand-alumina-P media for studies of P nutrition. J. Plant Nutr. 12 (1989) 265-278
73. Elliott G.C., Carlson R.M., Lauchli A., and Rosen C.J. A solid-phase buffer technique to maintain concentrations of phosphate in nutrient solutions. J. Plant Nutr. 6 (1983) 1043-1058
74. Epstein E. Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principles and Perspectives (1972), Wiley, New York
75. Ericsson T., and Ingestad T. Nutrition and growth of birch seedlings at varied relative phosphorus addition rates. Physiol. Plant. 72 (1988) 222-235
76. Eskew D.L., Welch R.M., and Norvell W.A. Nickel in higher plants: Further evidence for an essential role. Plant Physiol. 76 (1984) 691-693
77. Foehse D., and Jungk A. Influence of phosphate and nitrate supply on root hair formation of rape, spinach and tomato plants. Plant Soil 74 (1983) 359-368
78. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Soilless Culture for Horticultural Crop Production (1990), FAO, Rome FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 101
79. Fomo D.A., Asher C.J., and Edwards D.G. Boron nutrition of cassava, and the boronx temperature interaction. Field Crops Res. 2 (1979) 265-279
80. 2 in solution. Plant Physiol. 111 (1996) 93-100
81. Gerloff G.C. Intact-plant screening for tolerance of nutrient-deficiency stress. Plant Soil 99 (1987) 3-16
82. Gillman G.P., and Bell L.C. Soil solution studies on weathered soils from tropical North Queensland. Aust. J. Soil Res. 16 (1978) 67-77
83. Good N.E., and Izawa S. Hydrogen ion buffers. Methods Enzymol. 24 (1972) 53-68 (Pt. B)
84. Good N.E., Winget G.D., Winter W., Connoly T.N., Izawa S., and Singh R.M.M. Hydrogen ion buffers for biological research. Biochemistry 5 (1966) 467-477
85. Gourley C.J.P., Allan D.L., Russelle M.P., and Bloom P.R. Evaluation and improvements of a sand-alumina culture technique to screen plants for low phosphorus tolerance. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57 (1993) 103-110
86. Graham R.D., Welch R.M., Grunes D.L., Carey E.E., and Norvell W.A. Effect of zinc deficiency on the accumulation of boron and other mineral nutrients in barley. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51 (1987) 652-657
87. Grattan S.R., and Maas E.V. Interactive effect of salinity and substrate phosphate on soybean. Agron. J. 76 (1984) 668-676
88. Gries D., Brunn S., Crowley D.E., and Parker D.R. Phytosiderophore production in relation to micronutrient metal deficiencies in barley. Plant Soil 172 (1995) 299-308
89. Gutschick V.P., and Kay L.E. Nonrecirculating hydroponic system suitable for uptake studies at very low nutrient concentrations. Plant Physiol. 95 (1991) 1125-1130
90. Hageman R.H., Flesher D., Wabol J.J., and Storck D.H. An improved nutrient culture technique for growing corn under greenhouse conditions. Agron. J. 53 (1961) 175-180
91. Halvorson A.D., and Lindsay W.L. Equilibrium relationships of metal chelates in hydroponic solutions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 36 (1972) 755-761
92. 2 concentration for corn and the nonabsorption of chelated zinc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 41 (1977) 531-534
93. Harley C.P., and Lindner R.C. Observed responses of apple and pear trees to some irrigation waters of North Central Washington. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 46 (1945) 35-44
94. Harper J.E., and Nicholas J.C. Control of nutrient solution pH with an ion exchange system: Effect on soybean nodulation. Physiol. Plant. 38 (1976) 24-28
95. Hellgren O., and Ingestad T. A comparison between methods used to control nutrient supply. J. Exp. Bot. 47 (1996) 117-122
96. Hendrickson L.L., Turner M.A., and Corcy R.B. Use of Chelex-100 to maintain constant metal activity and its application to characterization of metal complexation. Anal. Chem. 54 (1982) 1633-1637
