Hepatitis C virus: Prevention, screening, and interpretation of assays

Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

Volumn 77, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 616-626

  Albeldawi, Mazen ^a   Ruiz Rodriguez, Ernesto ^a   Carey, William D ^b  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b CLEVELAND CLINIC LERNER COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT; RNA;

BLOOD; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; GENETICS; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEMOPHILIA A; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MASS SCREENING; METHODOLOGY; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEROLOGY; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; UNSAFE SEX; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION;

ALANINE TRANSAMINASE; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; HEALTH PERSONNEL; HEMOPHILIA A; HEPACIVIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL; MASS SCREENING; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; RISK FACTORS; RNA; SEROLOGIC TESTS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS; UNSAFE SEX;

EID: 77956609440     PISSN: 08911150     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.77a.09162     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Alter MJ, Seeff LB, Bacon BR, Thomas DL, Rigsby MO, Di Bisceglie AM. Testing for hepatitis C virus infection should be routine for persons at increased risk for infection. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141:715-717.
2. Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL, Seeff LB; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepatology 2009; 49:1335-1374.
3. Shehab TM, Orrego M, Chunduri R, Lok AS. Identification and management of hepatitis C patients in primary care clinics. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98:639-644.
4. Shehab TM, Sonnad SS, Lok AS. Management of hepatitis C patients by primary care physicians in the USA: results of a national survey. J Viral Hepat 2001; 8:377-383.
5. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Recomm Rep 1998; 47:1-39.
6. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National prevention strategy: a comprehensive strategy for the prevention and control of hepatitis C virus infection and its consequences; summer 2001. http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/HCV/Strategy/NatHep-CPrevStrategy.htm. Accessed August 8, 2010.
7. Armstrong GL, Wasley A, Simard EP, McQuillan GM, Kuhnert WL, Alter MJ. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144:705-714.
8. Kim WR. The burden of hepatitis C in the United States. Hepatology 2002; 36(suppl 1):S30-S34.
9. Lau DT, Kleiner DE, Ghany MG, Park Y, Schmid P, Hoofnagle JH. 10-Year follow-up after interferon-alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 1998; 28:1121-1127.
10. Daniels D, Grytdal S, Wasley A; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis-United States, 2007. MMWR Surveill Summ 2009; 58:1-27.
11. Thomson BJ, Kwong G, Ratib S, et al; Trent HCV Study Group. Response rates to combination therapy for chronic HCV infection in a clinical setting and derivation of probability tables for individual patient management. J Viral Hepat 2008; 15:271-278.
12. Hayashi N, Takehara T. Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C: past, present, and future. J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:17-27.
13. Gordon FD. Cost-effectiveness of screening patients for hepatitis C. Am J Med 1999; 107:36S-40S.
14. Hill L, Henry B, Schweikert S; Prevention Practice Committee, American College of Preventive Medicine. Screening for chronic hepatitis C: American College of Preventive Medicine practice policy statement. Am J Prev Med 2005; 28:327-330.
15. Hadziyannis SJ, Sette H Jr, Morgan TR, et al; PEGASYS International Study Group. Peginterferon-alpha2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin dose. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140:346-355.
16. Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 358:958-965.
17. Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:975-982.
18. Cammà C, Di Bona D, Schepis F, et al. Effect of peginterferon alfa-2a on liver histology in chronic hepatitis C: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Hepatology 2004; 39:333-342.
19. Yoshida H, Tateishi R, Arakawa Y, et al. Benefit of interferon therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma prevention for individual patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gut 2004; 53:425-430.
20. Yoshida H, Arakawa Y, Sata M, et al. Interferon therapy prolonged life expectancy among chronic hepatitis C patients. Gastroenterology 2002; 123:483-491.
21. Hézode C, Forestier N, Dusheiko G, et al; PROVE2 Study Team. Telaprevir and peginterferon with or without ribavirin for chronic HCV infection. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:1839-1850.
22. McHutchison JG, Everson GT, Gordon SC, et al; PROVE1 Study Team. Telaprevir with peginterferon and ribavirin for chronic HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:1827-1838.
