메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 212-226

Effort mobilization when the self is involved: Some lessons from the cardiovascular system

Author keywords

Cardiovascular response; Effort; Motivation; Self; Self involvement

Indexed keywords


EID: 77956524047     PISSN: 10892680     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0019742     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (155)

References (153)
  • 1
    • 41149171900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preparing and motivating behavior outside awareness
    • Aarts H., Custers R., Marien H. Preparing and motivating behavior outside awareness. Science 2008, 319:1639.
    • (2008) Science , vol.319 , pp. 1639
    • Aarts, H.1    Custers, R.2    Marien, H.3
  • 4
    • 0030911675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine adjustment to public speaking and mental arithmetic stressors
    • Al'Absi M., Bongard S., Buchanan T., Pincomb G.A., Licinio J., Lovallo W.R. Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine adjustment to public speaking and mental arithmetic stressors. Psychophysiology 1997, 34:266-275.
    • (1997) Psychophysiology , vol.34 , pp. 266-275
    • Al'Absi, M.1    Bongard, S.2    Buchanan, T.3    Pincomb, G.A.4    Licinio, J.5    Lovallo, W.R.6
  • 5
    • 0001285746 scopus 로고
    • The ego in contemporary psychology
    • Allport G.W. The ego in contemporary psychology. Psychological Review 1943, 53:451-478.
    • (1943) Psychological Review , vol.53 , pp. 451-478
    • Allport, G.W.1
  • 6
    • 0000518439 scopus 로고
    • Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior
    • Atkinson J.W. Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological Review 1957, 64:359-372.
    • (1957) Psychological Review , vol.64 , pp. 359-372
    • Atkinson, J.W.1
  • 9
    • 0035227452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective
    • Bandura A. Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology 2001, 52:1-26.
    • (2001) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 1-26
    • Bandura, A.1
  • 10
    • 2542567565 scopus 로고
    • Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems
    • Bandura A., Cervone D. Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1983, 45:1017-1028.
    • (1983) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.45 , pp. 1017-1028
    • Bandura, A.1    Cervone, D.2
  • 11
    • 77957088127 scopus 로고
    • Distraction-conflict theory: Progress and problems
    • Academic Press, New York, NY, L. Berkowitz (Ed.)
    • Baron R.S. Distraction-conflict theory: Progress and problems. Advances in experimental social psychology 1986, 19:1-40. Academic Press, New York, NY. L. Berkowitz (Ed.).
    • (1986) Advances in experimental social psychology , vol.19 , pp. 1-40
    • Baron, R.S.1
  • 13
    • 0000275810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The self
    • McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, D.T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, G. Lindzey (Eds.)
    • Baumeister R.F. The self. Handbook of social psychology 1998, 1:680-740. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 4th ed. D.T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, G. Lindzey (Eds.).
    • (1998) Handbook of social psychology , vol.1 , pp. 680-740
    • Baumeister, R.F.1
  • 14
    • 0027670114 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac psychophysiology and autonomic space in humans: Empirical perspectives and conceptual implications
    • Berntson G.G., Cacioppo J.T., Quigley K.S. Cardiac psychophysiology and autonomic space in humans: Empirical perspectives and conceptual implications. Psychological Bulletin 1993, 114:296-322.
    • (1993) Psychological Bulletin , vol.114 , pp. 296-322
    • Berntson, G.G.1    Cacioppo, J.T.2    Quigley, K.S.3
  • 15
    • 0028915017 scopus 로고
    • Mental effort during active and passive coping: A dual task analysis
    • Bongard S. Mental effort during active and passive coping: A dual task analysis. Psychophysiology 1995, 32:242-248.
    • (1995) Psychophysiology , vol.32 , pp. 242-248
    • Bongard, S.1
  • 16
    • 0030843057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active coping, work-pace, and cardiovascular responses: Evidence from laboratory studies
    • Bongard S., Hodapp V. Active coping, work-pace, and cardiovascular responses: Evidence from laboratory studies. Journal of Psychophysiology 1997, 11:227-237.
    • (1997) Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.11 , pp. 227-237
    • Bongard, S.1    Hodapp, V.2
  • 17
    • 0030754039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular responses during effortful active coping and acute experience of anger in women
    • Bongard S., Pfeiffer J.S., al'Absi M., Hodapp V., Linnenkemper G. Cardiovascular responses during effortful active coping and acute experience of anger in women. Psychophysiology 1997, 34:459-466.
    • (1997) Psychophysiology , vol.34 , pp. 459-466
    • Bongard, S.1    Pfeiffer, J.S.2    al'Absi, M.3    Hodapp, V.4    Linnenkemper, G.5
  • 18
    • 0003065717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotion and motivation
    • Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, J.T. Cacioppo, L.G. Tassinary, G.G. Berntson (Eds.)
    • Bradley M.M. Emotion and motivation. Handbook of psychophysiology 2000, 602-642. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. J.T. Cacioppo, L.G. Tassinary, G.G. Berntson (Eds.).
    • (2000) Handbook of psychophysiology , pp. 602-642
    • Bradley, M.M.1
  • 21
    • 0004231941 scopus 로고
    • Hogrefe, Göttingen, Germany
    • Brickenkamp R. Test d2 1981, Hogrefe, Göttingen, Germany. 7th ed.
    • (1981) Test d2
    • Brickenkamp, R.1
  • 22
    • 38649118834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does depression interfere with effort mobilization? Effects of dysphoria and task difficulty on cardiovascular response
    • Brinkmann K., Gendolla G.H.E. Does depression interfere with effort mobilization? Effects of dysphoria and task difficulty on cardiovascular response. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008, 94:146-157.