97. Hershey D.R. Iron deficiency stress response of Tolmiea menziesii. J. Plant Nutr. 14 (1991) 1145-1150
98. E.J. Hewitt, (1966). "Sand and Water Culture Methods Used in the Study of Plant Nutrition," Rev. 2nd Ed., Tech. Commun. No. 22. Commonwealth Bureau of Horticulture and Plantation Crops, East Malling
99. D.R. Hoaglund, D.I. Arnon, (1950). The water-culture method for growing plants without soil, California Agric. Expt. Stn. Circ. No. 347
100. Hommels C.H., Kuiper P.J.C., and Telkamp G.P. Study on nutrient stress tolerance of nine Taraxacum microspecies with contrasting mineral ecology by cultivation in a low nutrient flowing solution. Physiol. Plant. 79 (1990) 389-399
101. Hopper J.L. Factors affecting selenium uptake to toxic concentrations in forages in the central Coast Range of California (1997), University of California, Riverside M. S. thesis
102. Howeler R.H., Edwards D.G., and Asher C.J. Application of the flowing solution culture techniques to studies involving mycorrhizas. Plant Soil 59 (1981) 179-183
103. Howeler R.H., Edwards D.G., and Asher C.J. Micronutrient deficiencies and toxicities of cassava plants grown in nutrient solutions. I. Critical tissue concentrations. J. Plant Nutr. 5 (1982) 1059-1076
104. Howell R.W., and Bernard R.L. Phosphorus response of soybean varieties. Crop Sci. 1 (1961) 311-313
105. Hsu P.H. Aluminum oxides and hydroxides. In: Dixon J.B., and Weed S.B. (Eds). Minerals in Soil Environments. 2nd Ed. (1989), Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, WI 331-378 Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Book Ser. No. 1
106. Huang C., Webb M.J., and Graham R.D. Effect of pH on Mn absorption by barley genotypes in a chelate-buffered nutrient solution. Plant Soil 155/156 (1993) 437-440
107. Hurlbert S.H. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 54 (1984) 187-211
108. Ingestad T. Nutrition and growth of birch and gray alder seedlings in low conductivity solutions and at varied rates of nutrient addition. Physiol. Plant. 52 (1981) 454-466
109. Ingestad T. Relative addition rate and external concentration: Driving variables used in plant nutrition research. Plant Cell Environ. 5 (1982) 443-453
110. Ingestad T., and Agren G.I. Nutrient uptake and allocation at steady state nutrition. Physiol. Plant. 72 (1988) 450-459
111. Ingestad T., and Agren G.I. Theories and methods on plant nutrition and growth. Physiol. Plant. 84 (1992) 177-184
112. Ingestad T., and Lund A.-B. Nitrogen stress in birch seedlings. I. Growth technique and growth. Physiol. Plant. 45 (1979) 137-148
113. Ingestad T., and Lund A.-B. Theory and techniques for steady state mineral nutrition and growth of plants. Scand. J. Forest Res. 1 (1986) 439-453
114. Inskeep W.P., and Bloom P.R. A comparative study of soil solution chemistry associated with chlorotic and nonchlorotic soybeans in Western Minnesota. J. Plant Nutr. 7 (1984) 513-531
115. Ismande J., and Ralston E.J. Hydroponic growth and the nondestructive assay for dinitrogen fixation. Plant Physiol. 68 (1981) 1380-1384
116. Jacobson L. Maintaining iron supply in nutrient solutions by a single addition of ferric potassium ethylenediamine tetra-acetate. Plant Physiol. 26 (1951) 411-413
117. Jalil A., and Carlson R.M. Potassium uptake by Marianna plum under limited oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the root atmosphere. J. Plant Nutr. 16 (1993) 723-737
118. Jenny H. Adsorbed nitrate ions in relation to plant growth. J. Colloid Sci. 1 (1946) 33-47
119. Johnson C.M., Stout P.R., Broyer T.C., and Carlton A.B. Comparative chlorine requirements of different plant species. Plant Soil 8 (1957) 337-353
