Chapter 6.1 Psychological and physiological stressors

Techniques in the Behavioral and Neural Sciences

Volumn 15, Issue PART 1, 2005, Pages 775-792

  Kovács, Krisztina J ^a   Miklós, Ildikó H ^a   Bali, Balázs ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE   (Hungary)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956661742     PISSN: 09210709     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0921-0709(05)80041-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (128)

1. Abraham I.M., and Kovacs K.J. Postnatal handling alters the activation of stress-related neuronal circuitries. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12 8 (2000) 3003-3014
2. Adachi A., Shimizu N., Oomura Y., and Kobashi M. Convergence of hepatoportal glucose-sensitive afferent signals to glucose-sensitive units within the nucleus of the solitary tract. Neurosci. Lett. 46 2 (1984) 215-218
3. Aguilera G. Regulation of pituitary ACTH secretion during chronic stress. Front Neuroendocrinol 15 4 (1994) 321-350
4. Akana S.F., Hanson E.S., Horsley C.J., Strack A.M., Bhatnagar S., Bradbury M.J., Milligan E.D., and Dallman M.F. Clamped corticosterone (B) reveals the effect of endogenous B on both facilitated responsivity to acute restraint and metabolic responses to chronic stress. Stress 1 1 (1996) 33-49
5. Albeck D.S., McKittrick C.R., Blanchard D.C., Blanchard R.J., Nikulina J., McEwen B.S., and Sakai R.R. Chronic social stress alters levels of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin mRNA in rat brain. J. Neurosci. 17 12 (1997) 4895-4903
6. Aubry J.M., Bartanusz V., Jezova D., Belin D., and Kiss J.Z. Single stress induces long-lasting elevations in vasopressin mRNA levels in CRF hypophysiotrophic neurones, but repeated stress is required to modify AVP immunoreactivity. J. Neuroendocrinol. 11 5 (1999) 377-384
7. Berkenbosch F., de Goeij D.E., Rey A.D., and Besedovsky H.O. Neuroendocrine, sympathetic and metabolic responses induced by interleukin-1. Neuroendocrinology 50 5 (1989) 570-576
8. Bhatnagar S., Huber R., Nowak N., and Trotter P. Lesions of the posterior paraventricular thalamus block habituation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to repeated restraint. J. Neuroendocrinol. 14 5 (2002) 403-410
9. Blanchard R.J., Nikulina J.N., Sakai R.R., McKittrick C., McEwen B., and Blanchard D.C. Behavioral and endocrine change following chronic predatory stress. Physiol. Behav. 63 4 (1998) 561-569
10. Boudaba C., Schrader L.A., and Tasker J.G. Physiological evidence for local excitatory synaptic circuits in the rat hypothalamus. J. Neurophysiol. 77 6 (1997) 3396-3400
11. Boudaba C., Szabo K., and Tasker J.G. Physiological mapping of local inhibitory inputs to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. J. Neurosci. 16 22 (1996) 7151-7160
12. Brown E.R., and Sawchenko P.E. Hypophysiotropic CRF neurons display a sustained immediate-early gene response to chronic stress but not to adrenalectomy. J. Neuroendocrinol. 9 4 (1997) 307-316
13. Campeau S., and Watson S.J. Neuroendocrine and behavioral responses and brain pattern of c-fos induction associated with audiogenic stress. J. Neuroendocrinol. 9 8 (1997) 577-588
14. Ceccatelli S., and Orazzo C. Effect of different types of stressors on peptide messenger ribonucleic acids in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh) 128 6 (1993) 485-492
15. Ceccatelli S., Villar M.J., Goldstein M., and Hokfelt T. Expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity in transmitter-characterized neurons after stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 9569-9573 23
16. Chan O., Chan S., Inouye K., Shum K., Matthews S.G., and Vranic M. Diabetes impairs hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to hypoglycemia, and insulin treatment normalizes HPA but not epinephrine responses. Diabetes 51 6 (2002) 1681-1689
17. Chan R.K., Brown E.R., Ericsson A., Kovacs K.J., and Sawchenko P.E. A comparison of two immediate-early genes, c-fos and NGFI-B, as markers for functional activation in stress-related neuroendocrine circuitry. J. Neurosci. 13 12 (1993) 5126-5138
