Chapter 17 Molluscs as bioindicators

Trace Metals and other Contaminants in the Environment

Volumn 6, Issue C, 2003, Pages 577-635

  Oehlmann, Jörg ^a   Schulte Oehlmann, Ulrike ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

accumulation; biological effects; biomarker; endocrine disrupters; indication; molluscs; monitoring; tributyltin

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; MOLLUSCA;

EID: 77956676751     PISSN: 18751121     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0927-5215(03)80147-9     Document Type: Article

References (270)

1. Abd Allah A.T., Thompson S.N., Borchardt D.B., and Wanas M.Q.A. Biomphalaria glabrata: A laboratory model illustrating the potential of pulmonate gastropods as freshwater biomonitors of heavy metal pollutants. Malocologia 41 (1999) 345-353
2. Aldridge W.N. Serum esterases. Biochemistry Journal 53 (1953) 110-117
3. Alzieu C., Thibaud Y., Héral M., and Boutier B. valuation des risques dus a l'emploi des peintures anti-salissures dans les zones conchylicoles. Revue des Travaux de 'Institut des Péches Maritimes 44 (1980) 306-348
4. Alzieu C., Sanjuan J., Deltreil J.-P., and Borel M. Tin contamination in Arcachon Bay: effects on oyster shell anomalies. Marine Pollution Bulletin 17 (1986) 494-498
5. Andersen R.A., Eriksen K.D.H., and Bakke T. Evidence of presence of a low molecular weight, non metallothionein-like metal-binding protein in the marine gastropod Nassarius reticulatus L. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 94B (1989) 285-291
6. Anderson R.S., and Mora L.M. Phagocytosis: A microtiter plate assay. In: Stolen J.S., Fletcher T.C., Smith S.A., Zelikoff J.T., Kaattari S.L., Anderson R.S., Söderhäll K., and Weeks-Perkins B.A. (Eds). Techniques in Fish Immunology, Vol. IV. Immunology and Pathology of Aquatic Invertebrates (1995), SOS Publications, Wageningen 109-112
7. Anderson R.V. Contamination of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in six species of freshwater clams. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18 (1977) 492-496
8. Avelar W.E.P., Mantelatto F.L.M., Tomazelli A.C., Silva D.M.L., Shuhama T., and Lopes J.L.C. The marine mussel Perna perna (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilidae) as an indicator of contamination by heavy metals in the Ubatuba Bay, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 118 (2000) 65-72
9. Bailey S.K., and Davies I.M. Tributyltin contamination in the Firth of Forth (1975-87). The Science of the Total Environment 76 (1988) 185-192
10. Bailey S.K., and Davies I.M. Tributyltin contamination around an oil terminal in Sullom Voe (Shetland). Environmental Pollution 55 (1988) 161-172
11. Bailey S.K., and Davies I.M. The effects of tributyltin on dogwhelks (Nucella lapillus) from Scottish coastal waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 69 (1989) 335-354
12. Bailey S.K., and Davies I.M. Continuing impact of TBT, previously used in mariculture, on dogwhelk (Nucella lapillus L.) populations in a Scottish sea loch. Marine Environmental Research 32 (1991) 187-199
13. Bauer G. Reproductive strategy of the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera. Journal of Animal Ecology 56 (1987) 691-701
14. Bauer B., Fioroni P., Ide I., Liebe S., Oehlmann J., Stroben E., and Watermann B. TBT effects on the female genital system of Littorina littorea: a possible indicator of tributyltin pollution. Hydrobiologia 309 (1995) 15-27
15. Bauer B., Fioroni P., Schulte-Oehlmann U., Oehlmann J., and Kalbfus W. The use of Littorina littorea for tributyltin (TBT) effect monitoring - results from the German TBT survey 1994/1995 and laboratory experiments. Environmental Pollution 96 (1997) 299-309
16. Bauman J.W., Liu J., and Klaassen C.D. Production of metallothionein and heat-shock proteins in response to metals. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 21 (1993) 15-22
17. Baumard P., Budzinski H., and Garrigues P. PAHs in Arcachon Bay, France: origin and biomonitoring with caged organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36 (1998) 577-586
18. Bayne B.L., Brown D.A., Burns K., Dixon D.R., Ivanovici A., Livingstone D.R., Lowe D.M., Moore M.N., Stebbing A.R.D., and Widdows J. The effects of stress and pollution on marine animals (1985), Praeger Press, Fair Haven
19. Bayne B.L., Moore M.N., Widdows J., Livingstone D.R., and Salkeld P. Measurement of the responses of individuals to environmental stress and pollution: Studies with bivalve molluscs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Section B 286 (1979) 563-581
20. Bayne B.L., and Worral C.M. Growth and production of mussels (Mytilus edulis) from two populations. Marine Ecology Progress Series 3 (1980) 317-328
21. Bebianno M.J., and Langston W.J. Induction of metallothionein synthesis in the gill and kidney of Littorina littorea exposed to cadmium. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75 (1995) 173-186
22. Becker K., Merlini L., de Bertrand N., de Alencastro L.F., and Tarradellas J. Elevated levels of organotins in Lake Geneva: bivalves as sentinel organism. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 48 (1992) 37-44
23. Becker-van Slooten K., and Tarradellas J. Organotins in Swiss lakes after their ban: assessment of water, sediment, and Dreissena polymorpha contamination over a four-year period. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29 (1995) 384-392
24. Beiras R., and His E. Effects of dissolved mercury on embryogenesis, survival, growth and metamorphosis of Crassostrea gigas oyster larvae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 113 (1994) 95-103
25. Beiras R., His E., and Seaman M.N.L. Effects of storage temperature and duration on toxicity of sediments assessed by Crassostrea gigas oyster embryo assay. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17 (1998) 2100-2105
26. Berger B., and Dallinger R. Terrestrial snails as quantitiative indicators of environmental metal pollution. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 25 (1993) 65-84
27. Berger B., Dallinger R., and Thomaser A. Quantification of metallothionein as a biomarker for cadmium exposure in terrestrial gastropods. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14 (1995) 781-791
28. Berger B., Hunziker P.E., Hauer C.R., Birchler N., and Dallinger R. Mass-spectrometry and aminoacid sequencing of 2 cadmium-binding metallothionein isoforms from the terrestrial gastropod Arianta arbustorum. Biochemical Journal 311 (1995) 951-957
29. Bertani R., Cosimi C., Deliso A., Ferrara R., Maserti B.E., Trifoglio M., and Zuccarelli D. Mercury in a primary consumer (Eobania vermiculata) collected near a chlor-alkali complex. Environmental Technology 15 (1994) 1095-1100
30. Berthou F., Balouet G., Bodennec G., and Marchand M. The occurrence of hydrocarbons and histopathological abnormalities in oyster for seven years following the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz in Brittany (France). Marine Environmental Research 23 (1987) 103-133
31. Bettin C., Oehlmann J., and Stroben E. TBT-induced imposex in marine neogastropods is mediated by an increasing androgen level. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 50 (1996) 299-317