    • (2008) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.94 , pp. 146-157
    • Brinkmann, K.1    Gendolla, G.H.E.2
  • 23
    • 0002417037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular psychophysiology
    • Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, J.T. Cacioppo, L.G. Tassinary, G.G. Berntson (Eds.)
    • Brownley K.A., Hurwitz B.E., Schneiderman N. Cardiovascular psychophysiology. Handbook of psychophysiology 2000, 224-264. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. J.T. Cacioppo, L.G. Tassinary, G.G. Berntson (Eds.).
    • (2000) Handbook of psychophysiology , pp. 224-264
    • Brownley, K.A.1    Hurwitz, B.E.2    Schneiderman, N.3
  • 25
    • 49649107229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of achievement motivation, task difficulty, and goal difficulty on physiological, behavioral, and subjective effort
    • Capa R.L., Audiffen M., Ragot S. The effects of achievement motivation, task difficulty, and goal difficulty on physiological, behavioral, and subjective effort. Psychophysiology 2008, 45:859-868.
    • (2008) Psychophysiology , vol.45 , pp. 859-868
    • Capa, R.L.1    Audiffen, M.2    Ragot, S.3
  • 26
    • 54949120947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interactive effect of achievement motivation and task difficulty on mental effort
    • Capa R.L., Audiffren M., Ragot S. The interactive effect of achievement motivation and task difficulty on mental effort. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2008, 70:144-150.
    • (2008) International Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.70 , pp. 144-150
    • Capa, R.L.1    Audiffren, M.2    Ragot, S.3
  • 27
    • 0000939499 scopus 로고
    • Reassertion and giving up: The interactive role of self-directed attention and outcome expectancy
    • Carver C.S., Blaney P.H., Scheier M.F. Reassertion and giving up: The interactive role of self-directed attention and outcome expectancy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1979, 37:1859-1870.
    • (1979) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.37 , pp. 1859-1870
    • Carver, C.S.1    Blaney, P.H.2    Scheier, M.F.3
  • 29
    • 0001915808 scopus 로고
    • Performance in the presence of other human beings: Mere presence, audience, and affiliation effects
    • Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA, E.C. Simmel, R.A. Hoppe, G.A. Milton (Eds.)
    • Cottrell N.B. Performance in the presence of other human beings: Mere presence, audience, and affiliation effects. Social facilitation and imitative behavior 1968, 91-110. Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA. E.C. Simmel, R.A. Hoppe, G.A. Milton (Eds.).
    • (1968) Social facilitation and imitative behavior , pp. 91-110
    • Cottrell, N.B.1
  • 30
    • 85047681431 scopus 로고
    • Are causal attributions causal? A path analysis of the cognitive model of achievement motivation
    • Covington M.V., Omelich C.L. Are causal attributions causal? A path analysis of the cognitive model of achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1979, 37:1487-1504.
    • (1979) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.37 , pp. 1487-1504
    • Covington, M.V.1    Omelich, C.L.2
  • 31
    • 0034652709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: A functional neuroimaging investigation in humans
    • Critchley H.D., Corfield D.R., Chandler M.P., Mathias C.J., Dolan R.J. Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: A functional neuroimaging investigation in humans. The Journal of Physiology 2000, 523:259-270.
    • (2000) The Journal of Physiology , vol.523 , pp. 259-270
    • Critchley, H.D.1    Corfield, D.R.2    Chandler, M.P.3    Mathias, C.J.4    Dolan, R.J.5
  • 34
    • 0026811963 scopus 로고
    • Effects of self-focus, discrepancy between self and standard, and outcome expectancy favorability on the tendency to match self to standard or to withdraw
    • Duval T.S., Duval V.H., Mulilis J.P. Effects of self-focus, discrepancy between self and standard, and outcome expectancy favorability on the tendency to match self to standard or to withdraw. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1992, 62:340-348.
    • (1992) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.62 , pp. 340-348
    • Duval, T.S.1    Duval, V.H.2    Mulilis, J.P.3
  • 36
    • 0347453929 scopus 로고
    • Motivational processes affecting learning
    • Dweck C.S. Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist 1986, 41:1040-1048.
    • (1986) American Psychologist , vol.41 , pp. 1040-1048
    • Dweck, C.S.1
  • 37
    • 33746428000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metacognitive knowledge of effort, personality factors, and mood state: Their relationships with effort-related metacognitive experiences
    • Efklides A., Kourkoulou A., Mitsiou F., Ziliaskopoulou D. Metacognitive knowledge of effort, personality factors, and mood state: Their relationships with effort-related metacognitive experiences. Metacognition and Learning 2006, 1:33-49.
    • (2006) Metacognition and Learning , vol.1 , pp. 33-49
    • Efklides, A.1    Kourkoulou, A.2    Mitsiou, F.3    Ziliaskopoulou, D.4
  • 38
  • 39
    • 33749613842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hierarchical model of approach-avoidance motivation
    • Elliot A.J. The hierarchical model of approach-avoidance motivation. Motivation and Emotion 2006, 30:111-116.
    • (2006) Motivation and Emotion , vol.30 , pp. 111-116
    • Elliot, A.J.1
  • 40
    • 0036346572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reward influence on the heart: Cardiovascular response as a function of incentive value at five levels of task demand
    • Eubanks L., Wright R.A., Williams B.J. Reward influence on the heart: Cardiovascular response as a function of incentive value at five levels of task demand. Motivation and Emotion 2002, 26:139-152.
    • (2002) Motivation and Emotion , vol.26 , pp. 139-152
    • Eubanks, L.1    Wright, R.A.2    Williams, B.J.3
  • 41
    • 84953471931 scopus 로고
    • Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory
    • Eysenck M., Calvo M.G. Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory. Cognition and Emotion 1992, 6:409-434.
