Chapter 3 The role of microorganisms during sediment diagenesis: Implications for radionuclide mobility

Radioactivity in the Environment

Volumn 2, Issue C, 2002, Pages 61-100

  Konhausera, Kurt O ^a   Mortimer, Robert J G ^a   Morris, Katherine ^a   Dunn, Vicky ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956679612     PISSN: 15694860     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1569-4860(02)80032-8     Document Type: Article

References (262)

1. Abdelouas A., Lutze W., Gong W., Nuttall E.H., Streitelmeier B.A., and Travis B.J. iological reduction of uranium in groundwater and subsurface soil. The Science of the Total Environment 250 (2000) 21-35
2. Ahmann D., Roberts A.L., Krumholz L.R., and Morel F.M.M. Microbe grows by reducing arsenic. Nature 371 (1994) 750
3. Aller R.C., and Rude P.D. Complete oxidation of solid phase sulphides by manganese and bacteria in anoxic marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52 (1988) 751-765
4. Aller R.C., Macklin J.E., and Cox R.T.J. Diagenesis of Fe and S in Amazon inner shelf muds: apparent dominance of Fe reduction and implications for genesis of ironstones. Continental Shelf Research 6 (1986) 263-289
5. Aller R.C., Hall P.O.J., Rude P.D., and Aller J.Y. Biogeochemical heterogeneity and suboxic diagenesis in hemipelagic sediments of the Panama Basin. Deep-Sea Research 45 (1998) 133-165
6. Archer D.E., Emerson S., and Reimers C. Dissolution of calcite in deep-sea sediments: pH and O: microelectrode results. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53 (1989) 2831-2846
7. Avery Jr. G.B., and Martens C.S. Controls on the stable carbon isotopic composition of biogenic methane produced in a tidal freshwater estuarine sediment. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63 (1999) 1075-1082
8. Avery S.V. Microbial interactions with caesium-implications for biotechnology. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 62 (1995) 3-16
9. Avery S.V., Codd G.A., and Gadd G.M. Replacement of cellular potassium by caesium in Chlorella emersonii- differential sensitivity of photoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic growth. Journal of General Microbiology 138 (1992) 69-76
10. Banaszak J.E., Van Briesen J.M., Rittmann B.E., and Reed D.T. Mathematical modelling of the effects of aerobic and anaerobic chelate biodégradation on actinide speciation. Radiochimica Acta 82 (1998) 445-451
11. Balba M.T., and Nedwell D.B. Microbial metabolism of acetate propionate and butyrate in anoxic sediment from the Colne Point Saltmarsh Essex UK. Journal of General Microbiology 128 (1982) 1415-1422
12. Barica J., and Mur L.R. Developments in hydrobiology 2. Hypertrophie ecosystems. S.I.L Workshop on Hypertrophie Ecosystems Vaxjo. September 10-14 (1979). The Hague (348pp) (1980), W. Junk BV
13. Barnes C.E., and Cochran K.J. Uranium geochemistry in estuarine sediments: controls on removal and release processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57 (1993) 555-569
14. Bazylinski D.A. Structure and function of the bacterial magnetosome. ASM News 61 (1995) 337-343
15. Bazylinski D.A. Controlled biomineralization of magnetic minerals by magnetotactic bacteria. Chemical Geology 132 (1996) 191-198
16. Bazylinski D.A., and Blakemore R.P. Denitrirication and assimilatory nitrate reduction in Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 46 (1983) 1118-1124
17. Beasley T.M., and Lorz H.V. A review of the biological and geochemical behaviour of Tc in the marine environment. In: Desmet G., and Mytennaere C. (Eds). Technetium in the Environment (1986), Elsevier, Boston 197-216
18. Bender M.L., and Heggie D.T. Fate of organic carbon reaching the deep sea floor: a status report. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 (1984) 977-986
19. Benning L.G., Wilkin R.T., and Barnes H.P.L. Reaction pathways in the Fe-S system below 100°C. Chemical Geology 167 (2000) 25-52
20. (241pp). Berner R.A. Early Diagenesis. A Theoretical Approach (1980), Princeton University Press, London
21. Bemer R.A. A new geochemical classification of sedimentary environments. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 51 (1981) 359-365
22. Berner R.A. Sedimentary pyrite formation an update. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 (1984) 605-615
23. Berry J.A., Bond K.A., Ferguson D.R., and Pilkington N.J. Experimental studies of the effect of organic materials on the sorption of uranium and plutonium. Radiochimica Acta 52/53 (1991) 201-209
24. Berthelin J., Munier-Lamy C., and Leyval C. Effect of microorganisms on mobility of heavy metals in soils. In: Huanag P.M. (Ed). Environmental Impacts of Soil Component Interactions (1995) 3-17
25. Beveridge T.J. Role of cellular design in bacterial metal accumulation and biomineralization. Annual Review of Microbiology 43 (1989) 147-171
26. Birch L., and Bachofen R. Complexing agents from microorganisms. Experientia 46 (1990) 827-834
27. 238U from water to organic sediment. Water Air and Soil Pollution 86 (1996) 251-261
28. No. 293. Blackburn T.H. Seasonal variation in the rate of organic-N mineralisation in anoxic sediments. Colloque International C.N.R.S. (Marseilles) (1980) 173-183
29. Blakemore R.P., and Frankel R.B. Biomineralization by magnetogenic bacteria. In: Poole R.K., and Gadd G.M. (Eds). Metal-Microbe Interactions (1989), IRL Press, Boca Raton FL 85-98
30. Boudreau B.P., and Canfield D.E. A comparison of closed-and open-system models of porewater pH and calcite saturation state. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57 (1993) 317-334
31. Brainard J.R., Streitelmeier B.A., Smith P.H., Langston-Unkofer P.J., Barr M.E., and Ryan R.R. Actinide binding and solubilization by microbial siderophores. Radiochimica Acta 58/59 (1992) 357-363