32. Bigas M., Durfort H., and Poquet M. Cytological effects of experimental exposure to Hg on the gill epithelium of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis: Ultrastructural and quantitative changes related to bioaccumulation. Tissue and Cell 33 (2001) 178-188
33. Blasco J., Arias A.M., and Saenz V. Heavy metals in organisms of the River Guadalquivir estuary: possible incidence of the Aznalcollar disaster. The Science of the Total Environment 242 (1999) 249-259
34. Boening D.W. An evaluation of bivalves as biomonitors of heavy metals pollution in marine waters. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 55 (1999) 459-470
35. Boisson F., Cotret O., and Fowler S.W. Bioaccumulation and retention of lead in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis following uptake from seawater. The Science of the Total Environment 222 (1998) 55-61
36. Bowmer C.T., Jenner H.A., Foekema E., and van der Meer M. The detection of chronic biological effects in the marine intertidal bivalve Cerastoderma edule in model ecosystem studies with pulverised fuel ash: reproduction and histopathology. Environmental Pollution 85 (1994) 191-204
37. Bresler V., and Yanko V. Acute toxicity of heavy metals for benthic foraminifera Pararotalia spinigera (Le Calvez) and influence of seaweed-derived DOC. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14 (1995) 1687-1695
38. Brick M., and Deutsch U. Ultrastructural investigations of the penis epithelia cells of three neogastropods, collected from TBT (tributyltin)-polluted areas. Aquatic Toxicology 27 (1993) 113-132
39. Bright D.A., and Ellis D.V. A comparative survey of imposex in northeast Pacific neogastropods (Prosobranchia) related to tributyltin contamination, and a choice of a suitable bioindicator. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68 (1990) 1915-1924
40. Bryan G.W., and Gibbs P.E. Impact of low concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) on marine organisms: a review. In: Newman M.C., and McIntosh A.W. (Eds). Metal ecotoxicology: concepts and applications (1991), Lewis, New York 323-361
41. Bryan G.W., Langston W.J., Hummerstone L.G., Burt G.R., and Ho Y.B. An assessment of the gastropod, Littorina littorea, as an indicator of heavy-metal contamination in United Kingdom estuaries. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 63 (1983) 327-345
42. Bryan G.W., Langston W.J., Hummerstone L.G., and Burt G.R. A guide to the assessment of heavy-metal contamination in estuaries using biological indicator. Occasional Publications of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 4 (1985) 1-92
43. Bryan G.W., Potts G.W., and Forster G.R. Heavy metals in the gastropod mollusc Haliotis tuberculata (L.). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 57 (1977) 379-390
44. Burgeot T., Woll S., and Galgani F. Evaluation of the micronucleus test on Mytilus galloprovincialis for monitoring applications along French coasts. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32 (1996) 39-46
45. Butler R., Chapman P.M., van den Hurk P., Roddie B., and Thain J.E. A comparison of North American and West European oyster embryo-larval toxicity tests on North Sea sediments. Marine Ecology Progress Series 91 (1992) 245-251
46. Cajaraville M.P., Olabarrieta I., and Marigomez I. In vitro activities of mussel hemocytes as biomarkers of environmental quality: a case study in the Albra Estuary (Biscay Bay). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 35 (1996) 253-260
47. Campanella L., Conti M.E., Cubadda F., and Sucapane C. Trace metals in seagrass, algae and molluscs from an uncontaminated area in the Mediterranean. Environmental Pollution 111 (2001) 117-126
48. Camusso M., Balestrini R., Muriano F., and Mariani M. Use of freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha to assess trace metal pollution in the lower river Po (Italy). Chemosphere 29 (1994) 729-745
49. Chapman P., and Morgan J.D. Sediment bioassays with oyster larvae. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31 (1983) 438-444
50. Chapman P., Swartz R.C., Roddie B., Phelps H.L., van den Hurk P., and Butler R. An international comparison of sediment toxicity tests in the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 91 (1992) 253-264
51. Cherian M.G., and Chan H.M. Biological functions of metallothionein - a review. In: Suzuki K.T., Imura N., and Kimura M. (Eds). Metallothionein III - biological roles and medical applications (1993), Birkhäuser Verlag, Ann Arbor 87-109
52. Cima F., Marin M.G., Matozzo V., Da Ros L., and Ballarin L. Biomarkers for TBT immunotoxicity studies on the cultivated clam Tapes philippinarum (Adams and Reeve, 1850). Marine Pollution Bulletin 39 (1999) 112-115
53. Clayton M.E., Steinmann R., and Fent K. Different expression patterns of heat shock proteins hsp 60 and hsp 70 in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) exposed to copper and tributyltin. Aquatic Toxicology 47 (2000) 213-226
54. Coeurdassier M., Saint-Denis M., Gomot-de Vaufleury A., Ribera D., and Badot P.-M. The garden snail (Helix aspersa) as a bioindicator of organophosphorus exposure: Effects of dimethoate on survival, growth, and acetylcholinesterase activity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20 (2001) 1951-1957
55. Couch J. Atrophy of diverticular epithelium as an indicator of environmental irritants in the oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Marine Environmental Research 14 (1984) 525-526
56. Coughtrey P.J., and Martin M.H. The uptake of lead, zinc, cadmium, and copper by the pulmonate mollusc, Helix aspersa Müller, and its relevance to the monitoring of heavy metal contamination of the environment. Oecologia 27 (1977) 65-74
57. Couillard Y., Campbell P.G.C., Pellerin-Massicotte J., and Auclair J.C. Field transplantation of a freshwater bivalve, Pyganodon grandis, across a metal contamination gradient. 2. Metallothionein response to Cd and Zn exposure, evidence for cytotoxicity, and links to effects at higher levels of biological organization. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52 (1995) 703-715
58. Cranford P.J., Gordon D.C., Lee K., Armsworthy S.L., and Tremblay G.H. Chronic toxicity and physiological disturbance effects of water- and oil-based drilling fluids and some major constituents on adult sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus). Marine Environmental Research 48 (1999) 225-256
59. Dallinger R. Strategies of metal detoxification in terrestrial invertebrates. In: Dallinger R., and Rainbow P.S. (Eds). Ecotoxicology of metals in invertebrates (1993), Lewis, Basel 245-289
60. Dallinger R. Invertebrate organisms as biological indicators of heavy-metal pollution. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 48 (1994) 27-31
61. Dallinger R., Janssen H.H., Bauer-Hilty A., and Berger B. Characterization of an inducible cadmiumbinding protein from hepatopancreas of metal-exposed slugs (Arionidae, Mollusca). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C92 (1989) 355-360