    • (1992) Cognition and Emotion , vol.6 , pp. 409-434
    • Eysenck, M.1    Calvo, M.G.2
  • 42
    • 29144519384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of subjective states from psychophysiology: A multivariate approach
    • Fairclough S.H., Venables L. Prediction of subjective states from psychophysiology: A multivariate approach. Biological Psychology 2006, 71:100-110.
    • (2006) Biological Psychology , vol.71 , pp. 100-110
    • Fairclough, S.H.1    Venables, L.2
  • 43
    • 0001566655 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of persistence at a task to expectation of success and achievement related motives
    • Feather N.T. The relationship of persistence at a task to expectation of success and achievement related motives. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1961, 63:552-561.
    • (1961) Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , vol.63 , pp. 552-561
    • Feather, N.T.1
  • 44
    • 0020535581 scopus 로고
    • Motivational effects on heart rate and electrodermal activity: Implications for research on personality and psychopathology
    • Fowles D.C. Motivational effects on heart rate and electrodermal activity: Implications for research on personality and psychopathology. Journal of Research in Personality 1983, 17:48-71.
    • (1983) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.17 , pp. 48-71
    • Fowles, D.C.1
  • 46
    • 0009232460 scopus 로고
    • The arousing effects of social presence
    • Wiley, London, England, H. Wagner, A. Manstead (Eds.)
    • Geen R.G., Bushman B.J. The arousing effects of social presence. Handbook of social psychophysiology 1989, 262-281. Wiley, London, England. H. Wagner, A. Manstead (Eds.).
    • (1989) Handbook of social psychophysiology , pp. 262-281
    • Geen, R.G.1    Bushman, B.J.2
  • 47
    • 0032361819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effort as assessed by motivational arousal in identity relevant tasks
    • Gendolla G.H.E. Effort as assessed by motivational arousal in identity relevant tasks. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 1998, 20:111-121.
    • (1998) Basic and Applied Social Psychology , vol.20 , pp. 111-121
    • Gendolla, G.H.E.1
  • 48
    • 0033240225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-relevance of performance, task difficulty, and task engagement assessed as cardiovascular response
    • Gendolla G.H.E. Self-relevance of performance, task difficulty, and task engagement assessed as cardiovascular response. Motivation and Emotion 1999, 23:45-66.
    • (1999) Motivation and Emotion , vol.23 , pp. 45-66
    • Gendolla, G.H.E.1
  • 49
    • 24144464417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The intensity of motivation when the self is involved: An application of Brehm's theory of motivation to effort-related cardiovascular response
    • Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, R.A. Wright, J. Greenberg, S.S. Brehm (Eds.)
    • Gendolla G.H.E. The intensity of motivation when the self is involved: An application of Brehm's theory of motivation to effort-related cardiovascular response. Motivational analyses of social behavior 2004, 205-244. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. R.A. Wright, J. Greenberg, S.S. Brehm (Eds.).
    • (2004) Motivational analyses of social behavior , pp. 205-244
    • Gendolla, G.H.E.1
  • 50
    • 0010088565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The informational impact of mood on effort mobilization: A study of cardiovascular and electrodermal responses
    • Gendolla G.H.E., Abele A.E., Krüsken J. The informational impact of mood on effort mobilization: A study of cardiovascular and electrodermal responses. Emotion 2001, 1:12-24.
    • (2001) Emotion , vol.1 , pp. 12-24
    • Gendolla, G.H.E.1    Abele, A.E.2    Krüsken, J.3
  • 51
    • 53549091849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ego involvement moderates the assimilation effect of affective expectations
    • Gendolla G.H.E., Brinkmann K., Scheder D. Ego involvement moderates the assimilation effect of affective expectations. Motivation and Emotion 2008, 32:313-320.
    • (2008) Motivation and Emotion , vol.32 , pp. 313-320
    • Gendolla, G.H.E.1    Brinkmann, K.2    Scheder, D.3
  • 52
    • 0036691487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The joint effect of informational mood impact and performance-contingent consequences on effort-related cardiovascular response
    • Gendolla G.H.E., Krüsken J. The joint effect of informational mood impact and performance-contingent consequences on effort-related cardiovascular response. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 83:271-283.
    • (2002) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.83 , pp. 271-283
    • Gendolla, G.H.E.1    Krüsken, J.2
  • 53
    • 33644874905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ego-involvement and mental effort: Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and performance effects
    • Gendolla G.H.E., Richter M. Ego-involvement and mental effort: Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and performance effects. Psychophysiology 2005, 42:595-603.
    • (2005) Psychophysiology , vol.42 , pp. 595-603
    • Gendolla, G.H.E.1    Richter, M.2
  • 54
    • 33748125160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular reactivity during performance under social observation: The moderating role of task difficulty
    • Gendolla G.H.E., Richter M. Cardiovascular reactivity during performance under social observation: The moderating role of task difficulty. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2006, 62:185-192.
    • (2006) International Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.62 , pp. 185-192
    • Gendolla, G.H.E.1    Richter, M.2
  • 55
    • 33747093703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ego-involvement and the difficulty law of motivation: Effects on effort-related cardiovascular response
    • Gendolla G.H.E., Richter M. Ego-involvement and the difficulty law of motivation: Effects on effort-related cardiovascular response. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2006, 32:1188-1203.
    • (2006) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.32 , pp. 1188-1203
    • Gendolla, G.H.E.1    Richter, M.2
  • 56
    • 77956507846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of self-involvement in the development of cardiovascular disease: A motivational analysis
    • Nova Science, New York, NY, L. Sher (Ed.)