23. Berman K, Kwo PY. Boceprevir, an NS3 protease inhibitor of HCV. Clin Liver Dis 2009; 13:429-439.
24. Rossignol JF, Elfert A, Keeffe EB. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C using a 4-week lead-in with nitazoxanide before peginterferon plus nitazoxanide. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009 Dec 31; epub ahead of print.
25. Lapane KL, Jakiche AF, Sugano D, Weng CS, Carey WD. Hepatitis C infection risk analysis: who should be screened? Comparison of multiple screening strategies based on the National Hepatitis Surveillance Program. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93:591-596.
26. Wong JB, Davis GL, McHutchison JG, Manns MP, Albrecht JK; International Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group. Economic and clinical effects of evaluating rapid viral response to peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for the initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98:2354-2362.
27. Salomon JA, Weinstein MC, Hammitt JK, Goldie SJ. Cost-effectiveness of treatment for chronic hepatitis C infection in an evolving patient population. JAMA 2003; 290:228-237.
28. Sullivan SD, Jensen DM, Bernstein DE, et al. Cost-effectiveness of combination peginterferon alpha-2a and ribavirin compared with interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99:1490-1496.
29. McGinn T, O'Connor-Moore N, Alfandre D, Gardenier D, Wisnivesky J. Validation of a hepatitis C screening tool in primary care. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168:2009-2013.
30. Kaur S, Rybicki L, Bacon BR, Gollan JL, Rustgi VK, Carey WD. Performance characteristics and results of a large-scale screening program for viral hepatitis and risk factors associated with exposure to viral hepatitis B and C: results of the National Hepatitis Screening Survey. National Hepatitis Surveillance Group. Hepatology 1996; 24:979-986.
31. Cheung RC. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in American veterans. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:740-747.
32. Austin GE, Jensen B, Leete J, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus seropositivity among hospitalized US veterans. Am J Med Sci 2000; 319:353-359.
33. Yawn BP, Wollan P, Gazzuola L, Kim WR. Diagnosis and 10-year follow-up of a community-based hepatitis C cohort. J Fam Pract 2002; 51:135-140.
34. Garfein RS, Doherty MC, Monterroso ER, Thomas DL, Nelson KE, Vlahov D. Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among young adult injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 18(suppl 1):S11-S19.
35. Alter MJ. The epidemiology of acute and chronic hepatitis C. Clin Liver Dis 1997; 1:559-568
36. Alter MJ, Hadler SC, Judson FN, et al. Risk factors for acute non-A, non-B hepatitis in the United States and association with hepatitis C virus infection. JAMA 1990; 264:2231-2235.
37. Wasley A, Miller JT, Finelli L; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis-United States, 2005. MMWR Surveill Summ 2007; 56:1-24.
38. Goedert JJ, Chen BE, Preiss L, Aledort LM, Rosenberg PS. Reconstruction of the hepatitis C virus epidemic in the US hemophilia population, 1940-1990. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165:1443-1453.
39. Eyster ME, Sherman KE, Goedert JJ, Katsoulidou A, Hatzakis A. Prevalence and changes in hepatitis C virus genotypes among multitransfused persons with hemophilia. The Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:1062-1069.
40. Yee TT, Griffioen A, Sabin CA, Dusheiko G, Lee CA. The natural history of HCV in a cohort of haemophilic patients infected between 1961 and 1985. Gut 2000; 47:845-851.
41. Lee C, Dusheiko G. The natural history and antiviral treatment of hepatitis C in haemophilia. Haemophilia 2002; 8:322-329.
42. Makris M, Garson JA, Ring CJ, Tuke PW, Tedder RS, Preston FE. Hepatitis C viral RNA in clotting factor concentrates and the development of hepatitis in recipients. Blood 1993; 81:1898-1902.
43. Sherman KE, Rouster SD, Chung RT, Rajicic N. Hepatitis C virus prevalence among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a cross-sectional analysis of the US adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:831-837.
44. Sulkowski MS. The HIV-coinfected patient: managing viral hepatitis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45(suppl 2):S36-S37.
45. Bonacini M, Lin HJ, Hollinger FB. Effect of coexisting HIV-1 infection on the diagnosis and evaluation of hepatitis C virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 26:340-344.
46. Garfein RS, Vlahov D, Galai N, Doherty MC, Nelson KE. Viral infections in short-term injection drug users: the prevalence of the hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency, and human T-lymphotropic viruses. Am J Public Health 1996; 86:655-661.
47. Bell J, Batey RG, Farrell GC, Crewe EB, Cunningham AL, Byth K. Hepatitis C virus in intravenous drug users. Med J Aust 1990; 153:274-276.
48. Villano SA, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, Lyles CM, Cohn S, Thomas DL. Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C among injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:3274-3277.