62. Dallinger R., Berger B., Gruber C., Hunziker P., and Sturzenbaum S. Metallothioneins in terrestrial invertebrates: structural aspects, biological significance and implications for their use as biomarkers. Cellular and Molecular Biology 46 (2000) 331-346
63. Dauberschmidt C., Dietrich D.R., and Schlatter C. Investigations on the biotransformation capacity of organophosphates in the mollusc Dreissena polymorpha P. Aquatic Toxicology 37 (1997) 283-294
64. Davies I.M., Minchin A., Bauer B., Harding M.J.H., and Wells D.E. QUASIMEME laboratory performance study of the biological effects of tributyltin (imposex and intersex) on two marine gastropod molluscs. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 1 (1999) 233-238
65. De Pomerai D.I. Heat-shock proteins as biomarkers of pollution. Human and Experimental Toxicology 15 (1996) 279-285
66. Dermott R., and Kerec D. Changes to the deepwater benthos of eastern Lake Erie since the invasion of Dreissena: 1979-1993. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54 (1997) 922-930
67. Desy J.C., Archambault J.F., Pinel-Alloul B., Hubert J., and Campbell P.G.C. Relationships between total mercury in sediments and methyl mercury in the freshwater gastropod prosobranch Bithynia tentaculata in the St. Lawrence River, Quebec. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57 (2000) 164-173
68. Din Z.B., and Ahamad A. Changes in the scope for growth of blood cockles (Anadara granosa) exposed to industrial discharge. Marine Pollution Bulletin 31 (1995) 406-410
69. Dixon D.R., and Pollard D. Embryo abnormalities in the periwinkle, Littorina 'saxatilis', as indicator of stress in polluted marine environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16 (1985) 29-33
70. Donard O.F.X., Quevaullier P., and Bruchet A. Tin and organotin speciation during wastewater and sludge treatment processes. Water Research 27 (1993) 1085-1089
71. Dregolskaya I.N. Sensitivity of embryos of freshwater molluscs from various habitats to a rise in concentration of copper ions in the environment. Russian Journal of Ecology 24 (1993) 139-143
72. Dyrynda E.A. Incidence of abnormal shell thickening in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in Poole Harbour (UK), subsequent to the 1987 TBT restrictions. Marine Pollution Bulletin 24 (1992) 156-163
73. Dyrynda E.A., Pipe R.K., Burt G.R., and Ratcliffe N.A. Modulations in the immune defences of mussels (Mytilus edulis) from contaminated sites in the UK. Aquatic Toxicology 42 (1998) 169-185
74. Elder J.F., and Collins J.J. Freshwater molluscs as indicators of bioavailability and toxicity of metals in surface-water systems. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 122 (1991) 36-79
75. Ellis D.V., and Pattisina L.A. Widespread neogastropod imposex: a biological indicator of global TBT contamination?. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21 (1990) 248-253
76. Engel D.W., and Brouwer M. Metal regulation and molting in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: Metallothionein function in metal metabolism. Biological Bulletin 173 (1987) 237-249
77. Escartin E., and Porte C. The use of cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activities from Mytilus galloprovincialis in pollution monitoring. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16 (1997) 2090-2095
78. Fent K. Ecotoxicology of organotin compounds. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 26 (1996) 1-117
79. Fent K., Hunn J., Renggli D., and Siegrist H. Fate of tributyltin in sewage sludge treatment. Marine Environmental Research 32 (1991) 223-231
80. Fioroni P. Einführung in die Meereszoologie (1981), Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Boca Raton
81. Fioroni P., Oehlmann J., and Stroben E. The pseudohermaphroditism of prosobranchs; morphological aspects. Zoologischer Anzeiger 226 (1991) 1-26
82. Fishelson L., Bresler V., Manelis R., Zuk-Rimon Z., Dotan A., Hornung H., and Yawetz A. Toxicological aspects associated with the ecology of Donax trunculus (Bivalvia, Mollusca) in a polluted environment. The Science of the Total Environment 226 (1999) 121-131
83. Fleming W.J., Augspurger T.P., and Alderman J.A. Freshwater mussel die-off attributed to anticholinesterase poisoning. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14 (1995) 877-879
84. Flessas C., Couillard Y., Pinel-Alloul B., St-Cyr L., and Campbell P.G.C. Metal concentrations in two freshwater gastropods (Mollusca) in the St. Lawrence River and relationships with environmental contamination. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57 (2000) 126-137
85. Frazier J.M. The dynamics of metals in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. I. Seasonal effects. Chesapeake Science 16 (1975) 162-171
86. Frazier J.M. The dynamics of metals in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. II. Environmental effects. Chesapeake Science 17 (1976) 188-197
87. Gardner J.P.A. Where are the mussels on Cook Strait (New Zealand) shores? Low seston quality as a possible factor limiting multi-species distributions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 194 (2000) 123-132
88. 226Ra determination in soil and land snails from a radioactive waste site. The Science of the Total Environment 173 (1995) 41-45
89. Geyer H., Freitag D., and Korte F. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the marine environment, particularly in the Mediterranean. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 8 (1984) 129-151
90. Gibbs P.E., Bryan G.W., Pascoe P.L., and Burt G.R. The use of the dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus, as an indicator of tributyltin (TBT) contamination. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K. 67 (1987) 507-523
91. Gibbs P.E., Bryan G.W., Pascoe P.L., and Burt G.R. Reproductive abnormalities in female Ocenebra erinacea (Gastropoda) resulting from tributyltin-induced imposex. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 70 (1990) 639-656
92. Gibbs P.E., Bryan G.W., and Pascoe P.L. TBT-induced imposex in the dogwhelk, Nucella lapillus: Geographical uniformity of the response and effects. Marine Environmental Research 32 (1991) 79-87
93. Gibbs P.E., Pascoe P.L., and Burt G.R. Sex change in the female dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus, induced by tributyltin from antifouling paints. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 68 (1988) 715-731
94. Giese A.C. Comparative physiology: annual reproductive cycles of marine invertebrates. Annual Reviews in Physiology 21 (1959) 547-576
95. In: Giese A.C., and Pearse J.S. (Eds). Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates. Vol. 4. Molluscs: Gastropods and Cephalopods (1977), Academic Press, Darmstadt
96. Götting K.-J. Mollusca, Weichtiere. In: Westheide W., and Rieger R. (Eds). Spezielle Zoologie. 1. Teil: Einzeller und Wirbellose Tiere (1996), Gustav Fischer Verlag, London 276-330
97. Goldberg E.D. The mussel watch - a first step in global marine monitoring. Marine Pollution Bulletin 6 (1975) 111
98. Goldberg E.D., and Bertine K.K. Beyond the mussel watch - new directions for monitoring marine pollution. The Science of the Total Environment 247 (2000) 165-174
