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1
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77956637892
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note
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For an illuminating exploration of the deeper roots of this transformation, see David Garland, The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society (Chicago: Universityof Chicago Press, 2001).
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2
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84921593705
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note
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Todd R. Clear, Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 10.
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3
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77956642534
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note
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Steven Durlauf and Daniel Nagin, "The Deterrent Effect of Imprisonment," unpublished working paper (University of Wisconsin-Madison, March 2010).
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4
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84920038661
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note
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Bruce Western, Punishment and Inequality in America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006).
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5
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77956637755
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note
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See Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: New Press, 2010).
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6
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77956630560
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note
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Khalil Gibran Muhammad, The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010).
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7
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47349121009
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note
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William Stuntz, "Unequal Justice," Harvard Law Review 121 (8) (June 2008): 1969-2040.
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8
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77956646482
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note
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The full quote from Rawls is: "It is true that in a reasonably well-ordered society those who are punished for violating just laws have normally done something wrong. This is because the purpose of the criminal law is to uphold basic natural duties, those which forbid us to injure other persons in their life and limb, or to deprive them of their liberty and property, and punishments are to serve this end. They are not simply a scheme of taxes and burdens designed to put a price on certain forms of conduct and in this way to guide men's conduct for mutual advantage. It would be far better if the acts proscribed by penal statutes were never done. Thus a propensity to commit such acts is a mark of bad character, and in a just society legal punishments will only fall upon those who display these faults"; John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, rev. ed. (1971; Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999), 314-315.
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