Biogeochemical roles of fungi in marine and estuarine habitats

Fungi in Biogeochemical Cycles

Volumn 9780521845793, Issue , 2006, Pages 436-461

  Clipson, Nicholas ^a   Otte, Marinus ^a   Landy, Eleanor ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SURREY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956515455     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511550522.019     Document Type: Chapter

References (134)

1. Adam, P. (1993). Saltmarsh Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Ahammed, S. & Prema, P. (2002). Influence of media on synthesis of lignin peroxidase from Aspergillus sp. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 102, 327-36.
3. Almagro, A., Prista, C., Benito, B., Loureiro-Dias, M. C. & Ramos, J. (2001). Cloning and expression of two genes coding for sodium pumps in the salt tolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. Journal of Bacteriology, 183, 3251-5.
4. Alongi, D. M. (1987). The distribution and composition of deep sea microbenthos in a bathyal region of the western coral sea. Deep Sea Research, 34, 1245-54.
5. Apinis, A. E. & Chesters, C. G. C. (1964). Ascomycetes of some saltmarshes and sand dunes. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 47, 419-35.
6. Armstrong, W., Wright, E. J., Lythe, S. & Gaynard, T. J. (1985). Plant zonation and the effects of the spring-neap tide cycle on soil aeration in a Humber saltmarsh. Journal of Ecology, 73, 323-39.
7. Bacic, M. K. & Yoch, D. C. (1998). In vivo characterization of dimethylsulfoniopropionate lyase in the fungus Fusarium lateritium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64, 106-11.
8. Ballard, R. D. (1977). Notes on a major oceanographic find. Oceanus, 20, 35-44.
9. Bansal, P. K. & Mondal, A. K. (2000). Isolation and sequence of the HOG1 homologue from Debaryomyces hansenii by complementation of the hog1Delta strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast, 16, 81-8.
10. Barato, M., Basilio, M. C. & Baptista-Ferreira, J. L. (1997). Nia globospora, a new marine gasteromycete on baits of Spartina maritima in Portugal. Mycological Research, 101, 687-90.
11. Barghoorn, E. S. & Linder, D. H. (1944) Marine fungi: their taxonomy and biology. Farlowia, I, 395-467.
12. Beever, R. E. & Burns, D. J. W. (1980). Phosphorus uptake, storage and utilization by fungi. Advances in Botanical Research, 8, 127-219.
13. Beever, R. E. & Laracy, E. P. (1986). Osmotic adjustment in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Journal of Bacteriology, 168, 1358-65.
14. Bergbauer, M. & Newell, S. Y. (1992). Contribution to lignocellulose degradation and DOC formation from a saltmarsh macrophyte by the ascomycete Phaeosphaeria spartinicola. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 86, 341-8.
15. Blomberg, A. & Adler, L. (1993). Tolerance of fungi to NaCl. In Stress Tolerance of Fungi, ed. D. H. Jennings. New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 233-56.
16. Bohnert, H. J., Ayoubi, P., Borchert, C. et al. (2001).A genomics approach towards salt stress tolerance. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 39, 295-311.
17. Bongiorni, L. & Dini, F. (2002). Distribution and abundance of thraustochytrids in different Mediterranean coastal habitats. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 30, 49-56.
18. Boyd, P. W. (2002). The role of iron in the biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean and equatorial Pacific: a comparison of in situ iron enrichments. Deep Sea Research Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanograph, 49, 1803-21.
19. Boyle, P. J. (1976). Ergot epiphytic on Spartina sp. in Ireland. Irish Journal of Agricultural Research, 15, 419-24.
20. Buchalo, A. S., Nevo, E., Wasser, S. P., Oren, A. & Molitoris, H. P. (1998). Fungal life in the extremely hypersaline Dead Sea: first records. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London Series B, 265, 1461-5.
21. Buchan, A., Newell, S. Y., Butler, M. et al. (2003).Dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities on decaying saltmarsh grass. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 6676-87.