    • Gendolla G.H.E., Richter M., Brinkmann K. The role of self-involvement in the development of cardiovascular disease: A motivational analysis. Psychological factors and cardiovascular disorders 2008, Nova Science, New York, NY. L. Sher (Ed.).
    • (2008) Psychological factors and cardiovascular disorders
    • Gendolla, G.H.E.1    Richter, M.2    Brinkmann, K.3
  • 57
    • 45149100167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-focus and task difficulty effects on effort-related cardiovascular reactivity
    • Gendolla G.H.E., Richter M., Silvia P. Self-focus and task difficulty effects on effort-related cardiovascular reactivity. Psychophysiology 2008, 45:653-662.
    • (2008) Psychophysiology , vol.45 , pp. 653-662
    • Gendolla, G.H.E.1    Richter, M.2    Silvia, P.3
  • 59
    • 0029148694 scopus 로고
    • Self-efficacy as a moderator of perceived control effects on cardiovascular reactivity: Is enhanced control always beneficial?
    • Gerin W., Litt M.D., Deich J., Pickering T.G. Self-efficacy as a moderator of perceived control effects on cardiovascular reactivity: Is enhanced control always beneficial?. Psychosomatic Medicine 1995, 57:390-397.
    • (1995) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.57 , pp. 390-397
    • Gerin, W.1    Litt, M.D.2    Deich, J.3    Pickering, T.G.4
  • 61
    • 84873809849 scopus 로고
    • Goal achievement: The role of intentions
    • Wiley, London, England, W. Stroebe, M. Hewstone (Eds.)
    • Gollwitzer P. Goal achievement: The role of intentions. European review of social psychology 1993, 4:141-185. Wiley, London, England. W. Stroebe, M. Hewstone (Eds.).
    • (1993) European review of social psychology , vol.4 , pp. 141-185
    • Gollwitzer, P.1
  • 62
    • 33751197712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of social anxiety and evaluative threat on cardiovascular response to active performance situations
    • Gramer M., Saria K. Effects of social anxiety and evaluative threat on cardiovascular response to active performance situations. Biological Psychology 2007, 74:67-74.
    • (2007) Biological Psychology , vol.74 , pp. 67-74
    • Gramer, M.1    Saria, K.2
  • 63
    • 0002431921 scopus 로고
    • Ego task analysis: An integration of research on ego-involvement and self-awareness
    • Elsevier/North-Holland, New York, NY, A.H. Hastorf, A.M. Isen (Eds.)
    • Greenwald A.G. Ego task analysis: An integration of research on ego-involvement and self-awareness. Cognitive social psychology 1982, 109-147. Elsevier/North-Holland, New York, NY. A.H. Hastorf, A.M. Isen (Eds.).
    • (1982) Cognitive social psychology , pp. 109-147
    • Greenwald, A.G.1
  • 64
    • 0000338758 scopus 로고
    • A process analysis of the effects of performance-contingent rewards on intrinsic motivation
    • Harackiewicz J.M., Manderlink G. A process analysis of the effects of performance-contingent rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1984, 20:531-551.
    • (1984) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.20 , pp. 531-551
    • Harackiewicz, J.M.1    Manderlink, G.2
  • 65
    • 33748562141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mere effort as the mediator of the evaluation-performance relationship
    • Harkins S.G. Mere effort as the mediator of the evaluation-performance relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 91:436-455.
    • (2006) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.91 , pp. 436-455
    • Harkins, S.G.1
  • 67
    • 0000395535 scopus 로고
    • Achievement motivation and its constructs
    • Heckhausen H. Achievement motivation and its constructs. Motivation and Emotion 1977, 1:283-329.
    • (1977) Motivation and Emotion , vol.1 , pp. 283-329
    • Heckhausen, H.1
  • 69
    • 0024076768 scopus 로고
    • Efficiency under maximal performance demands: Exertion control, an individual difference variable?
    • Heckhausen H., Strang H. Efficiency under maximal performance demands: Exertion control, an individual difference variable?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1988, 55:489-498.
    • (1988) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.55 , pp. 489-498
    • Heckhausen, H.1    Strang, H.2
  • 72
    • 0004129335 scopus 로고
    • Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, NY
    • Hull C.L. Principles of behavior 1943, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, NY.
    • (1943) Principles of behavior
    • Hull, C.L.1
  • 73
    • 0021412915 scopus 로고
    • Personality, motivation, and performance: A theory of the relationship between individual differences and information processing
    • Humphreys M.S., Revelle W. Personality, motivation, and performance: A theory of the relationship between individual differences and information processing. Psychological Review 1984, 91:153-184.
    • (1984) Psychological Review , vol.91 , pp. 153-184
    • Humphreys, M.S.1    Revelle, W.2
  • 74
    • 0001771580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations
    • Guilford Press, New York, NY, M. Lewis, J.M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.)
    • Izard C.E., Ackerman B.P. Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations. Handbook of emotions 2000, 253-265. Guilford Press, New York, NY. 2nd ed. M. Lewis, J.M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.).
    • (2000) Handbook of emotions , pp. 253-265
    • Izard, C.E.1    Ackerman, B.P.2
  • 78
    • 0021530087 scopus 로고
    • Acute psychophysiological reactivity and risk of cardiovascular disease: A review and a methodological critique
    • Krantz D.S., Manuck S.B. Acute psychophysiological reactivity and risk of cardiovascular disease: A review and a methodological critique. Psychological Bulletin 1984, 96:435-464.
    • (1984) Psychological Bulletin , vol.96 , pp. 435-464
    • Krantz, D.S.1    Manuck, S.B.2
  • 79
    • 77953534273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review
    • Kreibig S.D. Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review. Biological Psychology 2010, 84:394-421.