99. Goldberg E.D., Bowen V.T., Farrington J.W., Harvey G., Martin J.H., Parker P.L., Riseborough R.W., Robertson W., Schneider E., and Gamble E. The mussel watch. Environmental Conservation 5 (1978) 101-126
100. Gold-Bouchot G., Sima-Alvarez R., Zapata-Perez O., and Güemez-Ricalde J. Histopathological effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals on the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) from Tabasco, Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin 31 (1995) 439-445
101. Gomot de Vaufleury A., and Pihan F. Growing snails used as sentinels to evaluate terrestrial environment contamination by trace elements. Chemosphere 40 (2000) 275-284
102. Graveland J., and van der Wal R. Decline in snail abundance due to soil acidification causes eggshell defects in forest passerines. Oecologia 105 (1996) 351-360
103. Graveland J., van der Wal R., van Balen J.H., and van Noordwijk A.J. Poor reproduction in forest passerines from decline of snail abundance on acidified soils. Nature 368 (1994) 446-448
104. Gregory M.A., George R.C., Marshall D.J., Anandraj A., and McClug T.P. The effects of mercury exposure on the surface morphology of gill filaments in Perna perna (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Marine Pollution Bulletin 39 (1999) 116-121
105. Grout J.A., and Levings C.D. Effects of acid mine drainage from an abandoned copper mine, Britannia Mines, Howe Sound, British Columbia, Canada, on transplanted blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Marine Environmental Research 51 (2001) 265-288
106. In: Gruner H.-E. (Ed). Lehrbuch der Speziellen Zoologie. Vol. 1: Wirbellose Tiere. Vol. 1, Part 3: Mollusca, Sipunculida, Echgiurida, Annelida, Onychophora, Tardigrada, Pentastomida. 5th edn. (1993), Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart
107. Gruner H.-E., Hannemann H.-J., Hartwich G., and Kilias R. Urania-Tierreich. Wirbellose Tiere (1993), Urania-Verlag, Jena
108. 228Radium in the Kaveri river ecosystem. Current Science 70 (1996) 1076-1080
109. Handy R.D., and Depledge M.H. Physiological responses: their measurement and use as environmental biomarkers in ecotoxicology. Ecotoxicology 8 (1999) 329-349
110. Hartl F.U. Molecular chaperones in cellular protein folding. Nature 381 (1996) 571-580
111. Heller J. Longevity in molluscs. Malacologia 31 (1990) 259-295
112. Higashiyama T., Shiraishi H., Otsuki A., and Hashimoto S. Concentrations of organotin compounds in blue mussels from the wharves of Tokyo Bay. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22 (1991) 585-587
113. High K.A., Barthet V.J., McLaren J.W., and Blais J.S. Characterization of metallothionein-like proteins from zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16 (1997) 1111-1118
114. His E., Budzinski H., Geffard O., and Beiras R. Effects of a hydrocarbon polluted sediment on Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) metamorphosis. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie III - Sciences de la Vie 320 (1997) 797-803
115. His E., Seaman M.N.L., and Beiras R. A simplification the bivalve embryogenesis and larval development bioassay method for water quality assessment. Water Research 31 (1997) 351-355
116. Honek A. Melanism in the land snail Helicella candicans (Gastropoda, Helicidae) and its possible adaptive significance. Malacologia 35 (1993) 79-87
117. Horiguchi T., Shiraishi H., Shimizu M., and Morita M. Imposex in sea snails, caused by organotin (tributyltin and triphenyltin) pollution in Japan: a survey. Applied Organometallic Chemistry 11 (1997) 451-455
118. Horiguchi T., Hyeon-Seo C., Shiraishi H., Shibata Y., Soma M., Morita M., and Shimizu M. Field studies on imposex and organotin accumulation in the rock shell, Thais clavigera, from the Seto Inland Sea and the Sanriku region, Japan. The Science of the Total Environment 214 (1998) 65-70
119. Huet M., Paulet Y.M., and Glémarec M. Tributyltin (TBT) pollution in the coastal waters of west Brittany as indicated by imposex in Nucella lapillus. Marine Environmental Research 41 (1996) 157-167
120. Hung T.C., Meng P.J., Han B.C., Chuang A., and Huang C.C. Trace metals in different species of Mollusca, water and sediments from Taiwan coastal area. Chemosphere 44 (2001) 833-841
121. Hyman L.H. The Invertebrates, Vol. VI, Mollusca I (1967), McGraw-Hill, Leipzig
122. Jacobsen J.A., and Asmund G. TBT in marine sediments and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from central-west Greenland. The Science of the Total Environment 245 (2000) 131-136
123. Jenner M.G. Pseudohermaphroditism in Ilyanassa obsoleta (Mollusca: Neogastropoda). Science 205 (1979) 1407-1409
124. Jha A.N., Cheung V.V., Foulkes M.E., Hill S.J., and Depledge M.H. Detection of genotoxins in the marine environment: adoption and evaluation of an integrated approach using the embryo-larval stages of the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis. Mutation Research 464 (2000) 213-228
125. Jha A.N., Hagger J.A., and Hill S.J. Tributyltin induces cytogenetic damage in the early life stages of the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 35 (2000) 343-350
126. Jones D. Sclerochronology: reading the record of the molluscan shell. American Scientist 71 (1983) 384-391
127. Jungbluth J.H., and von Knorre D. Rote Liste der Binnenmollusken [Schnecken (Gastropoda) und Muscheln (Bivalvia)] in Deutschland. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 56/57 (1995) 1-17
128. Kang S.G., Choi M.S., Oh I.S., Wright D.A., and Koh C.H. Asessment of metal pollution in Onsan Bay, Korea using Asian periwinkle Littorina brevicula as a biomonitor. The Science of the Total Environment 234 (1999) 127-137
129. Kang S.G., Wright D.A., and Koh C.H. Baseline metal concentration in the Asian periwinkle Littorina brevicula employed as a biomonitor to assess metal pollution in Korean coastal water. The Science of the Total Environment 263 (2000) 143-153
130. Kägi J.H.R., and Schäffer A. Biochemistry of metallothionein. Biochemistry 27 (1988) 8509-8515
131. Kammenga J.E., Dallinger R., Donker M.H., Köhler H.R., Simonsen V., Triebskorn R., and Weeks J.M. Biomarkers in terrestrial invertebrates for ecotoxicological soil risk assessment. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 164 (2000) 93-147
132. Karatayev A.Y., Burlakova L.E., and Padilla D.K. The effects of Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) invasion on aquatic communities in eastern Europe. Journal of Shellfish Research 16 (1997) 187-203
133. Klein R. Retrospektive Wirkungsforschung mit lagerfähigen Umweltproben. In: Oehlmann J., and Markert B. (Eds). Ökotoxikologie - ökosystemare Ansätze und Methoden (1999), Ecomed, New York 285-293
134. Köhler H.R., Rahman B., Graff S., Berkus M., and Triebskorn R. Expression of the stress-70 protein family (HSP70) due to heavy metal contamination in the slug, Deroceras reticulatum: An approach to monitor sublethal stress conditions. Chemosphere 33 (1996) 1327-1340
135. Köhler H.R., and Triebskorn R. Assessment of the cytotoxic impact of heavy metals on soil invertebrates using a protocol integrating qualitative and quantitative components. Biomarkers 3 (1998) 109-127