18. Chan R.K., and Sawchenko P.E. Spatially and temporally differentiated patterns of c-fos expression in brainstem catecholaminergic cell groups induced by cardiovascular challenges in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 348 3 (1994) 433-460
19. Chan R.K., and Sawchenko P.E. Organization and transmitter specificity of medullary neurons activated by sustained hypertension: implications for understanding baro-receptor reflex circuitry. J. Neurosci. 18 1 (1998) 371-387
20. Chappell P.B., Smith M.A., Kilts C.D., Bissette G., Ritchie J., Anderson C., and Nemeroff C.B. Alterations in corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in discrete rat brain regions after acute and chronic stress. J. Neurosci. 6 10 (1986) 2908-2914
21. Chaudhuri A. Neural activity mapping with inducible transcription factors. Neuroreport 8 16 (1997) 5-9
22. Chaudhuri A., Nissanov J., Larocque S., and Rioux L. Dual activity maps in primate visual cortex produced by different temporal patterns of zif268 mRNA and protein expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 2671-2675 6
23. Cole M.A., Kalman B.A., Pace T.W., Topczewski F., Lowrey M.J., and Spencer R.L. Selective blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor impairs hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis expression of habituation. J. Neuroendocrinol. 12 10 (2000) 1034-1042
24. Cullinan W.E., Herman J.P., Battaglia D.F., Akil H., and Watson S.J. Pattern and time course of immediate early gene expression in rat brain following acute stress. Neuroscience 64 2 (1995) 477-505
25. Dampney R.A., and Horiuchi J. Functional organisation of central cardiovascular pathways: studies using c-fos gene expression. Prog. Neurobiol. 71 5 (2003) 359-384
26. Dayas C.V., Buller K.M., Crane J.W., Xu Y., and Day T.A. Stressor categorization: acute physical and psychological stressors elicit distinctive recruitment patterns in the amygdala and in medullary noradrenergic cell groups. Eur. J. Neurosci. 14 7 (2001) 1143-1152
27. Dayas C.V., Buller K.M., and Day T.A. Medullary neurones regulate hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor cell responses to an emotional stressor. Neuroscience 105 3 (2001) 707-719
28. (2 Pt 1). De Goeij D.C., Binnekade R., and Tilders F.J. Chronic stress enhances vasopressin but not corticotropin-releasing factor secretion during hypoglycemia. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (1992) E394-E399
29. De Goeij D.C., Dijkstra H., and Tilders F.J. Chronic psychosocial stress enhances vasopressin, but not corticotropin-releasing factor, in the external zone of the median eminence of male rats: relationship to subordinate status. Endocrinology 131 2 (1992) 847-853
30. Dhabhar F.S., McEwen B.S., and Spencer R.L. Adaptation to prolonged or repeated stress-comparison between rat strains showing intrinsic differences in reactivity to acute stress. Neuroendocrinology 65 5 (1997) 360-368
31. Duncan G.E., Johnson K.B., and Breese G.R. Topographic patterns of brain activity in response to swim stress: assessment by 2-deoxyglucose uptake and expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity. J. Neurosci. 13 9 (1993) 3932-3943
32. Elmquist J.K., and Saper C.B. Activation of neurons projecting to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus by intravenous lipopolysaccharide. J. Comp. Neurol. 374 3 (1996) 315-331
33. Ericsson A., Kovacs K.J., and Sawchenko P.E. A functional anatomical analysis of central pathways subserving the effects of interleukin-1 on stress-related neuroendocrine neurons. J. Neurosci. 14 2 (1994) 897-913
34. Fernandes G.A., Perks P., Cox N.K., Lightman S.L., Ingram C.D., and Shanks N. Habituation and cross-sensitization of stress-induced hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal activity: effect of lesions in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus or bed nuclei of the stria terminalis. J. Neuroendocrinol. 14 7 (2002) 593-602
