Rats place greater value on rewards produced by high effort: An animal analogue of the "effort justification" effect

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 46, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1134-1137

  Lydall, Emma S ^a   Gilmour, Gary ^b   Dwyer, Dominic M ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b ELI LILLY AND COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive dissonance; Effort justification; Licking microstructure; Reward value

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956619877     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: 10960465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.011     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Armus H.L. Effect of response effort on the reward value of distinctively flavoured food pellets. Psychological Reports 2001, 88:1031-1034.
2. Aronson & Mills The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1959, 59:177-181.
3. Clement T.S., Feltus J.R., Kaiser D.H., Zentall T.R. "Work ethic" in pigeons: Reward value is directly related to the effort or time required to obtain the reward. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2000, 7(1):100-106.
4. Cooper S.J., Higgs S. Benzodiazepine effects on licking responses for sodium chloride solutions in water-deprived male rats. Physiology & Behavior 2005, 85(3):252-258.
5. Davis J.D., Smith G.P. Analysis of the microstructure of the rhythmic tongue movements of rats ingesting maltose and sucrose solutions. Behavioral Neuroscience 1992, 106(1):217-228.
6. DiGian K.A., Friedrich A.M., Zentall T.R. Reinforcers that follow a delay have added value for pigeons. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2004, 11:889-895.
7. Dwyer D.M. Microstructural analysis of conditioned and unconditioned responses to maltodextrin. Learning & Behavior 2008, 36:149-157.
8. Dwyer D.M., Boakes R.A., Hayward A.J. Reduced palatability in lithium- and activity-based, but not in amphetamine-based, taste aversion learning. Behavioral Neuroscience 2008, 122(5):1051-1060.
9. Egan L.C., Santos L.R., Bloom P. The origins of cognitive dissonance evidence from children and monkeys. Psychological Science 2007, 18(11):978-983.
10. Ernits T., Corbit J.D. Taste as a dipsogenic stimulus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1973, 83:27-31.
11. Festinger L. A theory of cognitive dissonance 1957, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
12. Festinger L., Carlsmith J.M. Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1959, 58:203-211.
13. Friedrich A.M., Clement T.S., Zentall T.R. Reinforcers that follow the absence of reinforcement have added value for pigeons. Learning and Behaviour 2005, 33:337-342.
14. Hsiao S., Fan R.J. Additivity of taste-specific effects of sucrose and quinine-microstructural analysis of ingestive behaviour in rats. Behavioural Neuroscience 1993, 107:317-326.
15. Jellison J. "Justification of effort in rats": Effects of physical and discriminative effort on reward value. Psychological Reports 2003, 93:1095-1100.
16. Kacelnik A., Marsh B. Cost can increase preference in starlings. Animal Behaviour 2002, 63:245-250.
17. Lawrence D.H., Festinger L. Deterrents and reinforcement: The psychology of insufficient reward 1962, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
18. Lieberman M., Ochsner K., Gilbert D., Schacter D. Do amnesics exhibit cognitive dissonance reduction?: The role of explicit memory and attention in attitude change. Psychological Science 2001, 12(2):135-140.
19. Mackintosh N.J. The psychology of animal learning 1974, Academic Press.
20. Marsh B., Schuck-Paim C., Kacelnik A. Energetic state during learning affects foraging choices in starlings. Behavioural Ecology 2004, 15:396-399.
21. Morgan C.L. An introduction to comparative psychology 1894, Scott, London, UK.
22. Spector A.C., St John S.J. Role of taste in the microstructure of quinine ingestion by rats. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 1998, 274:1687-1703.
23. Spector A.C., Klummp P.A., Kaplan J.M. Analytical issues in the evaluation of food deprivation and sucrose concentration effects on the microstructure of licking behaviour in the rat. Behavioural Neuroscience 1998, 112:678-694.
24. Zentall T.R., Singer R.A. Within-trial contrast: When is failure to replicate not a type 1 error?. Journal of the experimental analysis of behaviour 2007, 87:401-404.