    • (2010) Biological Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 394-421
    • Kreibig, S.D.1
  • 80
    • 77953539679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychophysiological effects of emotional responding to goal attainment
    • Kreibig S.D., Gendolla G.H.E., Scherer K.R. Psychophysiological effects of emotional responding to goal attainment. Biological Psychology 2010, 84:474-487.
    • (2010) Biological Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 474-487
    • Kreibig, S.D.1    Gendolla, G.H.E.2    Scherer, K.R.3
  • 81
    • 0003056716 scopus 로고
    • Volitional mediators of cognitive-behavior consistency: Self-regulatory processes and action versus state orientation
    • Springer, Berlin, Germany, J. Kuhl, J. Beckmann (Eds.)
    • Kuhl J. Volitional mediators of cognitive-behavior consistency: Self-regulatory processes and action versus state orientation. Action control: From cognition to behavior 1985, 101-128. Springer, Berlin, Germany. J. Kuhl, J. Beckmann (Eds.).
    • (1985) Action control: From cognition to behavior , pp. 101-128
    • Kuhl, J.1
  • 82
    • 0001113089 scopus 로고
    • Foundations of an attributional theory of performance
    • Kukla A. Foundations of an attributional theory of performance. Psychological Review 1972, 79:454-470.
    • (1972) Psychological Review , vol.79 , pp. 454-470
    • Kukla, A.1
  • 83
    • 33847038388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motivational and emotional aspects of the self
    • Leary M.R. Motivational and emotional aspects of the self. Annual Review of Psychology 2007, 58:317-344.
    • (2007) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.58 , pp. 317-344
    • Leary, M.R.1
  • 87
    • 0019562861 scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular responses to effortful active coping: Implications for the role of stress in hypertension development
    • Light K.C. Cardiovascular responses to effortful active coping: Implications for the role of stress in hypertension development. Psychophysiology 1981, 18:216-225.
    • (1981) Psychophysiology , vol.18 , pp. 216-225
    • Light, K.C.1
  • 88
    • 0026718534 scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular responses to an active coping challenge as predictors of blood pressure patterns 10 to 15 years later
    • Light K.C., Dolan C.A., Davis M.R., Sherwood A. Cardiovascular responses to an active coping challenge as predictors of blood pressure patterns 10 to 15 years later. Psychosomatic Medicine 1992, 54:217-230.
    • (1992) Psychosomatic Medicine , vol.54 , pp. 217-230
    • Light, K.C.1    Dolan, C.A.2    Davis, M.R.3    Sherwood, A.4
  • 92
    • 40449133911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotor muscle fatigue increases cardiorespiratory responses and reduces performance during intense cycling exercise independently form metabolic stress
    • Marcora S.M., Bosio A., de Morree H.M. Locomotor muscle fatigue increases cardiorespiratory responses and reduces performance during intense cycling exercise independently form metabolic stress. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative, and Comparative Physiology 2008, 294:R874-R883.
    • (2008) American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative, and Comparative Physiology , vol.294
    • Marcora, S.M.1    Bosio, A.2    de Morree, H.M.3
  • 94
    • 0017354139 scopus 로고
    • Intended effort and informational value of task outcome
    • Meyer W.-U., Hallermann B. Intended effort and informational value of task outcome. Archiv für Psychologie 1977, 129:131-140.
    • (1977) Archiv für Psychologie , vol.129 , pp. 131-140
    • Meyer, W.-U.1    Hallermann, B.2
  • 96
    • 58149372279 scopus 로고
    • Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance
    • Nicholls J.G. Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review 1984, 91:328-346.
    • (1984) Psychological Review , vol.91 , pp. 328-346
    • Nicholls, J.G.1
  • 97
    • 0016932423 scopus 로고
    • The cardiovascular-behavioral interaction as it appears today
    • Obrist P.A. The cardiovascular-behavioral interaction as it appears today. Psychophysiology 1976, 13:95-107.
    • (1976) Psychophysiology , vol.13 , pp. 95-107
    • Obrist, P.A.1
  • 99
    • 3142717992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of self-focused attention on the startle reflex, heart rate, and memory performance among socially anxious and nonanxious individuals
    • Panayiotou G., Vrana S.R. Effect of self-focused attention on the startle reflex, heart rate, and memory performance among socially anxious and nonanxious individuals. Psychophysiology 1998, 35:328-336.
    • (1998) Psychophysiology , vol.35 , pp. 328-336
    • Panayiotou, G.1    Vrana, S.R.2
  • 100
    • 3142698464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of self-focus, task difficulty, task self-relevance, and evaluation anxiety in reaction time performance
    • Panayiotou G., Vrana S.R. The role of self-focus, task difficulty, task self-relevance, and evaluation anxiety in reaction time performance. Motivation and Emotion 2004, 28:171-196.
    • (2004) Motivation and Emotion , vol.28 , pp. 171-196
    • Panayiotou, G.1    Vrana, S.R.2
  • 101
    • 0001917276 scopus 로고
    • The cardiovascular system
    • Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, J.T. Cacioppo, L.G. Tassinary (Eds.)
    • Papillo J.F., Shapiro D. The cardiovascular system. Principles of psychophysiology 1990, 465-512. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. J.T. Cacioppo, L.G. Tassinary (Eds.).
    • (1990) Principles of psychophysiology , pp. 465-512
    • Papillo, J.F.1    Shapiro, D.2
  • 103
    • 0032557848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional differences in the effect of task difficulty and motor output on blood flow response in the human cingulated cortex: A review of 107 PET activation studies
    • Paus T., Kowski L., Caramanos Z., Westbury C. Regional differences in the effect of task difficulty and motor output on blood flow response in the human cingulated cortex: A review of 107 PET activation studies. NeuroReport 1998, 9:R37-R47.