136. Köhler H.R., Triebskorn R., Stöcker W., Kloetzel P.M., and Alberti G. The 70 kD heat shock protein (hsp 70) in soil invertebrates: a possible tool for monitoring environmental toxicants. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 22 (1992) 334-338
137. Kohn A.J., and Almasi K.N. Imposex in Australian Conus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 73 (1993) 241-244
138. Kolkwitz R., and Marsson M. Ökologie der tierischen Saprobien. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie 2 (1909) 126-152
139. Koster A.S., and van den Biggelaar J.A.M. Abnormal development of Dentalium due to Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin 11 (1980) 166-169
140. Labrot F., Ribera D., Saint Denis M., and Narbonne J.F. In vitro and in vivo studies of potential biomarkers of lead and uranium contamination: lipid peroxidation, acetylcholinesterase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in three non-mammalian species. Biomarkers 1 (1996) 21-28
141. Lam P.K.S. Sublethal effects of cadmium on the energetics of a freshwater snail, Brotia hainanensis (Brot, 1872). Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 11 (1996) 149-345
142. Leavitt D.F., Lancaster B.A., Lancaster A.S., and Capuzzo J.M. Changes in the biochemical composition of a subtropical bivalve, Arca zebra, in response to contaminant gradients in Bermuda. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 138 (1990) 85-98
143. Lee R.F. Metabolism of tributyltin oxide by crabs, oysters and fish. Marine Environmental Research 17 (1985) 145-148
144. Legierse K.C.H.M., Sijm D.T.H.M., van Leeuwen C.J., Seinen W., and Hermens J.L.M. Bioconcentration kinetics of chlorobenzenes and the organophosphorus pesticide chlorthion in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis - a comparison with the guppy Poecilia reticulata. Aquatic Toxicology 41 (1998) 301-323
145. Lewis S., Handy R.D., Cordi B., Billinghurst Z., and Depledge M.H. Stress proteins (HSPs): methods of detection and their use as an environmental biomarker. Ecotoxicology 8 (1999) 351-368
146. Livingstone D.R. Responses of the detoxication/toxication enzyme systems of molluscs to organic pollutants and xenobiotics. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16 (1988) 158-164
147. Livingstone D.R., and Farrar S.V. Responses of the mixed function oxidase system of some bivalve and gastropod molluscs to exposure to polynuclear aromatic and other hydrocarbons. Marine Environmental Research 17 (1985) 101-105
148. Livingstone D.R., Kirchin M.A., and Wiseman A. Cytochrome P-450 and oxidative metabolism in molluscs. Xenobiotica 19 (1989) 1041-1062
149. Livingstone D.R., Arnold R., Chipman K., Kirchin M.A., and Marsh J. The mixed-function oxygenase system in molluscs: metabolism, responses to xenobiotics and toxicity. Océanis 16 (1990) 331-347
150. Lowe D.M., and Pipe R.K. Contamination induced lyosomal membrane damage in marine mussel digestive cells: an in vitro study. Aquatic Toxicology 30 (1994) 357-365
151. Lucas A., and Beninger P.G. The use of physiological condition indices in marine bivalve aquaculture. Aquaculture 44 (1985) 187-200
152. Lundebye A.-K., Langston W.J., and Depledge M.H. Stress proteins and condition index as biomarkers of tributyltin exposure and effect in mussels. Ecotoxicology 6 (1997) 127-136
153. Markert B., and Oehlmann J. Ecotoxicology. In: Ambasht R.S. (Ed). Modern trends in ecology and environment (1998), Backhuys, Landsberg 37-53
154. Markert B., Wappelhorst O., Weckert V., Herpin U., Siewers U., Friese K., and Breulmann G. The use of bioindicators for monitoring the heavy-metal status of the environment. Journal of Radio-analytical and Nuclear Chemistry 240 (1999) 425-429
155. Martinez-Expositio M.J., Pasantes J.J., and Mendez J. Proliferation kinetics of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) gill cells. Marine Biology 120 (1994) 41-45
156. Matozzo V., Ballarin L., Pampanin D.M., and Marin M.G. Effects of copper and cadmium exposure on functional responses of hemocytes in the clam Tapes philippinarum. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41 (2001) 163-170
157. McCarthy L.H., Robertson K., Hesslein R.H., and Williams T.G. Baseline studies in the Slave River, NWT, 1990-1994. 4. Evaluation of benthic invertebrate populations and stable isotope analyses. The Science of the Total Environment 197 (1997) 111-125
158. McKinney J.D., and Rogers R. Metal bioavailability. Environmental Science and Technology 26 (1992) 1298-1299
159. Mersch J., and Beauvais M.N. The micronucleus assay in the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, to in situ monitor genotoxicity in freshwater environments. Mutation Research 393 (1997) 141-149
160. Minchin D., Oehlmann J., Duggan C.B., Stroben E., and Keatinge M. Marine TBT antifouling contamination in Ireland, following legislation in 1987. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30 (1995) 633-639
161. Minchin D., Stroben E., Oehlmann J., Bauer B., Duggan C.B., and Keatinge M. Biological indicators used to map organotin contamination in Cork Harbour, Ireland. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32 (1996) 188-195
162. Minchin D., Bauer B., Oehlmann J., Schulte-Oehlmann U., and Duggan C.B. Biological indicators used to map organotin contamination from a fishing port, Killybegs, Ireland. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34 (1997) 235-243
163. Moore M.N. Lysosomes and environmental stress. Marine Pollution Bulletin 13 (1982) 42-43
164. Moore M.N. Lysosomal cytochemistry in marine environmental monitoring. Histochemistry Journal 22 (1990) 189-191
165. Morcillo Y., Albalat A., and Porte C. Mussels as sentinels of organotin pollution: Bioaccumulation and effects on P450-mediated aromatase activity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18 (1999) 1203-1208
166. Morcillo Y., and Porte C. Interaction of tributyl- and triphenyltin with the microsomal monooxygenase system of molluscs and fish from the Western Mediterranean. Aquatic Toxicology 38 (1997) 35-46
167. Morcillo Y., Ronis M.J.J., and Porte C. Effects of tributyltin on the Phase I testosterone metabolism and steroid titres of the clam Ruditapes decussata. Aquatic Toxicology 42 (1998) 1-13
168. Morcillo Y., Ronis M.J.J., Solé M., and Porte C. Effects of tributyltin on the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system andsex steroid metabolism in theclam Ruditapes decussata. Marine Environmental Research 46 (1998) 583-586
169. Moulton C.A., Fleming W.J., and Purnell C.E. Effects of two cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides on freshwater mussels. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15 (1996) 131-137
170. Myrmel T., McCully J.D., Malkin L., Krukenkamp I.B., and Levitsky S. Heat shock protein 70 mRNA is induced by anaerobic metabolism in rat hearts. Circulation 90 (1994) 299-305
171. Nebert D.W., Nelson D.R., Adesnik M., Coon M.J., Eastbrook R.W., Gonzales F.J., Guengerich F.P., Gunsalus I.C., Johnson E.F., Kemper B., Levin W., Phillips I.R., Sato R., and Waterman M.R. The P450 gene superfamily. Update on the naming of new genes and nomenclature of chromosomal loci. DNA 8 (1989) 1-13