35. Figueiredo H.F., Bodie B.L., Tauchi M., Dolgas C.M., and Herman J.P. Stress integration after acute and chronic predator stress: differential activation of central stress circuitry and sensitization of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Endocrinology 144 12 (2003) 5158-5249
36. Foldes A., Nemethy Z., Szalay O., and Kovacs K.J. Anaphylactoid reactions activate hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis: comparison with endotoxic reactions. Brain Res. Bull. 52 6 (2000) 573-579
37. Gesing A., Bilang-Bleuel A., Droste S.K., Linthorst A.C., Holsboer F., and Reul J.M. Psychological stress increases hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptor levels: involvement of corticotropin-releasing hormone. J. Neurosci. 21 13 (2001) 4822-4829
38. Giovannelli L., Shiromani P.J., Jirikowski G.F., and Bloom F.E. Expression of c-fos protein by immunohistochemically identified oxytocin neurons in the rat hypothalamus upon osmotic stimulation. Brain Res. 588 1 (1992) 41-48
39. Goldstein L.E., Rasmusson A.M., Bunney B.S., and Roth R.H. Role of the amygdala in the coordination of behavioral, neuroendocrine, and prefrontalcortical monoamine responses to psychological stress in the rat. J. Neurosci. 16 15 (1996) 4787-4798
40. Gosselink K.L.S.P. Differential resistance to habituation among identified paraventricular nucleus afferents in rats subjected to repeated restraint. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts (2002)
41. Greenberg M.E., and Ziff E.B. Stimulation of 3T3 cells induces transcription of the c-fos proto-oncogene. Nature 311 (1984) 433-438
42. Halasz J., Liposits Z., Kruk M.R., and Haller J. Neural background of glucocorticoid dysfunction-induced abnormal aggression in rats: involvement of fear- and stress-related structures. Eur. J. Neurosci. 15 3 (2002) 561-569
43. Handa R.J., Nunley K.M., and Bollnow M.R. Induction of c-fos mRNA in the brain and anterior pituitary gland by a novel environment. Neuroreport 4 9 (1993) 1079-1082
44. Harbuz M.S., Conde G.L., Marti O., Lightman S.L., and Jessop D.S. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in autoimmunity. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 823 (1997) 214-224
45. Harbuz M.S., Jessop D.S., Lightman S.L., and Chowdrey H.S. The effects of restraint or hypertonic saline stress on corticotrophin- releasing factor, arginine vasopressin, and proenkephalin A mRNAs in the CFY, Sprague-Dawley and Wistar strains of rat. Brain Res. 667 1 (1994) 6-12
46. Harbuz M.S., and Lightman S.L. Responses of hypothalamic and pituitary mRNA to physical and psychological stress in the rat. J. Endocrinol. 122 3 (1989) 705-711
47. Harbuz M.S., Rees R.G., Eckland D., Jessop D.S., Brewerton D., and Lightman S.L. Paradoxical responses of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and CRF-41 peptide and adenohypophysial proopiomelanocortin mRNA during chronic inflammatory stress. Endocrinology 130 3 (1992) 1394-1400
48. Herman J.P., Adams D., and Prewitt C. Regulatory changes in neuroendocrine stress-integrative circuitry produced by a variable stress paradigm. Neuroendocrinology 61 2 (1995) 180-190
49. Herman J.P., Cullinan W.E., Ziegler D.R., and Tasker J.G. Role of the paraventricular nucleus microenvironment in stress integration. Eur. J. Neurosci. 16 3 (2002) 381-385
50. Herman J.P., Schafer M.K., Thompson R.C., and Watson S.J. Rapid regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene transcription in vivo. Mol. Endocrinol. 6 7 (1992) 1061-1069
51. Herman J.P., Schafer M.K., Watson S.J., and Sherman T.G. In situ hybridization analysis of arginine vasopressin gene transcription using intron-specific probes. Mol. Endocrinol. 5 10 (1991) 1447-1456
52. Hoffman G.E., Smith M.S., and Verbalis J.G. c-Fos and related immediate early gene products as markers of activity in neuroendocrine systems. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 14 3 (1993) 173-213
53. Honkaniemi J., Kononen J., Kainu T., Pyykonen I., and Pelto-Huikko M. Induction of multiple immediate early genes in rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus after stress. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 25 3-4 (1994) 234-241