    • (1998) NeuroReport , vol.9
    • Paus, T.1    Kowski, L.2    Caramanos, Z.3    Westbury, C.4
  • 104
    • 0346982615 scopus 로고
    • Determinants of reduction in intended effort as a strategy for coping with anticipated failure
    • Pyszczynski T., Greenberg T. Determinants of reduction in intended effort as a strategy for coping with anticipated failure. Journal of Research in Personality 1983, 17:412-422.
    • (1983) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.17 , pp. 412-422
    • Pyszczynski, T.1    Greenberg, T.2
  • 106
    • 0000279298 scopus 로고
    • Claimed self-handicaps and the self-handicapper: The relation of reduction in intended effort to performance
    • Rhodewalt F., Fairfield M. Claimed self-handicaps and the self-handicapper: The relation of reduction in intended effort to performance. Journal of Research in Personality 1991, 25:402-417.
    • (1991) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.25 , pp. 402-417
    • Rhodewalt, F.1    Fairfield, M.2
  • 108
    • 33745428542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incentive effects on cardiovascular reactivity in active coping with unclear task difficulty
    • Richter M., Gendolla G.H.E. Incentive effects on cardiovascular reactivity in active coping with unclear task difficulty. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2006, 61:216-225.
    • (2006) International Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.61 , pp. 216-225
    • Richter, M.1    Gendolla, G.H.E.2
  • 109
    • 33847151749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incentive value, unclear task difficulty, and cardiovascular reactivity in active coping
    • Richter M., Gendolla G.H.E. Incentive value, unclear task difficulty, and cardiovascular reactivity in active coping. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2007, 63:294-301.
    • (2007) International Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.63 , pp. 294-301
    • Richter, M.1    Gendolla, G.H.E.2
  • 110
    • 64149117826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The heart contracts to reward: Monetary incentives and pre-ejection period
    • Richter M., Gendolla G.H.E. The heart contracts to reward: Monetary incentives and pre-ejection period. Psychophysiology 2009, 46:451-457.
    • (2009) Psychophysiology , vol.46 , pp. 451-457
    • Richter, M.1    Gendolla, G.H.E.2
  • 111
    • 71349083746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mood impact on cardiovascular reactivity when task difficulty is unclear
    • Richter M., Gendolla G.H.E. Mood impact on cardiovascular reactivity when task difficulty is unclear. Motivation and Emotion 2009, 33:239-248.
    • (2009) Motivation and Emotion , vol.33 , pp. 239-248
    • Richter, M.1    Gendolla, G.H.E.2
  • 112
    • 43449094664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of task performance and invested effort: A need for closure by relative cognitive capacity interaction analysis
    • Roets A., Van Hiel A., Cornelis I., Soetens B. Determinants of task performance and invested effort: A need for closure by relative cognitive capacity interaction analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2008, 34:779-795.
    • (2008) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.34 , pp. 779-795
    • Roets, A.1    Van Hiel, A.2    Cornelis, I.3    Soetens, B.4
  • 113
    • 34248041602 scopus 로고
    • Control and information in the intrapersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory
    • Ryan R. Control and information in the intrapersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1982, 43:450-461.
    • (1982) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.43 , pp. 450-461
    • Ryan, R.1
  • 114
    • 85043751872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being
    • Ryan R., Deci E. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist 2000, 55:78-88.
    • (2000) American Psychologist , vol.55 , pp. 78-88
    • Ryan, R.1    Deci, E.2
  • 115
    • 0000703583 scopus 로고
    • A question of competence: The effects of competence and task feedback on intrinsic motivation
    • Sansone C. A question of competence: The effects of competence and task feedback on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 51:918-931.
    • (1986) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 918-931
    • Sansone, C.1
  • 116
    • 10344246937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting autonomic reactivity to public speaking: Don't get fixed on self-report data!
    • Schwerdtfeger A. Predicting autonomic reactivity to public speaking: Don't get fixed on self-report data!. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2004, 52:217-224.
    • (2004) International Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.52 , pp. 217-224
    • Schwerdtfeger, A.1
  • 117
    • 0025552096 scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamics of blood pressure responses during active and passive coping
    • Sherwood A., Dolan C.A., Light K.C. Hemodynamics of blood pressure responses during active and passive coping. Psychophysiology 1990, 27:656-668.
    • (1990) Psychophysiology , vol.27 , pp. 656-668
    • Sherwood, A.1    Dolan, C.A.2    Light, K.C.3
  • 118
    • 34250155289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mood state effects on autonomic activity in mood regulation
    • Silvestrini N., Gendolla G.H.E. Mood state effects on autonomic activity in mood regulation. Psychophysiology 2007, 44:650-659.
    • (2007) Psychophysiology , vol.44 , pp. 650-659
    • Silvestrini, N.1    Gendolla, G.H.E.2
  • 119
    • 67650496594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The joint effect of mood, task valence, and task difficulty on effort-related cardiovascular response and facial EMG
    • Silvestrini N., Gendolla G.H.E. The joint effect of mood, task valence, and task difficulty on effort-related cardiovascular response and facial EMG. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2009, 73:226-234.
    • (2009) International Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.73 , pp. 226-234
    • Silvestrini, N.1    Gendolla, G.H.E.2
  • 120
    • 0038313458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interest and interests: The psychology of constructive capriciousness
    • Silvia P.J. Interest and interests: The psychology of constructive capriciousness. Review of General Psychology 2001, 5:270-290.