120. Johnson G.V., and Youngblood G.J. Responses of nitrogen-fixing and nitrate-supplied alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to iron chelates in an alkaline hydroponic medium. In: Chen Y., and Hadar Y. (Eds). Iron Nutrition and Interactions in Plants (1991), Kluwer, Dordrecht 259-264
121. Jones D.L., and Edwards A.C. Effect of moisture content and preparation technique on the composition of soil solution obtained by centrifugation. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 24 (1993) 171-186
122. Kerven G.L., Asher C.J., and Dethlefs L. Release characteristics of ion-exchange resins as buffers in low ionic strength nutrient solutions. Plant Nutrition-From Genetic Engineering to Field Practice (1993), Kluwer, Dordrecht 265-268
123. Kim M.-K., Edwards D.G., and Asher C.J. Tolerance of Trifolium subterraneum cultivars to low pH. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 36 (1985) 569-578
124. Kovar J.L., and Barbar S.A. Phosphorus supply characteristics of 33 soils as influenced by seven rates of phosphorus addition. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52 (1988) 160-165
125. Kovar J.L., and Barber S.A. Potassium supply characteristics of thirty-three soils as influenced by seven rates of phosphorus. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54 (1990) 1356-1361
126. Lawrence G.B., and David M.B. Chemical evaluation of soil-solution in acid forest soils. Soil Sci. 161 (1996) 298-313
127. Lindsay W.L. Chemical Equilibria in Soils (1979), Wiley, New York
128. Lindsay W.L. Inorganic equilibria affecting micronutrients in soils. In: Mortvedt J.J., Cox F.R., Shuman L.M., and Welch R.M. (Eds). Micronutrients in Agriculture. 2nd ed. (1991), Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, WI 89-112 Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Book Ser. No. 4
129. Lindsay W.L., Hodgson J.F., and Norvell W.A. The physico-chemical equilibrium of metal chelates in soils and their influence on the availability of micronutrient cations. Int. Soc. Soil Sci. Trans. 2/4 (1966) 315-316
130. Loneragan J.F., and Webb M.J. Interactions between zinc and other nutrients affecting the growth of plants. In: Robson A.D. (Ed). Zinc in Soils and Plants (1993), Kluwer, Dordrecht 119-134
131. Loneragan J.F., Snowball K., and Simmons W.J. Response of plants to calcium concentration in solution culture. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 19 (1968) 845-857
132. Loneragan J.F., Grove T.S., Robson A.D., and Snowball K. Phosphorus toxicity as a factor in zinc-phosphorus interaction in plants. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43 (1979) 966-972
133. Loneragan J.F., Grunes D.L., Welch R.M., Aduayi E.A., Tengh A., Lazar V.A., and Cary E.E. Phosphorus accumulation and toxicity in leaves in relation to zinc supply. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46 (1982) 345-352
134. Lynch J., Epstein E., Lauchli A., and Weigt G.I. An automated greenhouse sand culture system for studies of P nutrition. Plant Cell Environ. 13 (1990) 547-554
135. 2 fixation and nitrate uptake by white clover swards in response to root temperature in flowing solution culture. Ann. Bot. 65 (1990) 325-335
136. Macduff J.H., and Jackson S.B. Influx and efflux of nitrate and ammonium in Italian ryegrass and white clover roots: Comparisons between effects of darkness and defoliation. J. Exp. Bot. 43 (1992) 525-535
137. Macduff J.H., Hopper M.J., and Wild A. The effect of root temperature on growth and uptake of ammonium and nitrate by Brassica napus L. in flowing solution culture. J. Exp. Bot. 38 (1987) 42-52
138. 2-fixation in response to root temperature and nitrate. J. Exp. Bot. 40 (1989) 517-526
139. 3-: A comparison between relative addition rate and external concentration as driving variables. J. Exp. Bot. 44 (1993) 1475-1484
140. 3- supply. J. Exp. Bot. 45 (1994) 1045-1056
141. 3- in flowing solution culture. Plant Soil 80 (1996) 287-295