32. Brendel P.J., and Luther G.W.III. Development of a gold amalgam voltammetric microelec-trode for the determination of dissolved iron manganese CK and S(-II) inporewaters of marine and freshwater sediments. Environmental Science and Technology 29 (1995) 751-761
33. 176. Brookins D.G. Eh/pH Diagrams for Geochemistry (1988), Springer-Verlag, Berlin
34. Burdige D.J. The biogeochemistry of manganese and iron reduction in marine sediments. Earth Science Reviews 35 (1993) 249-284
35. Canfield D.E. Reactive iron in marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53 (1989) 619-632
36. Canfield D.E. Organic matter oxidation in marine sediments. In: Wollast R., Chou L., and Mack-Enzie F. (Eds). Interactions of C N P and S Biogeochemical Cycles (1993), NATO-ARW (North Atlantic Treaty Organization-Advanced Research Workshop) 333-363
37. Canfield D.E. Factors influencing organic carbon preservation in marine sediments. Chemical Geology 774 (1994) 315-329
38. Canfield D.E., Raiswell R., and Bottrell S. The reactivity of sedimentary iron toward sulfide. American Journal of Science 292 (1992) 659-683
39. Canfield D.E., Thamdrup B., and Hansen J.W. The anaerobic degradation of organic matter in Danish coastal sediments. Iron reduction manganese reduction and sulphate reduction. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57 (1993) 3867-3883
40. Carlson L., and Schwertmann U. Natural ferrihydrites in surface deposits from Finland and their association with silica. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45 (1981) 421-429
41. Choppin G.R., and Stout B.E. Actinide behaviour in natural waters. The Science of the Total Environment 83 (1989) 203-216
42. Choppin G.R., and Bond A.H. Actinide oxidation state speciation. Journal of Analytical Chemistry 52 (1996) 1129-1138
43. (707pp). Choppin G.R., Liljenzin J.O., and Rydburg J. Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry - Theory and Applications (1995), Butterworth Heinman, Berlin
44. Christensen J.P., Smethie W.M., and Devol A.H. Benthic nutrient regeneration and denitrification on the Washington Continental Shelf. Deep Sea Research 34 (1987) 1027-1048
45. Clark D.L., Hobart D.E., and Neu M.P. Actinide carbonate complexes and their importance in actinide environmental chemistry. Chemical Reviews 95 (1995) 25-48
46. Clarke W.A., Konhauser K.O., Thomas J.C., and Bottrell S.H. Ferric hydroxide and ferric hy-droxysulphate precipitation by bacteria in an acid mine drainage lagoon. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 20 (1997) 351-361
47. Claypool G.E., and Kaplan I.R. The origin and distribution of methane in marine sediments. In: Kaplan I.R. (Ed). Natural Gases in Marine Sediments (1974), Plenum, Oxford UK 99-139
48. Coates J.D., Ellis D.J., Blunt-Harris E.L., Gaw C.V., Roden E.E., and Lovely D.R. Recovery of humic-reducing bacteria from a diversity of environments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64 (1998) 1504-1509
49. Coleman M.L. Geochemistry of diagenetic non-silicate minerals. Kinetic considerations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 315 (1985) 39-56
50. Coleman M.L., Hedrick D.B., Lovley D.R., White D.C., and Pye K. Reduction of Fe (III) in sediments by sulphate-reducing bacteria. Nature 361 (1993) 436-438
51. Comans R.N.J., Middelburg J.J., Zonderhuis J., Woittiez J.R.W., Delange G.J., Das H.A., and Vanderweijden C.H. Mobilisation of radiocaesium in pore waters of lake sediment. Nature 339 (1989) 367-369
52. Cremers A., Elsen A., De Preter P., and Maes A. Quantitative analysis of radiocaesium in soils. Nature 335 (1988) 247-249
53. Davison W., Grime G.W., Morgan J.A.W., and Clarke K. Distribution of dissolved iron in sediment pore waters at submillimetre resolution. Nature 352 (1991) 323-324
54. Davison W., Zhang H., and Grime G.W. Performance characteristics of gel probes used for measuring pore waters. Environmental Science and Technology 28 (1994) 1623-1632
55. Dowdle P.R., Laverman A.M., and Oremland R.S. Bacterial dissimilatory reduction of arsenic (V) to arsenic (III) in anoxic sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62 (1996) 1664-1669
56. Dozol M., Hagemann R., Hoffman D.C., Adloff J.P., Vongunten H.R., Foos J., Kasprzak K.S., Liu Y.F., Zvara I., Ache H.J., Das H.A., Hagemann R.J.C., Herrmann G., Karol P., Maenhaut W., Nakahara H., Sakanoue M., Tetlow J.A., Baro G.B., Fardy J.J., Benes P., Roessler K., Roth E., Burger K., Steinnes E., Kostanski M.J., Peisach M., Liljenzin J.O., Aras N.K., Myasoedov B.F., and Holden N.E. Radionuclide migration in groundwaters: review of the behaviour of actinides. Pure and Applied Chemistry 65 (1993) 1081-1102
57. Duan W.M., Hedrick D.B., Pye K., Coleman M.L., and White D.C. A preliminary study of the geochemical and microbiological characteristics of modern sedimentary concretions. Limnology and Oceanography 41 (1996) 1404-1414
58. Eccles H. Nuclear waste management: a bioremediation approach. In: Choppin G.R., and Khankhasayev M.K. (Eds). NATO ASI Chemical Separation Technologies and Related Methods of Nuclear Waste Management: Applications Problems and Research Needs. Dubna Russia (1998), Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York 187-208
59. (646pp). Ehrlich H.L. Geomicrobiology. 2nd edn (1990), Marcel Dekker, Dordrecht The Netherlands
60. Elwear S., German K.E., and Peretrukin V.F. Sorption of technetium onto inorganic sorbents and natural minerals. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles 157 (1992) 3-14
61. Emerson S. Early diagenesis in anaerobic lake sediments: chemical equilibria in interstitial waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 40 (1976) 925-934