    • (2001) Review of General Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 270-290
    • Silvia, P.J.1
  • 121
    • 0035536709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Objective self-awareness theory: Recent progress and enduring problems
    • Silvia P.J., Duval S.S. Objective self-awareness theory: Recent progress and enduring problems. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2001, 5:230-241.
    • (2001) Personality and Social Psychology Review , vol.5 , pp. 230-241
    • Silvia, P.J.1    Duval, S.S.2
  • 122
    • 0001501785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On introspection and self-perception: Does self-focused attention enable accurate self-knowledge?
    • Silvia P.J., Gendolla G.H.E. On introspection and self-perception: Does self-focused attention enable accurate self-knowledge?. Review of General Psychology 2001, 5:241-269.
    • (2001) Review of General Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 241-269
    • Silvia, P.J.1    Gendolla, G.H.E.2
  • 123
    • 0025147641 scopus 로고
    • Interpersonal influence as active coping: Effects of task difficulty on cardiovascular reactivity
    • Smith T.W., Baldwin M., Christensen A.J. Interpersonal influence as active coping: Effects of task difficulty on cardiovascular reactivity. Psychophysiology 1990, 27:429-437.
    • (1990) Psychophysiology , vol.27 , pp. 429-437
    • Smith, T.W.1    Baldwin, M.2    Christensen, A.J.3
  • 124
    • 0031037609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social determinants of cardiovascular reactivity: Effects of incentive to exert influence and evaluative threat
    • Smith T.W., Nealey J.B., Kircher J.C., Limon J.P. Social determinants of cardiovascular reactivity: Effects of incentive to exert influence and evaluative threat. Psychophysiology 1997, 34:65-73.
    • (1997) Psychophysiology , vol.34 , pp. 65-73
    • Smith, T.W.1    Nealey, J.B.2    Kircher, J.C.3    Limon, J.P.4
  • 125
    • 0033763987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vigilance, active coping, and cardiovascular reactivity during social interaction in young men
    • Smith T.W., Ruiz J.M., Uchino B.N. Vigilance, active coping, and cardiovascular reactivity during social interaction in young men. Health Psychology 2000, 19:382-392.
    • (2000) Health Psychology , vol.19 , pp. 382-392
    • Smith, T.W.1    Ruiz, J.M.2    Uchino, B.N.3
  • 126
    • 0014006763 scopus 로고
    • High-speed scanning in human memory
    • Sternberg S. High-speed scanning in human memory. Science 1966, 153:652-654.
    • (1966) Science , vol.153 , pp. 652-654
    • Sternberg, S.1
  • 127
    • 0029907470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Need as a moderator of the difficulty-cardiovascular response relation: The case of fluid deprivation
    • Storey P.L., Wright R.A., Williams B.J. Need as a moderator of the difficulty-cardiovascular response relation: The case of fluid deprivation. Journal of Psychophysiology 1996, 10:228-238.
    • (1996) Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.10 , pp. 228-238
    • Storey, P.L.1    Wright, R.A.2    Williams, B.J.3
  • 130
    • 21744447954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance effects of motivational state: A meta-analysis
    • Utman C.H. Performance effects of motivational state: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review 1997, 1:170-182.
    • (1997) Personality and Social Psychology Review , vol.1 , pp. 170-182
    • Utman, C.H.1
  • 131
    • 0031802081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological response to a minimal social encounter: Effects of gender, ethnicity, and social context
    • Vrana S., Rollock D. Physiological response to a minimal social encounter: Effects of gender, ethnicity, and social context. Psychophysiology 1998, 35:462-469.
    • (1998) Psychophysiology , vol.35 , pp. 462-469
    • Vrana, S.1    Rollock, D.2
  • 132
    • 0030999505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caffeine and cognitive performance: The nonlinear Yerkes-Dodson law
    • Watters P.A., Martin M., Schreter Z. Caffeine and cognitive performance: The nonlinear Yerkes-Dodson law. Human Psychopharmacology 1997, 12:249-257.
    • (1997) Human Psychopharmacology , vol.12 , pp. 249-257
    • Watters, P.A.1    Martin, M.2    Schreter, Z.3
  • 133
    • 33749411161 scopus 로고
    • Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence
    • White R.W. Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review 1959, 66:297-333.
    • (1959) Psychological Review , vol.66 , pp. 297-333
    • White, R.W.1
  • 134
    • 77956807442 scopus 로고
    • Objective self-awareness
    • Academic Press, San Diego, CA, L. Berkowitz (Ed.)
    • Wicklund R.A. Objective self-awareness. Advances in experimental social psychology 1975, 8:233-275. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. L. Berkowitz (Ed.).
    • (1975) Advances in experimental social psychology , vol.8 , pp. 233-275
    • Wicklund, R.A.1
  • 135
    • 0001177289 scopus 로고
    • Opinion change and performance facilitation as a result of objective self-awareness
    • Wicklund R.A., Duval S. Opinion change and performance facilitation as a result of objective self-awareness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1971, 7:319-342.
    • (1971) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.7 , pp. 319-342
    • Wicklund, R.A.1    Duval, S.2
  • 137
    • 0000074752 scopus 로고
    • Effects of induced muscular tension on performance and the inverted-U function
    • Wood C.G., Hokanson J.E. Effects of induced muscular tension on performance and the inverted-U function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1965, 1:506-510.
    • (1965) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.1 , pp. 506-510
    • Wood, C.G.1    Hokanson, J.E.2
  • 138
    • 0003731907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization, Author, Geneva, Switzerland
    • World health report 2002 2002, World Health Organization, Author, Geneva, Switzerland.
