Violent and nonviolent video games produce opposing effects on aggressive and prosocial outcomes

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 46, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 934-942

  Sestir, Marc A ^a   Bartholow, Bruce D ^b  

^a HOBART AND WILLIAM SMITH COLLEGES   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

Aggression; Media effects; Prosocial behavior

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956617347     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: 10960465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2010.06.005     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Anderson C.A. An update on the effects of playing violent video games. Journal of Adolescence 2004, 27:113-122.
2. Anderson C.A., Bushman B.J. External validity of "trivial" experiments: the case of laboratory aggression. Review of General Psychology 1997, 1:19-41.
3. Anderson C.A., Bushman B.J. Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: a meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Psychological Science 2001, 12:353-359.
4. Anderson C.A., Bushman B.J. Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology 2002, 53:27-51.
5. Anderson C.A., Carnagey N.L., Eubanks J. Exposure to violent media: the effects of songs with violent lyrics on aggressive thoughts and feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003, 84:960-971.
6. Anderson C.A., Deuser W.E., Deneve K.M. Hot temperatures, hostile affect, hostile cognition, and arousal: tests of a general theory of affective aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1995, 21:434-448.
7. Anderson C.A., Dill K.E. Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2000, 78:772-790.
8. Anderson C.A., Lindsay J.J., Bushman B.J. Research in the psychological laboratory: truth or triviality?. Current Directions in Psychological Science 1999, 8:3-9.
9. Anderson C.A., Sakamoto A., Gentile D.A., Ihori N., Shibuya A., Yukawa S., Naito M., Kobayashi K. Longitudinal effects of violent video games on aggression in Japan and the United States. Pediatrics 2008, 122:e1067-e1072.
10. Bandura A. Social learning theory 1977, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
11. Bargh J.A., Gollwitzer P.M., Lee-Chai A., Barndollar K., Troetschel R. The automated will: nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 81:1014-1027.
12. Baron R.M., Kenny D.A. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 51:1173-1182.
13. Bartholow B.D., Anderson C.A. Examining the effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior: potential sex differences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2002, 38:283-290.
14. Bartholow B.D., Anderson C.A., Carnagey N.L., Benjamin A.J. Interactive effects of life experience and situational cues on aggression: the weapons priming effect in hunters and nonhunters. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2005, 41:48-60.
15. Bartholow B.D., Sestir M., Davis W. Correlates and consequences of exposure to videogame violence: hostile personality, empathy, and aggressive behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2005, 31(11):1573-1586.
16. Berkowitz L. On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: a cognitive-neoassociationistic analysis. American Psychologist 1990, 45:494-503.
17. Bushman B.J. Moderating role of trait aggressiveness in the effects of violent media on aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1995, 69:950-960.
18. Bushman B.J., Anderson C.A. Media violence and the American public: scientific facts vs. media misinformation. American Psychologist 2001, 56:477-489.
19. Bushman B.J., Anderson C.A. Violent video games and hostile expectations: a test of the general aggression model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2002, 28:1679-1686.
20. Buss A.H., Perry M.P. The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1992, 63:452-459.
21. Calvert S.L., Tan S. Impact of virtual reality on young adults' physiological arousal and aggressive thoughts. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 1994, 15:125-139.
22. Caprara G.V. A comparison of the frustration-aggression and emotional susceptibility hypothesis. Aggressive Behavior 1982, 8:234-236.
23. Carlson M., Marcus-Newhall A., Miller N. Evidence for a general construct of aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1989, 15:377-389.
24. Carnagey N.L., Anderson C.A. The effects of reward and punishment in violent video games on aggressive affect, cognition, and behavior. Psychological Science 2005, 16:882-889.
25. Carnagey N.L., Anderson C.A., Bushman B.J. The effect of video game violence on physiological desensitization to real-life violence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2007, 43:489-496.
26. Davis M.H. Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1980, 44:113-126.
27. Dorr, N., & Anderson, C.A. (1995). Resolution of the temperature aggression debate. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago.
28. Forster J., Liberman N., Higgins E.T. Accessibility from active and fulfilled goals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2005, 41:220-239.
29. Freedman J. Evaluating the research on violent video games. Paper delivered at Playing By the Rules: The cultural policy challenges of video games 2001, University of Chicago, Available online at: http://culturalpolicy.uchicago.edu/conf2001/papers/freedman.html.
30. Gentile D.A. Pathological video game use among youth 8 to 18: a national study. Psychological Science 2009, 20:594-602.
31. Gentile D.A., Anderson C.A. Violent video games: the newest media violence hazard. Media Violence and Children 2003, 131-152. Praeger, Westport, CT. D. Gentile (Ed.).
32. Gentile D.A., Anderson C.A., Yukawa S., Ihori N., Saleem M., Ming L.K., Shibuya A., Liau A.K., Khoo A., Sakamoto A. The effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behaviors: international evidence from correlational, experimental, and longitudinal Studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2009, 35:752-763.
33. Giancola P.R., Chermack S.T. Construct validity of laboratory aggression paradigms: a response to Tedeschi and Quigley (1996). Aggression and Violent Behavior 1998, 3:237-253.
34. Higgins E.T. Knowledge activation: accessibility, applicability, and salience. Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles 1996, 133-168. Guilford Press, New York. E.T. Higgins, A.W. Kruglanski (Eds.).
35. Huesmann L.R. The role of social information processing and cognitive schema in the acquisition and maintenance of habitual aggressive behavior. Human aggression: theories, research, and implications for social policy 1998, 73-109. Academic Press, San Diego. R.G. Geen, E. Donnerstein (Eds.).
36. Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert (2001). International affective picture system (IAPS): Instruction manual and affective ratings. Technical Report A-5, The Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida.
37. Lindsay J.J., Anderson C.A. From antecedent conditions to violent actions: a general affective aggression model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2000, 26:533-547.
38. MacKinnon D.P., Lockwood C.M., Hoffman J.M., West S.G., Sheets V. A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods 2002, 7:83-104.
39. Mares M., Palmer E., Sullivan T. Prosocial effects of media exposure. Preventing violence in America 2008, 133-155. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. L. Robert, P. Jenkins, T. Gullotta (Eds.).
40. Martin L.L., Ward D.W., Achee J.W., Wyer R.S. Mood as input: people have to interpret the motivational implications of their moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993, 64:317-326.
41. Narvaez D., Mattan B., MacMichael C., Squillace M. Kill bandits, collect gold or save the dying: the effects of playing a prosocial video game. Media Psychology Review 2008, 1(1).
42. Rule B.G., Taylor B.R., Dobbs A.R. Priming effects of heat on aggressive thoughts. Social Cognition 1987, 5:131-143.
43. Smith S., Lachlan K., Tamborini R. Popular video games: quantifying the presentation of violence and its context. Journal of Electronic and Broadcasting Media 2003, 47(1):58-76.
44. Taylor S.P. Aggressive behavior and physiological arousal as a function of provocation and the tendency to inhibit aggression. Journal of Personality 1967, 35:297-310.