62. Emerson S., and Widmer G. Early diagenesis in anaerobic lake sediments-II. Thermodynamic and kinetic factors controlling the formation of iron phosphate. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42 (1978) 1307-1316
63. Evans D.W., Alberts J.J., and Clarke R.A. Reversible ion exchange fixation of Cs-137 leading to mobilisation from sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47 (1983) 1041-1049
64. Ferris F.G., Fyfe W.S., and Beveridge T.J. Metallic ion binding by Bacillus subtilis: Implications for the fossilization of microorganisms. Geology 16 (1988) 149-152
65. Ferris F.G., Tazaki K., and Fyfe W.S. Iron oxides in acid mine drainage environments and their association with bacteria. Chemical Geology 74 (1989) 321-330
66. Ferris F.G., Konhauser K.O., Lyven B., and Pedersen K. Accumulation of metals by bacteriogenic iron oxides in a subterranean environment. Geomicrobiology Journal 16 (1999) 181-192
67. Ferris F.G., Hallberg R.O., Lyven B., and Pedersen K. Retention of strontium caesium lead and uranium by bacterial iron oxides from a subterranean environment. Applied Geochemistry 15 (2000) 1035-1042
68. Fossing H., Gallardo V.A., JØrgensen B.B., Huttel M., Nielsen L.P., Schulz H., Canfield D.E., Forster S., Glud R.N., Gundersen J.K., Kuver J., Ramsing N.B., Teske A., Thamdrup B., and Ulloa O. Concentration and transport of nitrate by the mat-forming sulphur bacterium Thioploca. Nature 374 (1995) 113-115
69. Francis A.J. Microbial dissolution and stabilisation of toxic metals and radionuclides in mixed wastQS. Experientia 46 (1990) 840-851
70. Francis A.J. Microbial transformations of radioactive wastes and environmental restoration through bioremediation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 213/214 (1994) 226-231
71. Fredrickson J.K., and Gorby Y.A. Environmental processes mediated by iron-reducing bacteria. Current Opinions in Biotechnology 7 (1996) 287-294
72. Fredrickson J.K., Zachara J.M., Kennedy D.W., Dong H.L., Onstott T.C., Hinman N.W., and Li S.M. Biogenic iron mineralisation accompanying the dissimilatory reduction of hydrous ferric oxide by groundwater bacterium. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62 (1998) 3239-3257
73. Friese K., Wendt-Potthoff K., Zachmann D.W., Fauville A., Mayer B., and Veizer J. Biogeo-chemistry of iron and sulphur in sediments of an acidic mining lake in Lusatia Germany. Water Air and Soil Pollution 108 (1998) 231-247
74. Froelich P.N., Klinkhammer G.P., Bender M.L., Luedtke N.A., Heath G.R., Cullen D., Dauphin P., Hammond D., Hartman B., and Maynard V. Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic. Suboxic diagenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43 (1979) 1075-1090
75. Gadd G.M. Roles of micro-organisms in the environmental fate of radionuclides Health Impacts of Large Releases of Radionuclides. In: Lake J.V., Bock G.R., and Cardew G. (Eds). Ciba Foundation Symposium 203 (1997), John Wiley, New York 94-108
76. Ganesh R., Robinson K.G., Reed G., and Sayler G.S. Reduction of hexavalent uranium from organic complexes by sulphate and iron-reducing bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3 (1997) 4385-4391
77. 137Cs in the environment adjacent to a fuels reprocessing facility. Health Physics 44 (1983) 658-662
78. Geesey G.G., Mutch R., and Costerton J.W. Sessile bacteria: an important component of microbial population in small mountain streams. Limnology and Oceanography 23 (1978) 1214-1223
79. Ghiorse W.C. Biology of iron-and manganese-depositing bacteria. Annual Reviews in Microbio-logy 38 (1984) 515-550
80. Goldhaber M.B., Aller R.C., Cochran J.K., Rosenfeld J.K., Martens C.S., and Berner R.A. Sulphate reduction diffusion and bioturbation in Long Island Sound sediments. Report of the FOAM Group. American Journal of Science 277 (1977) 193-237
81. Gorby Y.A., and Lovley D.R. Enzymatic uranium precipitation. Environmental Science and Technology 26 (1992) 205-207
82. Hallbeck L., and Pedersen K. Autotrophic and mixotrophic growth of Gallionella ferruginea. Journal of General Microbiology 137 (1991) 2657-2661
83. Hammond D.E., Fuller C., Harmon D., Hartman B., Korosec M., Miller L.G., Rea R., Warren S., Berelson W., and Hager S.W. Benthic fluxes in San Francisco Bay. Hydrobiologia 129 (1985) 69-90
84. Hansen J.I., Henriksen K., and Blackburn T.H. Seasonal distribution of nitrifying bacteria and rates of nitrification in coastal marine sediments. Microbial Ecology 7 (1981) 297-304
85. Hanson W.C. (1980). Transuranic Elements in the Environment (728pp). DOE Publication No. DOE/TIC-22800.
86. Hearn P.P., Parkhurst D.L., and Callender E. Authigenic vivianite in Potomac river sediments: control by ferric oxyhydroxides. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 53 (1983) 165-177
87. Hedges J.I., Clark W.A., and Cowie G.L. Fluxes and reactivities of organic matter in a coastal marine bay. Limnology and Oceanography 33 (1988) 1137-1152
88. Henrot J. Bioaccumulation and chemical modification of Tc by soil bacteria. Health Physics 57 (1989) 239-245
89. Hines M.E., Figareli J., and Planinc R. Sedimentary anaerobic microbial biogeochemistry in the Gulf of Trieste northern Adriatic Sea: Influences of bottom water oxygen depletion. Biogeochemistiy 39 (1997) 5-86
90. Holm E. Radioanalytical studies of Tc in the environment progress and solutions. Radiochimica Acta 63 (1993) 57-62
91. Hsi C.D., and Langmuir D. Adsorption of uranyl onto ferric oxyhydroxides: application of the surface complexation site binding model. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49 (1985) 1931-1941
92. Hulth S., Hall P.O.J., Blackburn T.H., and Landen A. Arctic sediments (Svalbard) : Pore water and solid phase distributions of C N P and Si. Polar Biology 16 (1996) AA1-462.