142. Malik M.N.A., Evenson J.P., and Edwards D.G. The effect of level of nitrogen nutrition on earliness in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Aust. J. Agric. Res. 29 (1978) 1213-1221
143. Marschner H. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd ed. (1995), Academic Press, San Diego
144. Marschner H., and Romheld V. Strategies of plants for acquisition of iron. Plant Soil 165 (1994) 261-274
145. Martell A.E., and Smith R.M. Critical Stability Constants 6 (1976), Plenum, New York
146. Mattsson M., Johansson E., Lundborg T., Larsson M., and Larsson C.-M. Nitrogen utilization in N-limited barley during vegetative and generative growth. I. Growth and nitrate uptake kinetics in vegetative cultures grown at different relative addition rates of nitrate-N. J. Exp. Bot. 42 (1991) 197-205
147. McKenna I.M., Chaney R.L., and Williams F.M. The effects of cadmium and zinc interactions on the accumulation and tissue distribution of zinc and cadmium in lettuce spinach. Environ. Pollut. 79 (1993) 113-120
148. McKenzie D.B., Hossner L.R., and Newton R.J. Sorghum cultivar evaluation for iron chlorosis resistance by visual scores. J. Plant Nutr. 7 (1984) 677-685
149. Menzies N.W., and Bell L.C. Evaluation of the influence of sample preparation and extraction on soil solution composition. Aust. J. Soil Res. 26 (1988) 451-464
150. Miyasaka S.C., Checkai R.T., Grunes D.L., and Norvell W.A. Methods for controlling pH in hydroponic culture of winter wheat forage. Agron. J. 80 (1988) 213-220
151. Mullins G.L., and Sommers L.E. Cadmium and zinc influx characteristics by intact corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Plant Soil 96 (1986) 153-164
152. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). NIST Critical Stability Constants of Metal Complexes, Ver. 1.0 (1993), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD NIST Standard References Database 46
153. Nicholas J.C., and Harper J.E. Effect of MES [2(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid] and Amberlite IRC-50 resin on nutrient pH control and soybean growth. J. Plant Nutr. 16 (1993) 895-909
154. Nishimoto R.K., Fox R.L., and Parvin P.E. Response of vegetable crops to phosphorus concentrations in soil solution. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 102 (1977) 705-709
155. Norvell W.A. Reactions of metal chelates in soils and nutrient solutions. In: Mortvedt J.J., Cox F.R., Shuman L.M., and Welch R.M. (Eds). Micronutrients in Agriculture. 2nd ed. (1991), Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, WI 187-227 Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Book Ser. No. 4
156. Norvell W.A., and Welch R.M. Growth and nutrient uptake by barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Herta): Studies using an N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylene-dinitrilotriacetic acid-buffered nutrient solution technique. I. Zinc ion requirements. Plant Physiol. 101 (1993) 619-625
157. W.A. Norvell, M.L. Adams, A.P. Dufour, N.L. Bassuk, (1994). Screening soybean and oak seedlings for resistance to iron chlorosis in hydroponic solutions containing magnesium or sodium bicarbonate. Agron. Abstr., 324
158. W.A. Norvell, W.J. Hart, R.M. Welch, L.V. Kochian, (1995). Effect of zinc deficiency on cadmium accumulation by young wheat seedlings. Agron. Abstr., 263
159. 3- in Pisum growing exponentially under nitrogen limitation. Physiol. Plant. 67 (1986) 109-117
160. Oscarson P., Ingemarsson B., and Larsson C.-M. Growth and nitrate uptake properties of plants grown at different relative rates of nitrogen supply. I. Growth of Pisum and Lemna in relation to nitrogen. Plant Cell Environ. 12 (1989) 779-785
161. 2 with synthetic chelators and P with hydroxyapatite. Plant Soil 155/156 (1993) 461-464