49. Patrick DM, Tyndall MW, Cornelisse PG, et al. Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users during an outbreak of HIV infection. CMAJ 2001; 165:889-895.
50. Seeff LB, Wright EC, Zimmerman HJ, McCollum RW. VA cooperative study of post-transfusion hepatitis, 1969-1974: incidence and characteristics of hepatitis and responsible risk factors. Am J Med Sci 1975; 270:355-362.
51. Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Purcell RH, Alter HJ, Holland PV. Transfusion-associated hepatitis not due to viral hepatitis type A or B. N Engl J Med 1975; 292:767-770.
52. Alter HJ, Holland PV, Purcell RH, et al. Posttransfusion hepatitis after exclusion of commercial and hepatitis-B antigen-positive donors. Ann Intern Med. 1972; 77:691-699.
53. Blajchman MA, Vamvakas EC. The continuing risk of transfusiontransmitted infections. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:1303-1305.
54. Lauer GM, Walker BD. Hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:41-52.
55. Roth D, Zucker K, Cirocco R, et al. The impact of hepatitis C virus infection on renal allograft recipients. Kidney Int 1994; 45:238-244.
56. Izopet J, Rostaing L, Sandres K, et al. Longitudinal analysis of hepatitis C virus replication and liver fibrosis progression in renal transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:852-858.
57. Dubois F, Desenclos JC, Mariotte N, Goudeau A. Hepatitis C in a French population-based survey, 1994: seroprevalence, frequency of viremia, genotype distribution, and risk factors. The Collaborative Study Group. Hepatology 1997; 25:1490-1496.
58. Bellentani S, Pozzato G, Saccoccio G, et al. Clinical course and risk factors of hepatitis C virus related liver disease in the general population: report from the Dionysos study. Gut 1999; 44:874-880.
59. Alberti A, Noventa F, Benvegnù L, Boccato S, Gatta A. Prevalence of liver disease in a population of asymptomatic persons with hepatitis C virus infection. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137:961-964.
60. Shiffman ML, Diago M, Tran A, et al. Chronic hepatitis C in patients with persistently normal alanine transaminase levels. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4:645-652.
61. Stary A, Kopp W, Hofmann H, Heller-Vitouch C, Kunz C. Seroepidemiologic study of hepatitis C virus in sexually transmitted disease risk groups. Sex Transm Dis 1992; 19:252-258.
62. Weinstock HS, Bolan G, Reingold AL, Polish LB. Hepatitis C virus infection among patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. JAMA 1993; 269:392-394.
63. Thomas DL, Gruninger SE, Siew C, Joy ED, Quinn TC. Occupational risk of hepatitis C infections among general dentists and oral surgeons in North America. Am J Med 1996; 100:41-45.
64. Klein RS, Freeman K, Taylor PE, Stevens CE. Occupational risk for hepatitis C virus infection among New York City dentists. Lancet 1991; 338:1539-1542.
65. Polish LB, Tong MJ, Co RL, Coleman PJ, Alter MJ. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among health care personnel in acommunity hospital. Am J Infect Control 1993; 21:196-200.
66. Alter MJ. Occupational exposure to hepatitis C virus: a dilemma. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994; 15:742-744.
67. Lanphear BP, Linnemann CC Jr, Cannon CG, DeRonde MM, Pendy L, Kerley LM. Hepatitis C virus infection in healthcare workers: risk of exposure and infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994; 15:745-750.
68. Puro V, Petrosillo N, Ippolito G. Risk of hepatitis C seroconversion after occupational exposures in health care workers. Italian Study Group on Occupational Risk of HIV and Other Bloodborne Infections. Am J Infect Control 1995; 23:273-277.
69. Mitsui T, Iwano K, Masuko K, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in medical personnel after needlestick accident. Hepatology 1992; 16:1109-1114.
70. Sartori M, La Terra G, Aglietta M, Manzin A, Navino C, Verzetti G. Transmission of hepatitis C via blood splash into conjunctiva. Scand J Infect Dis 1993; 25:270-271.
71. Ippolito G, Puro V, Petrosillo N, De Carli G, Micheloni G, Magliano E. Simultaneous infection with HIV and hepatitis C virus following occupational conjunctival blood exposure. JAMA 1998; 280:28.
72. Carey W. Tests and screening strategies for the diagnosis of hepatitis C. Cleve Clin J Med 2003; 70(suppl 4):S7-S13.
73. Carey WD, Jeffers L, Kugelmas M, et al. Hepatitis C management. Hepatitis C Monograph. Cleveland Clinic; www. clevelandclinicmeded.com/online/monograph/hepc/page1.htm. Accessed 7/30/2010.
74. Scott JD, Gretch DR. Molecular diagnostics of hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. JAMA 2007; 297:724-732.
75. Bowden DS, Berzsenyi MD. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection: genotyping and its clinical role. Future Microbiol 2006; 1:103-112.
76. Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:975-982.
77. Poynard T, McHutchison J, Davis GL, et al. Impact of interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin on progression of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2000; 32:1131-1137.
78. Zeuzem S. Interferon-based therapy for chronic hepatitis C: current and future perspectives. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 5:610-622.