93. Hulth S., Tengberg A., Landen A., and Hall P.O.J. Mineralisation and burial of organic carbon in sediments of the southern Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Deep Sea Research 44 (1997) 955-981
94. Hulth S., Aller R.C., and Gilbert F. Coupled anoxic nitrification/manganese reduction in marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63 (1999) 49-66
95. Hursthouse A.S., and Livens F.R. Evidence for the remobilization of transuranic elements in the terrestrial environment. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 15 (1993) 163-171
96. Hursthouse A.S., Baxter M.S., Livens F.R., and Duncan H.J. Transfer of Sellafield derived Np-237 to and within the terrestrial environment. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 14 (1991) 147-174
97. (173pp). IAEA. Environmental Activities in Uranium Milling and Mining. IAEA/OECD Joint Publication (1999), OECD Publications, Chichester ISBN 92-64-17064-2
98. Irwin H., Curtis C.D., and Coleman M.L. Isotopic evidence for the source of diagenetic carbonates formed during burial of organic-rich sediments. Nature 269 (1977) 209-213
99. Jakobsen M.E., and Postma D. In situ rates of sulphate reduction in an aquifer (Romo Denmark) and implications for the reactivity of organic matter. Geology 23 (1994) 1103-1106
100. Jenkins M.C., and Kemp M. The coupling of nitrification and denitrification in two estuarine sediments. Limnology and Oceanography 29 (1984) 609-619
101. Johnson E.E., Odonnnel A.G., and Ineson P. An autoradiographic technique for selecting Cs-137 sorbing microorganisms from soil. Journal of Microbiological Methods 13 (1991) 293-298
102. Jones J.G. Microbes and microbial processes in sediments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 315 (1985) 3-17
103. Jones J.G., Gardener G.S., and Simon B.M. Reduction of ferric iron by heterotrophic bacteria in lake sediments. Journal of General Microbiology 130 (1984) 45-51
104. JØrgensen B.B. Processes at the sediment-water interface. In: Bolin B.C. (Ed). The Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Their Interactions SCOPE (1983), John Wiley, Paris 477-509
105. JØrgensen B.B. Ecology of the bacteria of the sulphur cycle with special reference to anoxic-oxic interface environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 298 (1983) 543-561
106. 2S microgradients. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 45 (1983) 61-70
107. JØrgensen B.B., and Revsbech N.P. Diffusive boundary layers and the oxygen uptake of sediments and detritus. Limnology and Oceanography 30 (1985) 111-122
108. - reduction maximum in the spring. Marine Ecology Progress Series 24 (1985) 65-74
109. Kaminski S., Richter T., Walser M., and Linder G. Redissolution of caesium radionuclides from sediments of freshwater lakes due to biological degradation of organic matter. Radiochimica Acta 66/67 (1994) 433-436
110. Karlin R., Lyle M., and Heath G.S. Authigenic magnetite formation in suboxic marine sediments. Nature 326 (1987) 490-493
111. Kazumi J., Haggblom M.M., and Young L.Y. Degradation of monochlorinated and nonchlorinated aromatic compounds under iron-reducing conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61 (1995) 4069-4073
112. + with common mineral surfaces in dilute aqueous solution and seawater. Marine Chemistry 15 (1984) 133-150
113. 2 interaction with common mineral surfaces in dilute solutions and seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49 (1985) 2577-2588
114. Keith-Roach M.I., ay J.P. i.L.K., Bryan N.D., and Livens F.R. easonal variations in interstitial water transuranium element concentrations. Environmental Science and Technology 34 (2000) 4237-4277
115. (65pp). Kershaw P.J., Pentreath R.J., Woodhead D.S., and Hunt G.J. A review of radioactivity in the Irish Sea. Report prepared for the Marine Pollution Monitoring Group. Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report No. 32 (1992), MAFF, New York
116. King G.M. Utilization of hydrogen acetate and 'noncompetitive' substrates by methanogenic bacteria in marine sediments. Geomicrobiology Journal 3 (1984) 275-306
117. Klausen J., Trober S.P., Haderlein S.B., and Schwarzenbach R.P. Reduction of substituted nitrobenzenes by Fe (II) in aqueous mineral suspensions. Environmental Science and Technology 29 (1995) 2396-2404
118. Klump J.V., and Martens C.S. Biogeochemical cycling in an organic rich coastal marine basin-II. Nutrient sediment-water exchange processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45 (1981) 101-121
119. Kochenov A.V., Korolev K.G., Dubinchuk V.T., and Medvedev Y.L. Experimental data on the precipitation of uranium from aqueous solution. Geochemistry International 14 (1977) 82-87
120. Konhauser K.O. Bacterial iron biomineralisation in nature. EEMS Microbiological Reviews 20 (1997) 315-326
121. Konhauser K.O. Diversity of bacterial iron mineralization. Earth Science Reviews 43 (1998) 91-121
122. Konhauser K.O., and Urrutia M.M. Bacterial clay authigenesis: implications for river chemistry. Chemical Geology 767 (1999) 399-414
123. Kostka J.E., and Nealson K.H. Dissolution and reduction of magnetite by bacteria. Environmental Science and Technology 29 (1995) 2535-2540
124. Kostka J.E., Wu J., Nealson K.H., and Stucki J.W. The impact of structural Fe (III) reduction by bacteria on the surface chemistry of smectite clay minerals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63 (1999) 3705-3713
125. (145pp). Krauskopf K.B. Radioactive Waste Disposal and Geology (1988), Chapman and Hall, Lowestoft UK
126. Krom M.D., Davison P., Zhang H., and Davison W. High resolution pore water sampling with a gel sampler. Limnology and Oceanography 39 (1994) 1967-1973
127. Kuenen J.G., and Beudeker R.F. Microbiology of Thiobacilli and other sulphur-oxidising auto-trophs mixotrophs and heterotrophs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 298 (1982) 473-497
128. Ledin M., and Pedersen K. The environmental impact of mine wastes-roles of microorganisms and their significance in treatment of mine wastes. Earth Science Reviews 41 (1996) 67-108
129. Leonard K.S., McCubbin D., Brown J., Bonfield R., and Brooks T. Distribution of Tc-99 in UK coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34 (1997) 628-636
130. Liger E., Charlet L., and Van Cappellen P. Surface catalysis of uranium (VI) reduction by iron (II). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63 (1999) 2939-2955