162. 2 activities buffered with HEDTA. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 61 (1997) 167-176
163. Parker D.R., Zelazny L.W., and Kinraide T.B. Improvements to the program GEOCHEM. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51 (1987) 488-491
164. Parker D.R., Aguilera J.J., and Thomason D.N. Zinc-phosphorus interactions in two cul-tivars of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) grown in chelator-buffered nutrient solutions. Plant Soil 143 (1992) 163-177
165. Parker D.R., Chaney R.L., and Norvell W.A. Chemical equilibrium models: Applications to plant nutrition research. In: Loeppert R.H., et al. (Ed). Chemical Equilibrium and Reaction Models (1995), ASA/SSSA, Madison, WI 163-200 SSSA Spec. Publ. No. 42
166. Parker D.R., Norvell W.A., and Chaney R.L. GEOCHEM-PC: A chemical speciation program for IBM and compatible personal computers. In: Loeppert R.H., et al. (Ed). Chemical Equilibrium and Reaction Models (1995), ASA/SSSA, Madison, WI 253-269 SSSA Spec. Publ. No. 42
167. Parker D.R., Tice K.R., and Thomason D.N. Effects of ion pairing with calcium and magnesium on selenate uptake by plants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16 (1997) 565-571
168. 54Mn in wheat grown at sufficient and deficient levels of Zn and Mn. I. During vegetative growth. J. Exp. Bot. 46 (1995) 833-839
169. Pereira P.A.A., and Bliss F.A. Nitrogen fixation and plant growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at different levels of phosphorus availability. Plant Soil 104 (1987) 79-84
170. Polisetty R., and Hageman R.H. Effect of media pH on nitrate uptake, dry matter production and nitrogen accumulation by corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings grown in solution culture. Biol. Plantarum 27 (1985) 451-457
171. Porter L.K., and Thorne D.W. Interrelation of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions in causing plant chlorosis. Soil Sci. 79 (1955) 373-382
172. Proctor J. Magnesium as a toxic element. Nature (London) 227 (1970) 742-743
173. Qian P., and Wolt J.D. Effects of drying and time of incubation on the composition of displaced soil solution. Soil Sci. 149 (1990) 367-374
174. Reisenauer H.M. Mineral nutrients in soil solution. In: Altman P.L., and Dittmer D.S. (Eds). Environmental Biology (1966), Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., Bethesda, MD 507-508
175. Rengel Z., and Graham R.D. Wheat genotypes differ in Zn efficiency when grown in chelate-buffered nutrient solution. I. Growth. Plant Soil 176 (1995) 307-316
176. Rengel Z., and Graham R.D. Uptake of zinc from chelate-buffered nutrient solutions by wheat genotypes differing in Zn efficiency. J. Exp. Bot. 47 (1996) 217-226
177. Resh H.M. Hydroponic Food Production: A Definitive Guidebook of Soilless Food Growing Methods. 4th ed. (1989), Woodbridge Press, Santa Barbara, CA
178. Righetti P.G., Chiari M., and Crippa L. Macroreticulate buffers: A novel approach to pH control in living systems. J. Biotechnol. 17 (1991) 169-176
179. Robson A.D., and Loneragan J.F. Sensitivity of annual Medicago species to manganese toxicity as affected by calcium and pH. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 21 (1970) 223-232
180. Ross D.S., and Bartlett R.J. Effects of extraction methods and sample storage on properties of solutions obtained from forested spodosols. J. Environ. Qual. 19 (1990) 108-113
181. Rys G.J., and Phung T. Nutrient solution pH control using dipolar buffers in studies of Trifolium repens L. nitrogen nutrition. J. Exp. Bot. 36 (1985) 426-432
182. Schlenker F.S. Plant growth in culture solution and availability of ions adsorbed in permutit and aniline black. Am. J. Bot. 27 (1940) 525-529
183. Schwab A.P., and Lindsay W.L. A computer simulation of Fe(III) and Fe(II) complexation in limited nutrient solution: I. Program development and testing. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53 (1989) 29-34