54. Hughes P., and Dragunow M. Induction of immediate-early genes and the control of neurotransmitter-regulated gene expression within the nervous system. Pharmacol. Rev. 47 1 (1995) 133-178
55. Imaki T., Nahan J.L., Rivier C., Sawchenko P.E., and Vale W. Differential regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA in rat brain regions by glucocorticoids and stress. J. Neurosci. 11 3 (1991) 585-599
56. Imaki T., Xiao-Quan W., Shibasaki T., Yamada K., Harada S., Chikada N., Naruse M., and Demura H. Stress-induced activation of neuronal activity and corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus is modulated by glucocorticoids in rats. J. Clin. Invest. 96 1 (1995) 231-238
57. Jacobson L., Sharp F.R., and Dallman M.F. Induction of fos-like immunoreactivity in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor neurons after adrenalectomy in the rat. Endocrinology 126 3 (1990) 1709-1719
58. Jensen A.R., and Rohwer Jr. W.D. The Stroop color-word test: a review. Acta. Psychol. 25 1 (1966) 36-93
59. Kabbaj M., and Akil H. Individual differences in novelty-seeking behavior in rats: a c-fos study. Neuroscience 106 3 (2001) 535-545
60. Kalin N.H., Takahashi L.K., and Chen F.L. Restraint stress increases corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA content in the amygdala and paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res. 656 1 (1994) 182-186
61. (1 Pt 1). Katsuura G., Arimura A., Koves K., and Gottschall P.E. Involvement of organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis and preopetic area in interleukin 1 beta-induced ACTH release. Am. J. Physiol. 258 (1990) E163-E171
62. Kiss J.Z., Mezey E., and Skirboll L. Corticotropin-releasing factor-immunoreactive neurons of the paraventricular nucleus become vasopressin positive after adrenalectomy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984) 1854-1858 6
63. Kjaer A., Knigge U., Olsen L., Vilhardt H., and Warberg J. Mediation of the stress-induced prolactin release by hypothalamic histaminergic neurons and the possible involvement of vasopressin in this response. Endocrinology 128 1 (1991) 103-110
64. Kollack-Walker S., Don C., Watson S.J., and Akil H. Differential expression of c-fos mRNA within neurocircuits of male hamsters exposed to acute or chronic defeat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 11 7 (1999) 547-559
65. Kollack-Walker S., Watson S.J., and Akil H. Social stress in hamsters: defeat activates specific neurocircuits within the brain. J. Neurosci. 17 22 (1997) 8842-8855
66. Kovacs K.J. c-Fos as a transcription factor: a stressful (re)view from a functional map. Neurochem. Int. 33 4 (1998) 287-297
67. Kovacs K.J., Csejtei M., and Laszlovszky I. Double activity imaging reveals distinct cellular targets of haloperidol, clozapine and dopamine D(3) receptor selective RGH-1756. Neuropharmacology 40 3 (2001) 383-393
68. Kovacs K.J., Foldes A., and Sawchenko P.E. Glucocorticoid negative feedback selectively targets vasopressin transcription in parvocellular neurosecretory neurons. J. Neurosci. 20 10 (2000) 3843-3852
69. Kovacs K.J., and Mezey E. Dexamethasone inhibits corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression in the rat paraventricular nucleus. Neuroendocrinology 46 4 (1987) 358-365
70. Kovacs K.J., and Sawchenko P.E. Mediation of osmoregulatory influences on neuroendocrine corticotropin-releasing factor expression by the ventral lamina terminalis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 7681-7685 16
71. Kovacs K.J., and Sawchenko P.E. Sequence of stress-induced alterations in indices of synaptic and transcriptional activation in parvocellular neurosecretory neurons. J. Neurosci. 16 1 (1996) 262-273
72. Laugero K.D., Bell M.E., Bhatnagar S., Soriano L., and Dallman M.F. Sucrose ingestion normalizes central expression of corticotropin-releasing-factor messenger ribonucleic acid and energy balance in adrenalectomized rats: a glucocorticoid-metabolic-brain axis?. Endocrinology 142 7 (2001) 2796-2804