131. Lieser K.H., and Bauscher C. Technetium in the hydrosphere and geosphere. Chemistry of techne-tium in natural waters and the influence of redox potential on the sorption of technetium. Radiochimica Acta 42 (1987) 205-213
132. Lieser K.H., and Bauscher C. Technetium in the hydrosphere and geosphere 2. Influence of pH complexing agentsand of some minerals on the sorption of technetium. Radiochimica Acta 44/45 (1988) 125-128
133. Lieser K.H., and Muhlenweg U. Neptunium in the hydrosphere and in the geosphere. I. Chemistry of neptuniumin the hydrosphere and sorption of neptunium from groundwaters on sediments under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Radiochimica Acta 43 (1988) 27-35
134. Lloyd J.R., and Macaskie L.E. A novel phosphorlmager-based technique for monitoring the microbial reduction of technetium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58 (1996) 850-856
135. Lloyd J.R., Harding C.L., and Macaskie L.A. Tc (VII) reduction and precipitation by immobilized cells of Escherichia coli. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997) 505-510
136. Lloyd J.R., Nolting H.F., Sole V.A., Bosecker K., and Macaskie L.A. Technetium reduction and precipitation by sulphate-reducing bacteria. Geomicrobiology Journal 15 (1998) 45-58
137. Lloyd J.R., Ridley J., Khizniak T., Lyalikova N.N., and Macaskie L.E. Reduction of technetium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans: biocatalyst characterisation and use in a flowthrough bioreactor. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65 (1999) 2691-2696
138. Lloyd J.R., Yong P., and Macaskie L.E. Biological reduction and removal of Np (V) by two microorganisms. Environmental Science and Technology 34 (2000) 1297-1301
139. Lonergan D.J., and Lovley D.R. Microbial oxidation of natural and anthropogenic aromatic compounds coupled to Fe(III) reduction. In: Baker R.A. (Ed). Organic Substances and Sediments in Water (1991), Lewis Publishers, New York 327-338
140. Lovley D.R. Dissimilatory Fe (III) and Mn (IV) reduction. Microbiology Reviews 55 (1991) 259-287
141. Lovley D.R. Dissimilatory metal reduction. Annual Reviews in Microbiology 47 (1993) 263-290
142. Lovley D.R. Microbial reduction of iron manganese and other metals. Advances in Agronomy 54 (1995) 175-231
143. Lovley D.R., and Chapelle F.H. Deep subsurface microbial processes. Reviews of Geophysics 33 (1995) 365-381
144. Lovley D.R., and Coates J.D. Bioremediation of metal contamination. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 8 (1997) 285-289
145. Lovley D.R., and Goodwin S. Hydrogen concentrations as an indicator of the predominant terminal electron-accepting reactions in aquatic sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52 (1988) 2993-3003
146. Lovely D.R., and Klug M.J. Sulphate reducers can outcompete methanogens at freshwater sulphate concentrations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 45 (1983) 187-192
147. Lovely D.R., and Klug M.J. Model for the distribution of sulphate reduction and methanogenesis in freshwater sediment. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50 (1986) 11-18
148. Lovley D.R., and Lonergan D.J. Anaerobic oxidation of toluene phenol and p-cresol by the dissimilatory iron-reducing organism GS-15. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56 (1990) 1858-1864
149. Lovley D.R., and Phillips E.J.P. Organic matter mineralization with reduction of ferric iron in anaerobic sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 51 (1986) 683-689
150. Lovley D.R., and Phillips E.J.P. Availability of ferric iron for microbial reduction in bottom sediments of the freshwater tidal Potomac River. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 52 (1986) 751-757
151. Lovley D.R., and Phillips E.J.P. Competitive mechanisms for inhibition of sulphate reduction and methane production in the zone of ferric iron reduction in sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53 (1987) 2636-2641
152. Lovley D.R., and Phillips E.J.P. Novel mode of microbial energy metabolism: organic carbon oxid-ation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron or manganese. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54 (1988) 1472-1480
153. Lovley D.R., and Phillips E.J.P. Requirements for a microbial consortium to completely oxidise glucose in Fe (Ill) -reducing sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55 (1989) 3234-3236
154. Lovley D.R., and Phillips E.J.P. Reduction of uranium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58 (1992) 850-856
155. Lovely D.R., Dwyer D.F., and Klug M.J. Kinetic analysis of competition between sulphate reducers and methanogens for hydrogen in sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 43 (1982) 1373-1379
156. Lovley D.R., Stolz J.F., Nord Jr. G.L., and Phillips E.J.P. Anaerobic production of magnetite by a dissimilatory iron-reducing microorganism. Nature 330 (1987) 252-254
157. Lovley D.R., Phillips E.J.P., and Lonergan D.J. Hydrogen and formate oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron or manganese by Alteromonas putrefaciens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55 (1989) 700-706
158. Lovley D.R., Baedecker M.J., Lonergan D.J., Cozzarelli I.M., Phillips E.J.P., and Siegel D.I. Oxidation of aromatic contaminants coupled to microbial iron reduction. Nature 339 (1989) 297-299
159. Lovley D.R., Chapelle F.H., and Phillips E.J.P. Fe (III) -reducing bacteria in deeply buried sediments of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Geology 18 (1990) 954-957
160. Lovley D.R., Phillips E.J.P., Gorby Y.A., and Landa E.R. Microbial reduction of uranium. Nature 350 (1991) 413-416
161. Lovley D.R., Giovannoni S.J., White D.C., Champine J.E., Phillips E.J.P., Gorby Y.A., and Good-win S. Geobacter metallireducens gen. nov. sp. nov. a microorganism capable of coupling the complete oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of iron and. Archives of Microbiology 159 (1993) 336-344
162. 2 concentrations to determine distribution of microbially catalyzed redox reactions in anoxic groundwater. Environmental Science and Technology 28 (1994) 1205-1210
163. Lovley D.R., Coates J.D., Blunt-Harris E.L., Phillips E.J.P., and Woodward J.C. Humic substances as electron acceptors for microbial respiration. Nature 382 (1996) 445-448
164. Luther G.W., Sundby B., Lewis B.L., Brendel P.J., and Silverberg N. Interactions of manganese with the nitrogen cycle. Alternative pathways to dinitrogen. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Ada 61 (1997) 4043-4052