    • (2002) World health report 2002
  • 139
    • 0002292563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brehm's theory of motivation as a model of effort and cardiovascular response
    • Guilford Press, New York, NY, P.M. Gollwitzer, J.A. Bargh (Eds.)
    • Wright R.A. Brehm's theory of motivation as a model of effort and cardiovascular response. The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior 1996, 424-453. Guilford Press, New York, NY. P.M. Gollwitzer, J.A. Bargh (Eds.).
    • (1996) The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior , pp. 424-453
    • Wright, R.A.1
  • 140
    • 0001742158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ability perception and cardiovascular response to behavioral challenge
    • Plenum Press, New York, NY, M. Kofta, G. Weary, G. Sedek (Eds.)
    • Wright R.A. Ability perception and cardiovascular response to behavioral challenge. Personal control in action: Cognitive and motivational mechanisms 1998, 197-232. Plenum Press, New York, NY. M. Kofta, G. Weary, G. Sedek (Eds.).
    • (1998) Personal control in action: Cognitive and motivational mechanisms , pp. 197-232
    • Wright, R.A.1
  • 141
    • 66149162312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Refining the prediction of effort: Brehm's distinction between potential motivation and motivation intensity
    • Wright R.A. Refining the prediction of effort: Brehm's distinction between potential motivation and motivation intensity. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2008, 2:682-701.
    • (2008) Social and Personality Psychology Compass , vol.2 , pp. 682-701
    • Wright, R.A.1
  • 142
    • 84949163396 scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular response to threat: Effects of the difficulty and availability of a cognitive avoidant task
    • Wright R.A., Brehm J.W., Bushman B.J. Cardiovascular response to threat: Effects of the difficulty and availability of a cognitive avoidant task. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 1989, 10:161-171.
    • (1989) Basic and Applied Social Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 161-171
    • Wright, R.A.1    Brehm, J.W.2    Bushman, B.J.3
  • 144
    • 0032423593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social evaluation influence on cardiovascular response to a fixed behavioral challenge: Effects across a range of difficulty levels
    • Wright R.A., Dill J.C., Geen R.G., Anderson C.A. Social evaluation influence on cardiovascular response to a fixed behavioral challenge: Effects across a range of difficulty levels. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 1998, 20:277-285.
    • (1998) Annals of Behavioral Medicine , vol.20 , pp. 277-285
    • Wright, R.A.1    Dill, J.C.2    Geen, R.G.3    Anderson, C.A.4
  • 145
    • 0028909256 scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular effects of experimentally induced efficacy (ability) appraisals at low and high levels of avoidant task demand
    • Wright R.A., Dismukes A. Cardiovascular effects of experimentally induced efficacy (ability) appraisals at low and high levels of avoidant task demand. Psychophysiology 1995, 32:172-176.
    • (1995) Psychophysiology , vol.32 , pp. 172-176
    • Wright, R.A.1    Dismukes, A.2
  • 146
    • 0024844317 scopus 로고
    • Difficulty and instrumentality of imminent behavior as determinants of cardiovascular response and self-reported energy
    • Wright R.A., Gregorich S. Difficulty and instrumentality of imminent behavior as determinants of cardiovascular response and self-reported energy. Psychophysiology 1989, 26:586-592.
    • (1989) Psychophysiology , vol.26 , pp. 586-592
    • Wright, R.A.1    Gregorich, S.2
  • 147
    • 0036193501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular incentive effects where a challenge is unfixed: Demonstrations involving social evaluation, evaluator status, and monetary reward
    • Wright R.A., Killebrew K., Pimpalapure D. Cardiovascular incentive effects where a challenge is unfixed: Demonstrations involving social evaluation, evaluator status, and monetary reward. Psychophysiology 2002, 39:188-197.
    • (2002) Psychophysiology , vol.39 , pp. 188-197
    • Wright, R.A.1    Killebrew, K.2    Pimpalapure, D.3
  • 148
    • 35449001723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effort determination of cardiovascular response: An integrative analysis with applications in social psychology
    • Academic Press, New York, NY, M.P. Zanna (Ed.)
    • Wright R.A., Kirby L.D. Effort determination of cardiovascular response: An integrative analysis with applications in social psychology. Advances in experimental social psychology 2001, 33:255-307. Academic Press, New York, NY. M.P. Zanna (Ed.).
    • (2001) Advances in experimental social psychology , vol.33 , pp. 255-307
    • Wright, R.A.1    Kirby, L.D.2
  • 149
    • 0037269151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy resource depletion, task difficulty, and cardiovascular response to a mental arithmetic challenge
    • Wright R.A., Martin R.E., Bland J.L. Energy resource depletion, task difficulty, and cardiovascular response to a mental arithmetic challenge. Psychophysiology 2003, 40:98-105.
    • (2003) Psychophysiology , vol.40 , pp. 98-105
    • Wright, R.A.1    Martin, R.E.2    Bland, J.L.3
  • 151
    • 0026482844 scopus 로고
    • Interactive effects of difficulty and instrumentality of avoidant behavior on cardiovascular reactivity
    • Wright R.A., Williams B.J., Dill J.C. Interactive effects of difficulty and instrumentality of avoidant behavior on cardiovascular reactivity. Psychophysiology 1992, 29:677-689.
    • (1992) Psychophysiology , vol.29 , pp. 677-689
    • Wright, R.A.1    Williams, B.J.2    Dill, J.C.3
  • 153
    • 0039975712 scopus 로고
    • Social facilitation
    • Zajonc R.B. Social facilitation. Science 1965, 149:269-274.
    • (1965) Science , vol.149 , pp. 269-274
    • Zajonc, R.B.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.