73. Levine S., Huchton D.M., Wiener S.G., and Rosenfeld P. Time course of the effect of maternal deprivation on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the infant rat. Dev. Psychobiol. 24 8 (1991) 547-558
74. Li H.Y., Ericsson A., and Sawchenko P.E. Distinct mechanisms underlie activation of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons and their medullary catecholaminergic afferents in categorically different stress paradigms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 2359-2364 6
75. Li H.Y., and Sawchenko P.E. Hypothalamic effector neurons and extended circuitries activated in 'neurogenic' stress: a comparison of footshock effects exerted acutely, chronically, and in animals with controlled glucocorticoid levels. J. Comp. Neurol. 393 2 (1998) 244-266
76. Lightman S.L., and Young III W.S. Corticotrophin-releasing factor, vasopressin and pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA responses to stress and opiates in the rat. J. Physiol. 403 (1988) 511-523
77. Lightman S.L., and Young III W.S. Influence of steroids on the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor and preproenkephalin mRNA responses to stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 4306-4310 11
78. Ma X.M., and Aguilera G. Differential regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin transcription by glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 140 12 (1999) 5642-5650
79. Ma X.M., Levy A., and Lightman S.L. Emergence of an isolated arginine vasopressin (AVP) response to stress after repeated restraint: a study of both AVP and corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) and heteronuclear RNA. Endocrinology 138 10 (1997) 4351-4357
80. Ma X.M., Levy A., and Lightman S.L. Rapid changes in heteronuclear RNA for corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in response to acute stress. J. Endocrinol. 152 1 (1997) 81-89
81. Ma X.M., Levy A., and Lightman S.L. Rapid changes of heteronuclear RNA for arginine vasopressin but not for corticotropin releasing hormone in response to acute corticosterone administration. J. Neuroendocrinol. 9 10 (1997) 723-728
82. (Pt 2). Ma X.M., and Lightman S.L. The arginine vasopressin and corticotrophin-releasing hormone gene transcription responses to varied frequencies of repeated stress in rats. J. Physiol. 510 (1998) 605-614
83. Ma X.M., Lightman S.L., and Aguilera G. Vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone gene responses to novel stress in rats adapted to repeated restraint. Endocrinology 140 8 (1999) 3623-3632
84. Makara G.B., and Kovacs K.J. Lesioning of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus inhibits ether-induced ACTH but not prolactin release. Neurobiology 5 3 (1997) 403-411
85. Makino S., Smith M.A., and Gold P.W. Increased expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus during repeated stress: association with reduction in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels. Endocrinology 136 8 (1995) 3299-3309
86. Martinez M., Calvo-Torrent A., and Herbert J. Mapping brain response to social stress in rodents with c-fos expression: a review. Stress 5 1 (2002) 3-13
87. McEwen B.S. Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 840 (1998) 33-44
88. McEwen B.S. Allostasis and allostatic load: implications for neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology 22 2 (2000) 108-124
89. McEwen B.S. The neurobiology of stress: from serendipity to clinical relevance. Brain Res. 886 1-2 (2000) 172-189
90. McEwen B.S., and Stellar E. Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 153 18 (1993) 2093-2101
91. back over. McKinley M.J., McAllen R.M., Davern P., Giles M.E., Penschow J., Sunn N., Uschakov A., and Oldfield B.J. The sensory circumventricular organs of the mammalian brain. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 172 III-XII (2003) 1-122
92. Meaney M.J., Bhatnagar S., Larocque S., McCormick C., Shanks N., Sharma S., Smythe J., Viau V., and Plotsky P.M. Individual differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress response and the hypothalamic CRF system. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 697 (1993) 70-85