165. -, and S (-II) in marine pore waters with a solid-state voltammetric microelectrode. Limnology and Oceanography 43 (1998) 325-333
166. Macaskie L.E. An immobilised cell bioprocess for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous flows. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 49 (1990) 357-379
167. Macaskie L.E., and Dean A.C.R. Metal sequestering biochemicals. In: Mizrahi A. (Ed). Biological Waste Treatment (1990), Liss, Chelsea MI 199-248
168. Macaskie L.E., Empson R.M., Cheetham A.K., Grey C.P., and Skarnulis A.J. Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymatically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO2PO4. Science 257 (1990) 782-784
169. Macaskie L.E., Jeong B.C., and Tolley M.R. Enzymatically accelerated biomineralisation of heavy metals-application to removal of americium and plutonium from aqueous flows. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 74 (1994) 351-367
170. Macy J.M., Michel T.A., and Kirsch D.G. Selenate reduction by a Pseudomonas species: a new mode of anaerobic respiration. FEMS Microbiology Letters 67 (1989) 195-198
171. (986pp). Madigan M.T., Martinko J.M., and Parker J. Brock. Biology of Microorganisms. 8th edn (1997), Prentice Hall, New York
172. 241Am in the sediments of the north-east Irish Sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54 (1990) 29-35
173. 2) in a magnetotactic bacterium. Nature 343 (1990) 258-261
174. Martens C.S., Berner R.A., and Rosenfeld J.K. Interstitial water chemistry of anoxic Long Island Sound sediments. 2. Nutrient regeneration and phosphate removal. Limnology and Oceanography 23 (1978) 605-617
175. Masson M., Patti F., Colle C., Roucoux P., and Saas A. Synopsis of French experimental in-situ work on the terrestrial and marine behavior of Tc. Health Physics 57 (1989) 269-279
176. Maynard J.B. Extension of Berner's 'New geochemical classification of sedimentary environ-ments' to ancient sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 52 (1982) 1325-1331
177. Michalopoulos P., and Aller R.C. Rapid clay mineral formation in Amazon Delta sediments: reverse weathering and oceanic elemental cycles. Science 270 (1995) 614-617
178. Mohagheghi A., Updegraff D.M., and Goldhaber M.B. The role of sulphate-reducing bacteria in the deposition of sedimentary ores. Geomicrobiology Journal 4 (1985) 153-173
179. Morris K., and Livens F.R. Interactions of actinides with sediments in intertidal areas in west Cumbria UK. Radiochimica Acta 74 (1996) 195-198
180. Morris K., Butterworth J.C., and Livens F.R. Evidence for the remobilization of Sellafield waste radionuclides in an intertidal salt marsh west Cumbria UK. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 51 (2000) 613-625
181. Morris K., Bryan N.D., and Livens F.R. Plutonium solubility in sediment pore waters. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 56 (2001) 259-267
182. Morse J.W., and Choppin G.R. The chemistry of transuranic elements in natural waters. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 4 (1991) 1-22
183. Mortimer C.H. The exchange of dissolved substances between mud and water in lakes. Journal of Ecology 29 (1941) 280-329
184. Mortimer R.J.G., and Coleman M.L. Microbial influence on the oxygen isotopic composition of diagenetic siderite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61 (1997) 1705-1711
185. Mortimer R.J.G., and Rae J.E. Metal speciation (Cu Zn Pb Cd) and organic matter in oxic to suboxic saltmarsh sediments Severn Estuary southwest Britain. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40 (2000) 377-386
186. Mortimer R.J.G., Coleman M.L., and Rae J.E. Effect of bacteria on the trace element composition of early diagenetic siderite: implications for palaeoenvironmental interpretations. Sedimentology 44 (1997) 759-765
187. Mortimer R.J.G., Krom M.D., Hall P.O.J., Hulth S., and Stahl H. Use of gel probes for the determination of high resolution solute distributions in marine and estuarine pore waters. Marine Chemistry 63 (1998) 119-129
188. Mortimer R.J.G., Davey J.T., Krom M.D., Watson P.G., Flickers P.E., and Clifton R.C. The effect of macrofauna on pore-water profiles and nutrient fluxes in the intertidal zone of the Humber Estuary. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 48 (1999) 683-699
189. Munier-Lamy C., and Berthelin J. Formation of polyelectrolyte complexes with the major ele-ments Fe and Al and the trace elements U and Cu during heterotrophic microbial leaching of rocks. Geomicrobiology Journal 5 (1987) 119-147
190. Murray J.W., and Grundmaris V. Oxygen consumption in pelagic marine sediments. Science 209 (1980) 1527-1530
191. Muyzer G., Dewaal E.C., and Uitterlindern A.G. Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplified genes coding for 16S rib. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59 (1993) 695-700
192. Myers C.R., and Nealson K.H. Bacterial manganese reduction and growth with manganese oxide as the sole electron acceptor. Science 240 (1988) 1319-1321
193. Nelson D.C., and Jannasch H.W. Chemoautotrophic growth of a marine Beggiatoa in sulfide-gradient cultures. Archives of Microbiology 136 (1983) 262-269
194. Nelson D.L., and Lovett M.B. Oxidation state of plutonium in the Irish Sea. Nature 276 (1978) 599-601
195. Neu M.P., Matonic J.H., Ruggiero C.E., and Scott B.L. Structural characterisation of a plutonium (IV) siderophore complex: single crystal structure of Pu-desferriooxamine. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 39 (2000) 1442-1444
196. Newman D.K., Beveridge T.J., and Morel F.M.M. Precipitation of arsenic trisulfide by Desulfotomaculum auripigmentum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63 (1997) 2022-2028
197. Oremland R.S., Holibaugh J.T., Maest A.S., Presser T.S., Miller L.G., and Culbertson C.W. Selenate reduction to elemental selenium by anaerobic bacteria in sediments and culture: biogeo-chemical significance of a novel independent-independent respi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55 (1989) 2333-2343
198. Parkes R.J., Gibson G.R., Mueller-Harvey I., Buckingham W.J., and Herbert R.A. Determination of the substrates for reducing-reducing bacteria within marine and estuarine sediments with different rates of sulphate reduction. Journal of General Microbiology 135 (1989) 175-187
199. Pedersen K. The deep subterranean biosphere. Earth Science Reviews 34 (1993) 243-260
200. Pentreath R. J. (1981). The biological availability to marine organisms of transuranium and other long lived nuclides (pp. 241-272). IAEA-SM-248/102.