172. Nicholson S. Cytological and physiological biomarker responses from green mussels, Perna viridis (L.) transplanted to contaminated sites in Hong Kong coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 39 (1999) 261-268
173. Noel D., Pipe R.K., Elston R., Bachère E., and Mailhe E. Antigenic characterization of hemocyte subpopulations in the mussel Mytilus edulis by means of monoclonal antibodies. Marine Biology 119 (1994) 549-556
174. Oehlmann J. Imposex bei Muriciden (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia), eine ökotoxikologische Untersuchung zu TBT-Effekten (1994), Cuvillier Verlag, Leiden
175. Oehlmann J., Bauer B., Minchin D., Schulte-Oehlmann U., Fioroni P., and Markert B. Imposex in Nucella lapillus and intersex in Littorina littorea: interspecific comparison of two TBT-induced effects and their geographical uniformity. Hydrobiologia 378 (1998) 199-213
176. (Molluscan Reproduction). Oehlmann J., and Bettin C. TBT-induced imposex and the role of steroids in marine snails. Malacological Review Supplement 6 (1996) 157-161
177. Oehlmann J., Fioroni P., Stroben E., and Markert B. Tributyltin (TBT) effects on Ocinebrina aciculata (Gastropoda: Muricidae): imposex development, sterilization, sex change and population decline. The Science of the Total Environment 188 (1996) 205-223
178. Oehlmann J., and Markert B. Humantoxikologie. Eine Einführung für Apotheker, Ärzte, Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaftler (1997), Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Göttingen
179. Oehlmann J., Schulte-Oehlmann U., Tillmann M., and Markert B. Effects of endocrine disruptors on prosobranch snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the laboratory. Part I: Bisphenol A and octylphenol as xeno-estrogens. Ecotoxicology 9 (2000) 383-397
180. Oehlmann J., Stroben E., and Fioroni P. The morphological expression of imposex in Nucella lapillus (Linnaeus) (Gastropoda: Muricidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies 57 (1991) 375-390
181. Oehlmann J., Stroben E., and Fioroni P. Fréquence et degré d'expression du pseudohermaphrodisme chez quelques Prosobranches Sténoglosses des côtes françaises (surtout de la baie de Morlaix et de la Manche). 2. Situation jusqu'au printemps de 1992. Cahiers Biologie Marine 34 (1993) 343-362
182. Oehlmann J., Stroben E., Schulte-Oehlmann U., and Bauer B. Imposex development in response to TBT pollution in Hinia incrassata (Ström, 1768) (Prosobranchia, Stenoglossa). Aquatic Toxicology 43 (1998) 239-260
183. Oehlmann J., Stroben E., Schulte-Oehlmann U., Bauer B., Fioroni P., and Markert B. Tributyltin biomonitoring using prosobranchs as sentinel organisms. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 354 (1996) 540-545
184. Orbea A., Marigomez I., Fernandez C., Tarazona J.V., Cancio I., and Cajaraville M.P. Structure of peroxisomes and activity of the marker enzyme catalase in digestive epithelial cells in relation to PAH content of mussels from two Basque estuaries (Bay of Biscay): seasonal and site-specific variations. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36 (1999) 158-166
185. Ortmann A.E. The destruction of the freshwater fauna in western Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 48 (1909) 90-100
186. In: Oslo P.C. (Ed). Agenda Item 9 of the Environmental Assessment and Monitoring Committee (ASMO). OSPARCOM, Vila Franca do Campo (= ASMO 96/9/8-E) (1996)
187. Page D.S. A six-year monitoring study of tributyltin and dibutyltin in mussel tissues from the Lynher River, Tamar Estuary, UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30 (1995) 746-749
188. Page D.S., Gilfillan E.S., Foster J., and Widdows J. Tributyltin in Mytilus edulis from coastal locations in Devon and Cornwall (UK) and Maine (US) and its effect on shell morphology. Marine Environmental Research 28 (1989) 539-540
189. Page D.S., Dassanayake T.M., and Gilfillan E.S. Relationship between tissue concentrations of tributyltin and shell morphology in field populations of Mytilus edulis. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 56 (1996) 500-504
190. Pasantes J.J., Martinez-Expositio M.J., Torreiro A., and Mendez J. The sister chromatid exchange test as an indicator of marine pollution: some factors affecting SCE frequencies in Mytilus galloprovincialis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 143 (1996) 113-119
191. Phelps H.L., and Page D.S. Tributyltin biomonitoring in Portuguese estuaries with the Portuguese oyster (Crassostrea angulata). Environmental Technology 18 (1997) 1269-1276
192. Pihan F., and Gomot de Vaufleury A. The snail as a target organism for the evaluation of industrial waste dump contamination and the efficiency of its remediation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (2000) 46137-46147
193. Pipe R.K., Coles J.A., and Farley S.R. Assays for measuring immune response in the mussel Mytilus edulis. In: Stolen J.S., Fletcher T.C., Smith S.A., Zelikoff J.T., Kaattari S.L., Anderson R.S., Söderhäll K., and Weeks-Perkins B.A. (Eds). Techniques in Fish Immunology, Vol. IV, Immunology and Pathology of Aquatic Invertebrates (1995), SOS Publications, Stuttgart 93-100
194. Pipe R.K., Coles J.A., Thomas M.E., Fossato V.U., and Pulsford A.L. Evidence for environmentally derived immunomodulation in mussels from the Venice Lagoon. Aquatic Toxicology 32 (1995) 59-73
195. Phillips D.J.H. The use of biological indicator organisms to monitor trace metal pollution in marine and estuarine environments - a review. Environmental Pollution 13 (1977) 281-317
196. Powell E.N., and Cummins H. Are molluscan maximum life spans determined by long-term cycles in benthic communities?. Oecologia 67 (1985) 177-182
197. Purchon R.D. The Biology of the Mollusca (1968), Pergamon Press, Fair Haven
198. Rainbow P.S., and Phillips D.J.H. Cosmopolitan biomonitors of trace metals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26 (1993) 593-601
199. Rattner B.A., and Fairbrother A. Biological variability and the influence of stress on cholinesterase activity. In: Mineau P. (Ed). Cholinesterase-inhibiting Insecticides (1991), Elsevier, Oxford 89-107
200. Rees H.L., Waldock R., Matthiessen P., and Pendle M.A. Surveys of the epibenthos of the Crouch Estuary (UK) in relation to TBT contamination. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 79 (1999) 209-223
201. Regoli F., and Orlando E. Accumulation and subcellular distribution of metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis during a field transplant experiment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 28 (1999) 592-600
202. Renaud C.B., Kaiser K.L.E., Comba M.E., and Metcalfe-Smith J.L. Comparison between lamprey ammocoetes and bivalve mollusks as biomonitors of organochlorine contaminants. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52 (1995) 282-376
203. Richmond L., and Beeby A. A comparative study of lead uptake by three populations of the snail Helix aspersa Müller. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 1 (1992) 9-13
204. Ringwood A.H., Conners D.E., and Hoguet J. Effects of natural and anthropogenic stressors on lysosomal destabilization in oysters Crassostrea virginica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 166 (1998) 163-171