93. Miklós I.H., Fekete C., Szabó G., Kovács K.J., and Liposits Z. Histaminergic innervation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the paraventricular nucleus. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts (2000)
94. Miklos I.H., and Kovacs K.J. Functional heterogeneity of the responses of histaminergic neuron subpopulations to various stress challenges. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18 11 (2003) 3069-3079
95. Morgan J.I., and Curran T. Stimulus-transcription coupling in the nervous system: involvement of the inducible proto-oncogenes fos and jun. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 14 (1991) 421-451
96. Morrow B.A., Elsworth J.D., Inglis F.M., and Roth R.H. An antisense oligonucleotide reverses the footshock-induced expression of fos in the rat medial prefrontal cortex and the subsequent expression of conditioned fear-induced immobility. J. Neurosci. 19 13 (1999) 5666-7563
97. Morrow B.A., Redmond A.J., Roth R.H., and Elsworth J.D. The predator odor, TMT, displays a unique, stress-like pattern of dopaminergic and endocrinological activation in the rat. Brain Res. 864 1 (2000) 146-151
98. Nagase H., Inoue S., Tanaka K., Takamura Y., and Niijima A. Hepatic glucose-sensitive unit regulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion in rats. Physiol. Behav. 53 1 (1993) 139-143
99. Pacak K., and Palkovits M. Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine responses: implications for stress-related disorders. Endocr. Rev. 22 4 (2001) 502-548
100. Ray C. Examination stress and performance on a color-word interference test. Percept. Mot. Skills 49 2 (1979) 400-402
101. Reul J.M., Stec I., Wiegers G.J., Labeur M.S., Linthorst A.C., Arzt E., and Holsboer F. Prenatal immune challenge alters the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenocortical axis in adult rats. J. Clin. Invest. 93 6 (1994) 2600-2607
102. Rivest S., and Laflamme N. Neuronal activity and neuropeptide gene transcription in the brains of immune-challenged rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 7 7 (1995) 501-525
103. Rivest S., and Rivier C. Stress and interleukin-1 beta-induced activation of c-fos, NGFI-B and CRF gene expression in the hypothalamic PVN: comparison between Sprague-Dawley, Fisher-344 and Lewis rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 6 1 (1994) 101-117
104. Sarnyai Z., Shaham Y., and Heinrichs S.C. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in drug addiction. Pharmacol. Rev. 53 2 (2001) 209-243
105. Sawchenko P.E., Brown E.R., Chan R.K., Ericsson A., Li H.Y., Roland B.L., and Kovacs K.J. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the functional neuroanatomy of visceromotor responses to stress. Prog. Brain Res. 107 (1996) 201-222
106. Sawchenko P.E., Li H.Y., and Ericsson A. Circuits and mechanisms governing hypothalamic responses to stress: a tale of two paradigms. Prog. Brain Res. 122 (2000) 61-78
107. Sawchenko P.E., Swanson L.W., and Vale W.W. Co-expression of corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin immunoreactivity in parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the adrenalectomized rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984) 1883-1887 6
108. Scammell T.E., Price K.J., and Sagar S.M. Hyperthermia induces c-fos expression in the preoptic area. Brain Res. 618 2 (1993) 303-307
109. Schmidt E.D., Binnekade R., Janszen A.W., and Tilders F.J. Short stressor induced long-lasting increases of vasopressin stores in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in adult rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 8 9 (1996) 703-712
110. Schmidt E.D., Janszen A.W., Wouterlood F.G., and Tilders F.J. Interleukin-1-induced long-lasting changes in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-neurons and hyperresponsiveness of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. J. Neurosci. 15 11 (1995) 7417-7426