201. Picardal F.W., Arnold R.G., Couch H., Little A.M., and Smith M.E. Involvement of cytochromes in the anaerobic biotransformation of tetrachloromethane by Shewanella putrefaciens 200. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59 (1993) 3763-3770
202. Ponnamperuma F.N. The chemistry of submerged soils. Advances in Agronomy 24 (1972) 29-96
203. (208pp). Postgate J.R. The Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria. 2nd edn (1984), Cambridge University Press, Upper Saddle River NJ
204. Postma D. Formation of siderite and vivianite and the pore-water composition of a recent bog sediment in Denmark. Chemical Geology 31 (1981) 225-244
205. Postma D. Pyrite and siderite formation in brackish and freshwater swamp sediments. American Journal of Science 282 (1982) 1151-1183
206. Postma D., and Jakobsen R. Redox zonation: equilibrium constraints on the Fe (III) /SC>4~ reduction interface. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60 (1996) 3169-3175
207. Ramirez A.J., and Rose A.W. Analytical geochemistry of organic phosphorus and its correlation with organic carbon in marine and fluvial sediments and soils. American Journal of Science 292 (1992) 42-454
208. Redfield A.C. The biological control of chemical factors in the environment. American Journal of Science 46 (1958) 206-226
209. Reeburgh W.S. Rates of biogeochemical processes in anoxic sediments. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science 11 (1983) 269-298
210. Rinzema A., and Lettinga G. Anaerobic treatment of containing-containing waste water. In: Wise D.L. (Ed). Biotreatment Systems (1985), CRC Press, Cambridge UK 65-109
211. Roden E.E., and Lovley D.R. Dissimilatory Fe (III) reduction by the marine microorganism Desulfuromonas acetooxidans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59 (1993) 734-742
212. Roden E.E., and Zachara J.M. Microbial reduction of crystalline iron (III) oxides: influence of oxide surface area and potential for cell growth. Environmental Science and Technology 30 (1996) 1618-1628
213. Rusin P.A., Quintana L., Brainard J.R., Strietelmeier B.A., Tait C.D., Ekberg S.A., Palmer P.D., Newton T.W., and Clark D.L. Solubilization of plutonium hydrous oxide by iron-reducing bacteria. Environmental Science and Technology 28 (1994) 1686-1690
214. Santschi P.H., and Honeyman B.D. Radionuclides in aquatic environments. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 34 (1989) 213-240.
215. Santschi P.H., Bollhalder S., Farrenkothen K., Lueck A., Zingg S., and Sturm M. Chernobyl radionuclides in the environment tracers for the tight coupling of atmospheric terrestrial and aquatic geochemical processes. Environmental Science and Technology 22 (1988) 510-516
216. Santschi P., Hohener P., Benoit G., and Buchholtz-Tenbrink M. Chemical processes at the sediment-water interface. Marine Chemistry 30 (1990) 269-315
217. Santschi P.H., Bollhalder S., Zingg S., Lueck A., and Farrenkothen K. The self cleaning capacity of surface waters after radioactive fallout. Evidence from European waters after Chernobyl. Environmental Science and Technology 24 (1990) 519-524
218. Sawhney B.L. Potassium and caesium ions selectivity in relation to clay mineral structure. Clays and Clay Minerals 18 (1970) 47-52
219. Sawhney B.L. Selective sorption and fixation of cations by clay minerals: a review. Clays and Clay Mineralogy 20 (1972) 93-100
220. Schink B. Principles and limits of anaerobic degradation: environmental and technological aspects. In: Zehnder A.J.B. (Ed). Biology of Anaerobic Microorganisms (1988), John Wiley, Boca Raton FL 771-846
221. Schwertmann U., and Fechter H. The point of zero charge of natural and synthetic ferrihydrites and its relation to adsorbed silicate. Clay Minerals 17 (1982) 471-476
222. Scoppa P. Environmental behaviour of trans-uranium actinides: availability to marine biota. Inorganica Chi mica Acta 95 (1984) 23-27
223. Seitzinger S.P. Denitrification in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: ecological and geochemical significance. Limnology and Oceanography 33 (1988) 702-724
224. Senior E., and Balba T.M. Refuse decomposition. In: Senior E. (Ed). Microbiology of Landfill Sites (1990), CRC Press, New York 18-57
225. Shaw D.G., and Mclntosh D.J. Acetate in recent anoxic sediments. Direct and indirect measurements of concentration and turnover rates. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 31 (1990) 775-788
226. Sheppard S.C., Sheppard M.I., and Evenden W.G. A novel method used to examine variation in Tc sorption among 34 soils aerated and anoxic. Journal of Radioactivity 11 (1990) 215-233
227. Sholkovitz E.R. The geochemistry of plutonium in fresh and marine water environments. Earth Science Reviews 79 (1983) 95-161
228. Sholkovitz E.R. In: Stumm W. (Ed). Chemical Processes in Lakes (1985), John Wiley, Boca Raton FL 119-142
229. Sholkovitz E.R., and Mann D.R. The porewater chemistry of239-24 () Pu and l37Cs in the sediments of Buzzards Bay Massachusetts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 (1984) 1107-1114
230. Silva R.J., and Nitsche H. Actinide environmental chemistry. Radiochimica Acta 70/71 (1995) 377-396
231. Smith R.L., and Klug M.J. Electron donors utilized by reducing-reducing bacteria in eutrophic lake sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 42 (1981) 116-121
232. Sokolva-Dubina G.A., and Deryugina Z.P. On the role of microorganisms in the formation of rhodocrosite in Punus-Yarvi Lake. Microbiology 36 (1967) 445-451
233. SØrensen J. Reduction of ferric iron in anaerobic marine sediment and interaction with reduction of nitrate and sulphate. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 43 (1982) 319-324