205. Ritossa F. A new puffing pattern induced by temperature shock and DNP in Drosophila. Experientia 18 (1962) 571-573
206. Roesijadi G., Young Y.S., Drum A.S., and Gurtisen J.M. Behavior of trace metals in Mytilus edulis during a reciprocal transplant field experiment. Marine Ecology Progress Series 18 (1984) 155-170
207. Ronis M.J.J., and Mason A.Z. The metabolism of testosterone by the periwinkle (Littorina littorea) in vitro and in vivo: effects of tributyl tin. Marine Environmental Research 42 (1996) 161-166
208. Rorke M.A., and Gardner D.R. Lethality and behavioural symptoms produced by some organophos- phorous compounds in the snail (Helix aspersa). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 11 (1974) 417-424
209. Rossbach M., and Kniewald G. Concepts of marine specimen banking. Chemosphere 34 (1997) 1997-2010
210. Saavedra Alvarez M.M., and Ellis D.V. Widespread neogastropod imposex in the northeast Pacific: implications for TBT contamination surveys. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21 (1990) 244-247
211. Sanders B.M. Stress-proteins: potential as multitiered biomarkers. In: Shugart L., and McCarthy J. (Eds). Environmental Biomarkers (1990), Lewis, Amsterdam 165-191
212. Sarkar S.K., Bhattachaya B., and Debnath S. The suitability of tropical marine bivalves as biomonitors of heavy metals in deltaic Sundarbans, northeast India. Chemosphere 29 (1994) 759-770
213. Sato M., and Bremner I. Oxygen free radicals and metallothionein. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 14 (1993) 325-337
214. In: Schenkman J.B., and Kupfer D. (Eds). Hepatic cyctochrome P-450 monooxygenase system (1982), Pergamon Press, Boca Raton
215. Schlesinger M.J. Heat-shock proteins: a mini review. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265 (1990) 12111-12114
216. Schulte-Oehlmann U. Fortpflanzungsstörungen bei Süß- und Brackwasserschnecken - Einfluß der Umweltchemikalie Tributylzinn (1997), Wissenschaft und Technik Verlag, Oxford
217. Schulte-Oehlmann U., Bettin C., Fioroni P., Oehlmann J., and Stroben E. Marisa cornuarietis (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia): a potential TBT bioindicator for freshwater environments. Ecotoxicology 4 (1995) 372-384
218. Schulte-Oehlmann U., Duft M., Tillmann M., Markert B., Stachel B., and Oehlmann J. Biologisches Effektmonitoring an Sedimenten der Elbe mit Potamopyrgus antipodarum und Hinia (Nassarius) reticulata (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) (2001), ARGE Elbe, Berlin
219. Schulte-Oehlmann U., Watermann B., Tillmann M., Scherf S., Markert B., and Oehlmann J. Effects of endocrine disruptors on prosobranch snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the laboratory. Part II: Triphenyltin as a xeno-androgen. Ecotoxicology 9 (2000) 399-412
220. Schuytema G.S., Nebeker A.V., and Griffis W.L. Effects of dietary exposure to forest pesticides on the brown garden snail Helix aspersa. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26 (1994) 23-28
221. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, New York. Segner H., and Braunbeck T. Cellular response profile to chemical stress. In: Schüürmann G., and Markert B. (Eds). Ecotoxicology. Ecological Fundamentals, Chemical Exposure, and Biological Effects (1998), Wiley, Hamburg 521-569
222. Short J.W., and Sharp J.L. Tributyltin in bay mussels (Mytilus edulis) of the Pacific coast of the United States. Environmental Science and Technology 23 (1989) 740-743
223. Short J.W., Rice S.D., Brodersen C.C., and Stickle W.B. Occurrence of tri-n-butyltin-caused imposex in the North Pacific marine snail Nucella lima in Auke Bay, Alaska. Marine Biology 102 (1989) 291-297
224. Smith B.S. Sexuality in the American mud snail, Nassarius obsoletus Say. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 39 (1971) 377
225. Smith K.L., Galloway T.S., and Depledge M.H. Neuro-endocrine biomarkers of pollution-induced stress in marine invertebrates. The Science of the Total Environment 262 (2000) 185-190
226. Smith P.J., and McVeagh M. Widespread organotin pollution in New Zealand coastal waters as indicated by imposex in dogwhelks. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22 (1991) 409-413
227. Snyder M.J., Girvetz E., and Mulder E.P. Induction of marine mollusc stress proteins by chemical or physical stress. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41 (2001) 22-29
228. Snyman R.G., Reinecke S.A., and Reinecke A.J. Hemocyctic lysosome response in the snail Helix aspersa after exposure to the fungicide copper oxychloride. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39 (2000) 480-485
229. Sobral P., and Widdows J. Effects of copper exposure on the scope for growth of the clam Ruditapes decussatus from southern Portugal. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34 (1997) 992-1000
230. Spang W.D. Terrestrische Gastropoden (Landschnecken) als Reaktions- und Akkumulations-indikatoren. Umweltsystem-wissenschaften und Schadst-offorschung - Zeitschrift für Umweltchemie und Ökotoxikologie 7 (1995) 251-253
231. Spooner N., Gibbs P.E., Bryan G.W., and Goad L.J. The effect of tributyltin upon steroid titres in the female dogwhelk, Nucella lapillus, and the development of imposex. Marine Environmental Research 32 (1991) 37-49
232. Statzner B., Bis B., Doledec S., and Usseglio-Polatera P. Perspectives for biomonitoring at large spatial scales: a unified measure for the functional composition on invertebrate communities in European running waters. Basic and Applied Ecology 2 (2001) 73-85
233. Steinert S.A., and Pickwell G.V. Induction of HSP70 proteins in mussels by ingestion of tributyltin. Marine Environmental Research 35 (1993) 89-93
234. Steinert S.A., Steib-Montee R., Leather J.M., and Chadwick D.B. DNA damage in mussels at sites in San Diego Bay. Mutation Research 399 (1998) 65-85
235. Stephenson M.D., Martin M., and Tjeerdema R.S. Long-term trends in DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls, and chlordane in California mussels. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28 (1995) 443-450
236. Stewart C., de Mora S.J., Jones M.R.L., and Miller M.C. Imposex in New Zealand neogastropods. Marine Pollution Bulletin 24 (1992) 204-209
237. Stickle W.B., Moore M.N., and Bayne B.L. Effects of temperature, salinity and aerial exposure on predation and lysosomal stability on the dogwhelk Thais (Nucella) lapillus (L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 93 (1985) 235-258
238. Strayer D.L., Smith L.C., and Hunter D.C. Effects of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion on the macrobenthos of the freshwater tidal Hudson River. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76 (1998) 419-425
239. Sultan A., Abelson A., Bresler V., Fishelson L., and Mokady O. Biomonitoring marine environmental quality at the level of gene-expression - testing the feasibility of a new approach. Water Science and Technology 42 (2000) 269-274
240. Sundermann G., Bauer B., and Oehlmann J. Ultrastructure of prostate gland tissue in males and females with intersex phenomena of Littorina littorea L. Hydrobiologia 378 (1998) 227-233