111. Schmidt E.D., Schoffelmeer A.N., De Vries T.J., Wardeh G., Dogterom G., Bol J.G., Binnekade R., and Tilders F.J. A single administration of interleukin-1 or amphetamine induces long-lasting increases in evoked noradrenaline release in the hypothalamus and sensitization of ACTH and corticosterone responses in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 13 10 (2001) 1923-1930
112. Scribner K.A., Akana S.F., Walker C.D., and Dallman M.F. Streptozotocin-diabetic rats exhibit facilitated adrenocorticotropin responses to acute stress, but normal sensitivity to feedback by corticosteroids. Endocrinology 133 6 (1993) 2667-2674
113. Selye H. A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature 138 (1936) 32
114. Selye H. Stress and disease. Science 122 (1955) 625-631
115. Sharp F.R., Sagar S.M., Hicks K., Lowenstein D., and Hisanaga K. c-fos mRNA, Fos, and Fos-related antigen induction by hypertonic saline and stress. J. Neurosci. 11 8 (1991) 2321-2331
116. Smith D.W., Buller K.M., and Day T.A. Role of ventrolateral medulla catecholamine cells in hypothalamic neuroendocrine cell responses to systemic hypoxia. J. Neurosci. 15 12 (1995) 7979-7988
117. Sterling P., and Eyer J. Allostasis: a new paradigm to explain arousal pathology. In: Fisher S., and Reason J. (Eds). Handbook of Life, Stress, Cognition and Health (1988), John Wiley & Sons, New York 629-649
118. Sternberg E.M., Hill J.M., Chrousos G.P., Kamilaris T., Listwak S.J., Gold P.W., and Wilder R.L. Inflammatory mediator-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation is defective in streptococcal cell wall arthritis-susceptible Lewis rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 2374-2378 7
119. Stout S.C., Owens M.J., and Nemeroff C.B. Regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor neuronal systems and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity by stress and chronic antidepressant treatment. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 300 3 (2002) 1085-1092
120. Swanson L.W., and Sawchenko P.E. Paraventricular nucleus: a site for the integration of neuroendocrine and autonomic mechanisms. Neuroendocrinology 31 6 (1980) 410-417
121. (4 Pt 1). Thrivikraman K.V., and Plotsky P.M. Absence of glucocorticoid negative feedback to moderate hemorrhage in conscious rats. Am. J. Physiol. 264 (1993) E497-E503
122. Viau V., and Sawchenko P.E. Hypophysiotropic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus respond in spatially, temporally, and phenotypically differentiated manners to acute vs. repeated restraint stress: rapid publication. J. Comp. Neurol. 445 4 (2002) 293-307
123. Watts A.G. Ether anesthesia differentially affects the content of prepro- corticotropin-releasing hormone, preproneurotensin/neuromedin N and prepro-enkephalin mRNAs in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the rat. Brain Res. 544 2 (1991) 353-357
124. Williams G., Bing C., Cai X.J., Harrold J.A., King P.J., and Liu X.H. The hypothalamus and the control of energy homeostasis: different circuits, different purposes. Physiol. Behav. 74 4-5 (2001) 683-701
125. Willner P., Muscat R., and Papp M. Chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia: a realistic animal model of depression. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev 16 4 (1992) 525-534
126. Young III W.S., Mezey E., and Siegel R.E. Quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry reveals increased levels of corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA after adrenalectomy in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 70 2 (1986) 198-203
127. Zelena D., Makara G.B., and Jezova D. Simultaneous blockade of two glutamate receptor subtypes (NMDA and AMPA) results in stressor-specific inhibition of prolactin and corticotropin release. Neuroendocrinology 69 5 (1999) 316-323
128. Zhang Y.H., Lu J., Elmquist J.K., and Saper C.B. Lipopolysaccharide activates specific populations of hypothalamic and brainstem neurons that project to the spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 20 17 (2000) 6578-6586