184. Schwab A.P., and Lindsay W.L. A computer simulation of Fe(III) and Fe(II) complexation in nutrient solutions: II. Applications to growing plants. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53 (1989) 34-38
185. Shi Y., Byrne D.H., Reed D.W., and Loeppert R.H. Iron chlorosis development and growth response of peach rootstocks to bicarbonate. J. Plant Nutr. 16 (1993) 1039-1046
186. Skogley E.O., and Dawson J.E. Synthetic ion-exchange resins as a medium for plant growth. Nature 198 (1963) 1328-1329
187. Smolders E., and McLaughlin M.J. Chloride increases cadmium uptake in Swiss chard in a resin-buffered nutrient solution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60 (1996) 1443-1447
188. Smolders E., and McLaughlin M.J. Effect of Cl on Cd uptake by Swiss chard in nutrient solutions. Plant Soil 179 (1996) 57-64
189. Sorrell B.K., and Armstrong W. On the difficulties of measuring oxygen release by root systems of wetland plants. J. Ecol. 82 (1994) 177-183
190. Spear S.N., Asher C.J., and Edwards D.G. Response of cassava, sunflower, and maize to potassium concentration in solution. I. Growth and potassium concentration. Field Crops Res. 1 (1978) 347-361
191. Stadt K.J., Taylor G.J., and Dale M.R.T. Control of relative growth rate by application of the relative addition rate technique to a traditional solution culture system. Plant Soil 142 (1992) 113-133
192. R.S. Stahl, M.R. Greenhalgh, P.R. Grossi, B.G. Bugbee, (1996). Is the buffer 2-[N-morpholino]-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) phytotoxic? Agron. Abstr., 245
193. Stevens W.B., Jolley V.D., and Hansen N.C. Modified procedures for commercial adaptation of root iron-reducing capacity as a screening technique. J. Plant Nutr. 16 (1993) 2507-2519
194. Stumm W., and Morgan J.J. Aquatic Chemistry. 3rd ed. (1996), Wiley, New York
195. Suarez D.L., Wood J.D., and Ibrahim I. Reevaluation of calcite supersaturation in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56 (1992) 1776-1784
196. 2 fixation by a northern ecotype of white clover. Ann. Bot. 77 (1996) 615-621
197. 43- in northern ecotypes of white clover (Trifolium repens L.). J. Exp. Bot. 47 (1996) 729-738
198. 2 activities for sour orange determined with chelator-buffered nutrient solutions. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 119 (1994) 693-701
199. Tang C., Adams H., Longnecker N.E., and Robson A.D. A method to identify lupin species tolerant of alkaline soils. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 36 (1996) 595-601
200. Temple-Smith M.G., and Menary R.C. Growth and phosphate absorption in lettuce and cabbage plants in dilute nutrient solution culture. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 4 (1977) 505-513
201. Treeby M., Marschner H., and Romheld V. Mobilization of iron and other micronutrient cations from a calcareous soil by plant-borne, microbial, and synthetic metal chelators. Plant Soil 114 (1989) 217-226
202. Viti R., and Cinelli F. Line-induced chlorosis in quince rootstocks: Methodological and physiological aspects. J. Plant Nutr. 16 (1993) 631-641
203. von Wiren N., Marschner H., and Romheld V. Roots of iron-efficient maize also absorb phytosiderophore-chelated zinc. Plant Physiol. 111 (1996) 1119-1125
204. Wadleigh C.H., and Brown J.W. The chemical status of bean plants afflicted with bicarbonate-induced chlorosis. Botan. Gazette 113 (1952) 373-392
205. Wainwright S.J., and Woolhouse H.W. Some physiological aspects of copper and zinc tolerance in Agrostis tenuis Sibth: Cell elongation and membrane damage. J. Exp. Bot. 28 (1977) 1029-1036
206. A. Wallace, (1962). "A Decade of Synthetic Chelating Agents in Inorganic Plant Nutrition." Los Angeles