234. SØrensen J. Nitrate reduction in marine sediment. Pathways and interactions with iron and sulphur cycling. Geomicrobiology Journal 5 (1987) 401-421
235. SØrensen J., and JØrgensen B.B. Early diagenesis in sediments from Danish coastal waters: microbial activity and Mn-Fe-S geochemistry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51 (1987) 1583-1590
236. AERE R12743. Sparkes S.T., and Long S.E. The Chemical Speciation of Technetiwn in the Environment - A Literature Survey (1988), UK Atomic Energy Authority, New York
237. Strandberg G.W., and Arnold W.D. Microbial accumulation of neptunium. Journal of Industrial Microbiology 3 (1988) 329-331
238. Sträub K.L., Benz M., Schink B., and Widdel F. Anaerobic nitrate-dependent microbial oxidation of ferrous iron. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62 (1996) 1458-1460
239. Suess E. Mineral phases formed in anoxic sediments by microbial decomposition of organic matter. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43 (1979) 339-352
240. Sugio T., Tsujita Y., Katagiri T., Inagaki K., and Tano T. Reduction of Mo-6+ with elemental sulphur by Thiobacillus ferroxidans. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (1988) 5956-5959
241. Sugio T., Tsujita Y., Inagaki K., and Tano T. Reduction of cupric ions with elemental sulphur by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56 (1990) 693-696
242. Suzuki Y., and Banfield J.F. Geomicrobiology of uranium. In: Burns P.C., and Finch R. (Eds). Reviews in Mineralogy (Vol. 38) Uranium - Mineralogx Geochemistry and the Environment (1999), Mineralogical Society of America, Harwell 393-431
243. Tiedje J.M., Sexstone A.J., Myrold D.D., and Robinson J.A. Dentrification: Ecological niches competition and survival Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. Journal of Microbiology 48 (1982) 569-583
244. Tomioka N., Uchiyama H., and Yagi O. Isolation and characterisation of caesium accumulating bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58 (1992) 1019-1023
245. Urrutia M.M., Kemper M., Doyle R., and Beveridge T.J. The membrane-induced proton motive force influences the metal binding ability of Bacillus subtilis cell walls. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58 (1992) 3837-3844
246. Urrutia M.M., Roden E.E., Fredrickson J.K., and Zachara J.M. Microbial and surface chemistry controls on reduction of synthetic Fe (III) oxide minerals by the dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium Shewanella alga. Geomicrobiology Journal 15 (1998) 269-291
247. Van Cappellen P., and Gaillard J.-F. Biogeochemical dynamics in aquatic sediments Reactive Transport in Porous Media. In: Licht-Ner P.C., Steefel C.I., and Oelkers E.H. (Eds). Reviews in Mineralogy Vol. 34 (1996), Mineralogical Society of America, Washington DC 335-376
248. Voleski B., and Holan Z.R. Biosorption of heavy metals. Biotechnology Progress 11 (1995) 235-250
249. Walton F.B., Paquette J., and Ross J.P.M. Tc (IV) and Tc (VII) interactions with iron oxyhydrox-ides. Nuclear and Chemical Waste Management 6 (1986) 121-126
250. Wang P., Mori T., Komori K., Sasatsu M., Toda K., and Ohtakem H. Isolation and characterization of an Enterobacter cloacae strain that reduces hexavalent chromium under anaerobic conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55 (1989) 1665-1669
251. Wellsbury P., and Parkes R.J. Acetate bioavailability and turnover in an estuarine sediment. FEMS Microbial Ecology 17 (1995) 85-94
252. Wersin P., Hocehella M.F., Persson P., Redden G., Leckie J.O., and Harris D.W. Interaction between aqueous uranium (VI) and sulfide minerals-spectroscopic evidence for sorption and reduction. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58 (1994) 2889-2893
253. Westlich J.T., and Berner R.A. The role of sedimentary organic matter in bacterial sulphate reduction: the G model tested. Limnology and Oceanography 29 (1984) 236-249
254. DOE/TIC-22800. Wahlgren M.A., Robbins J.A., and Edgington D.N. Plutonium in the great lakes. In: Hanson W.C. (Ed). Transuranic Elements in the Environment (1980) 659-683
255. Wharton ML., Atkins B., Charnock J.M., Livens F.R., Pattrick R.A.D., and Collison D. An X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of the coprecipitation of Tc and Re with mackinawite (FeS). Applied Geochemistry 15 (2000) 347-354
256. White D.C. In situ measurement of microbial biomass community structure and nutritional status. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 344 (1993) 59-67
257. Wildung R.E., McFadden K.M., and Garland T.R. Technetium sources and behaviour in the environment. Journal of Environmental Quality 8 (1979) 156-161
258. Williams R.T., and Crawford R.L. Methane production in Minnesota peatlands. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 47 (1984) 1266-1271
259. Yurkova N.A., and Lyalikova N.N. New vanadate-reducing faculative chemolithotrophic bacteria. Microbiology 59 (1991) 672-677
260. 3+ oxides in single phase suspensions and subsurface materials. American Mineralogist 83 (1998) 1426-1443
261. Zhang H., Davison W., Miller S., and Tych W. In situ high resolution measurements of fluxes of Ni Cu Fe and Mn and concentrations of Zn and Cd in porewaters by DGT. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59 (1995) 4181-4192
262. Zwolsman J.J.G., Berger G.W., and Van Eck G.T.M. Sediment accumulation rates historical input post depositional mobility and retention of major and trace elements in salt marsh sediments of the Scheldt Estua. Marine Chemistry 44 (1993) 73-94