241. Szefer P., Geldon J., Ali A.A., Osuna F.P., Ruiz-Fernandes A.C., and Galvan S.R.G. Distribution and association of trace metals in soft tissue and byssus of Mytella strigata and other benthal organisms from Mazatlan harbour, Mangrove lagoon of the northwest coast of Mexico. Environment International 24 (1998) 359-374
242. Szefer P., Ali A.A., Ba-Haroon A.A., Rajeh A.A., Geldon J., and Nabrzyski M. Distribution and relationships of selected trace metals in molluscs and associated sediments from the Gulf of Aden, Yemen. Environmental Pollution 106 (1999) 299-314
243. Terlizzi A., Geraci S., and Gibbs P.E. Tributyltin (TBT)-induced imposex in the neogastropod Hexaplex trunculus in Italian coastal waters: morphological aspects and ecological implications. Italian Journal of Zoology 66 (1999) 141-146
244. Thompson H.M. Esterases as markers of exposure to organophosphates and carbamates. Ecotoxicology 8 (1999) 369-384
245. Tillmann M., Schulte-Oehlmann U., Duft M., Markert B., and Oehlmann J. Effects of endocrine disruptors on prosobranch snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in the laboratory. Part III. Cyproterone acetate and vinclozolin as antiandrogens. Ecotoxicology 10 (2001) 373-388
246. Vaschenko M.A., Syasina I.G., Zhadan P.M., and Medvedeva L.A. Reproductive function state of the scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis Jay from polluted areas of Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Hydrobiologia 352 (1997) 231-240
247. Veldhuizen-Tsoerkan M.B., Holwerda D.A., de Bont A.M., Smaal A.C., and Zandee D.I. A field study on stress indices in the sea mussel, Mytilus edulis: application of the "stress approach" in biomonitoring. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21 (1991) 497-504
248. Venier P., Maron S., and Canova S. Detection of micronuclei in gill cells and haemocytes of mussels exposed to benzo[a]pyrene. Mutation Research 390 (1997) 33-44
249. Viarengo A., Burlando B., Dondero F., Marro A., and Fabbri R. Metallothionein as a tool in biomonitoring programmes. Biomarkers 4 (1999) 455-466
250. Viarengo A., Canesi L., Pertica M., Mancinelli G., Accomando R., Smaal A.C., and Orunesu M. Stress on stress response - a simple monitoring tool in the assessment of a general stress syndrome in mussels. Marine Environmental Research 39 (1995) 245-248
251. Viarengo A., Ponzano E., Dondero F., and Fabbri R. A simple spectrophotometric method for metallothionein evaluation in marine organisms: an application to Mediterranean and Antarctic molluscs. Marine Environmental Research 44 (1997) 69-84
252. Villeneuve J.P., Carvalho F.P., Fowler S.W., and Cattini C. Levels and trends of PCBs, chlorinated pesticides and petroleum hydrocarbons in mussels from the NW Mediterranean coast: comparison of concentrations in 1973/1974 and 1988/1989. The Science of the Total Environment 237-238 (1999) 57-65
253. Waldén H.W. Endangered species of land molluscs in Sweden and Madeira. In: Kay E.A. (Ed). The conservation biology of molluscs. Proceedings of a symposium held at the 9th International Malacological Congress, Edinburgh, Scotland (1986), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and Species Survival Commission (SSC), Chichester 19-24
254. Waldock R., Rees H.L., Matthiessen P., and Pendle M.A. Surveys of the benthic infauna of the Crouch Estuary (UK) in relation to TBT contamination. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 79 (1999) 225-232
255. Walsh K., Dunstan R.H., Murdoch R.N., Conroy B.A., Roberts T.K., and Lake P. Bioaccumulation of pollutants and changes in population parameters in the gastropod mollusk Austrocochlea constricta. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26 (1994) 367-373
256. Walsh K., Dunstan R.H., and Murdoch R.N. Differential bioaccumulation of heavy metals and organopollutants in the soft tissue and shell of the marine gastropod, Austrocochlea constricta. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28 (1995) 35-39
257. Watermann B., Ide I., Liebe S., and Witten E.P. Hämocyteninflltrationen und Granulocytome in Gastropoden und Bilvalviern, Indikatoren für Umweltbelastungen?. In: Hoffmann R., and Bernoth E.M. (Eds). Tagung der Fachgruppe "Fischkrankheiten" in Verbindung mit der EAFP/Deutsche Sektion (1996), Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft, New York 218-229
258. Weis P., Weis J., and Couch J. Histopathology and bioaccumulation in oysters Crassostrea virginica living on wood preserved with chromated copper arsenate. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 17 (1993) 41
259. Widdows J., Bakke T., Bayne B.L., Donkin P., Livingstone D.R., Lowe D.M., Moore M.N., Evans S.V., and Moore S.L. Responses of Mytilus edulis L. on exposure to the water accommodated fraction of North Sea oil. Marine Biology 67 (1982) 15-31
260. Widdows J., Donkin P., Brinsley M.D., Evans S.V., Salkeld P.N., Franklin A., Law R.J., and Waldock M.J. Scope for growth and contaminant levels in North Sea mussels Mytilus edulis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 127 (1995) 131-148
261. Widdows J., Basci C., and Fossato V.U. Effects of pollution on the scope for growth of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the Venice lagoon, Italy. Marine Environmental Research 43 (1997) 69-79
262. Wilbrink M., Groot E.J., Jansen R., de Vries Y., and Vermeulen N.P.E. Occurrence of a cytochrome P-450-containing mixed-function oxidase system in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Xenobiotica 21 (1991) 223-233
263. Williams L.G., Chapman P.M., and Ginn T.C. A comparative evaluation of marine sediment toxicity using bacterial luminiscence, oyster embryo and amphipod sediment bioassay. Marine Environmental Research 19 (1986) 225-249
264. Wilson J.T., Pascoe P.L., Parry J.M., and Dixon D.R. Evaluation of the comet assay as a method for the detection of DNA damage in the cells of a marine invertebrate, Mytilus edulis L. (Mollusca: Pelecypoda). Mutation Research 399 (1998) 87-95
265. Wilson S.P., Ahsanullah M., and Thompson G.B. Imposex in neogastropods: an indicator of tributyltin contamination in eastern Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26 (1993) 44-48
266. Winberg G.G. Rate of metabolism and food requirements of fishes. Transaction Series of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 194 (1960) 1-202
267. Wise S.A., Koster B.J., Langland J.K., and Zeisler R. Current activities within the National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank. The Science of the Total Environment 139-140 (1993) 1-12
268. Wo K.T., Lam P.K.S., and Wu R.S.S. A comparison of growth biomarkers for assessing sublethal effects of cadmium on a marine gastropod, Nassarius festivus. Marine Pollution Bulletin 39 (1999) 165-173
269. Young A.G., and Wilkins R.M. The response of the invertebrate acetylcholinesterase to molluscicides. In: Henderson I.F. (Ed). Slugs and snails in world agriculture. London, British Crop Protection Council Monograph 41 (1989) 121-128
270. Zatta P., Gobbo S., Rocco P., Perazzolo M., and Favarato M. Evaluation of heavy metal pollution in the Venetian lagoon by using Mytilus galloprovincialis as biological indicator. The Science of the Total Environment 119 (1992) 29-41