207. Wallace A., Mueller R.T., and Alexander G.V. Influence of phosphorus on zinc, iron, manganese, and copper uptake by plants. Soil Sci. 126 (1978) 336-341
208. Wallace A., Wallace G.A., and Alexander G.V. Effect of excess chelating agent in nutrient solution at low levels of iron, zinc, copper, and manganese. J. Plant Nutr. 6 (1983) 507-511
209. Walter A., Romheld V., Marschner H., and Mori S. Is the response of phytosiderophores in zinc-deficient wheat plants a response to impaired iron utilization?. Physiol. Plant. 92 (1994) 493-500
210. Walworth J.L. Soil drying and rewetting, or freezing and thawing, affects soil solution composition. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56 (1992) 433-437
211. Webb M.J. A multichannel pH controller for solution culture systems. Plant Soil 155/156 (1993) 501-504
212. Webb M.J., and Loneragan J.F. Effect of zinc deficiency on growth, phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus toxicity of wheat plants. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 52 (1988) 1676-1680
213. 2 required by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plant Soil 153 (1993) 195-205
214. Wehr J.D., Brown L.M., and Vanderelst I.E. Hydrogen ion buffering of culture media for algae from moderately acidic, oligotrophic waters. J. Phycol. 22 (1986) 88-94
215. Welch Jr. H.V., Wallace A., and Mueller R.T. Influence of factorially combined levels of cations and nitrate ions adsorbed on ion-exchange resins on the nutrient absorption by plants. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 18 (1954) 137-140
216. Welch R.M. Micronutrient nutrition of plants. CRC Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 14 (1995) 49-82
217. Welch R.M., and Norvell W.A. Growth and nutrient uptake by barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Herta): Studies using an N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylene-dinitrilotriacetic acid-buffered nutrient solution technique. I. Role of zinc in the uptake and root leakage of mineral nutrients. Plant Physiol. 101 (1993) 627-631
218. Wild A., Skarlou V., Clement C.R., and Snaydon R.W. Comparison of potassium uptake by four plant species grown in sand and in flowing solution culture. J. Appl. Ecol. 11 (1974) 801-812
219. Wild A., Jones L.H.P., and McDuff J.H. Uptake of mineral nutrients and crop growth: The use of flowing nutrient solutions. Adv. Agron. 41 (1987) 171-219
220. Williams D.E., and Vlamis J. Manganese and boron toxicities in standard culture solutions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 21 (1957) 205-209
221. Williams D.E., and Vlamis J. Manganese toxicities in standard culture solutions. Plant Soil 21 (1957) 205-209
222. Williams R.F. The physiology of plant growth with special reference to the concept of net assimilation rate. Ann. Bot. 10 (1946) 41-72
223. Wilson D.O., and Reisenauer H.M. Cobalt requirements of symbiotically grown alfalfa. Plant Soil 19 (1963) 364-373
224. Wolt J., and Graveel J.G. A rapid routine method for obtaining soil solution using vacuum displacement. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50 (1986) 602-605
225. Woodhouse P.J., Wild A., and Clement C.R. Rate of uptake of potassium by three crop species in relation to growth. J. Exp. Bot. 29 (1978) 885-894
226. Wright R.J., Baligar V.C., and Wright S.F. Estimation of phytotoxic aluminum in soil solution using three spectrophotometric methods. Soil Sci. 144 (1987) 224-232
227. Wu C.-L. Adaptations of barley to iron deficiency (1996), University of California, Riverside M. S. thesis
228. Yang X., Romheld V., Marschner H., and Chaney R.L. Application of chelator-buffered nutrient solution technique in studies on zinc nutrition in rice plant (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Soil 163 (1994) 85-94