22. Burgath, K. P. & Vonstackelberg, U. (1995). Sulfide-impregnated volcanics and ferromanganese incrustations from the southern Lau basin (Southwest Pacific). Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 13, 263-308.
23. Burge, M. N. & Perkins, E. J. (1977). Studies in the Distribution and Biological Impact of the Effluent Released by Albright and Wilson Ltd., Whitehaven. Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Scientific Report 77/3.
24. Carvalho, L. M., Cacador, I. & Martins-Loucao, M. A. (2001). Temporal and spatial variation of arbuscular mycorrhizas in salt marsh plants of the Tagus estuary (Portugal). Mycorrhiza, 11, 303-9.
25. Clement, D. J., Stanley, M. S., O’Neil, J. et al. (1999). Complementation cloning of salt tolerance determinants from the marine hyphomycete Dendryphiella salina in Aspergillus nidulans. Mycological Research, 103, 1252-8.
26. Clipson, N. J. W. & Jennings, D. H. (1992). Dendryphiella salina and Debaryomyces hanseii: Models for ecophysiological adaptation to salinity by fungi that grow in the sea. Canadian Journal of Botany. 70, 2097-105.
27. Clipson, N. J. W., Hajibagheri, H. A. & Jennings, D. H. (1990). X-ray microanalysis of the marine fungus Dendryphiella salina at different salinities. Journal of Experimental Botany, 41, 199-202.
28. Clipson, N. J. W. Landy, E. T. & Otte, M. L. (2001). Fungi. In European Register of Marine Species: A Checklist of the Marine Species in Europe and a Bibliography of Identification Guides, ed. M. Costello, C. Emblow & R. J. White, Patriomoines Naturels, 50, 15-19. Paris: Publications Scientifiques du MNHN.
29. Cooke, J. C., Butler, R. H. & Madolo, G. (1993). Some observations on the vertical distribution of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae in roots of salt marsh grasses growing in saturated soils. Mycologia, 85, 547-50.
30. Cotton, A. D. (1907-1911). Notes on marine pyrenomycetes. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 3, 94.
31. Craig, P. J. (1980). Metal cycles and biological methylation. In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 1, Part A. The Natural Environment and the Biogeochemical Cycles, ed. O. Hutzinger. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 170-227.
32. Davis, D. J., Burlak, C. & Money, N. P. (2000). Osmotic pressure of fungal compatible osmolytes. Mycological Research, 104, 800-4.
33. Dickinson, C. H. (1965). The mycoflora associated with Halimione portulacoides III. Fungi on green and moribund leaves. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 48, 603-10.
34. Dickinson, C. H. & Kent, J. W. (1972). Critical analysis of fungi in two sand dune soils. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 58, 269-80.
35. Dickinson, C. H. & Morgan-Jones, G. O. (1966). The mycoflora associated with Halimione portulacoides IV. Observations on some species of Sphaeropsidales. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 49, 43-55.
36. Dickinson, C. H. & Pugh, G. J. F. (1965). The mycoflora associated with Halimione portulacoides. I. The establishment of the root surface flora of mature plants. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 48, 381-90.
37. Duffy, A. P., Curran, P. M. T. & Muircheartaigh, I. M. O. (1991). Effect of temperature and nutrients on spore germination in marine and non-marine fungi. Cryptogamic Botany, 23, 125-9.
38. Duhig, N. C., Davidson, G. J. & Stolz, J. (1992). Microbial involvement in the formation of Cambrian sea-floor silica iron-oxide deposits, Australia. Geology, 20, 511-14.
39. Edwards, J., Chamberlain, D., Brosnan, G. et al. (1998). A comparative physiological study of Dendryphiella salina and D. arenaria in relation to adaptation to life in the sea. Mycological Research, 102, 1198-202.
40. Ellis, M. B. & Ellis, J. P. (1997). Microfungi on Land Plants-An Identification Handbook. London: The Richmond Publishing Company Limited.
41. Elmsley, J. (1980). The phosphorus cycle. In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 1, Part A. The Natural Environment and the Biogeochemical Cycles, ed. O. Hutzinger. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 147-67.
42. Faison, B. D., Clark, T. M., Lewis, S. N. et al. (1991). Degradation of organic sulfur compounds by a coal-solubilizing fungus. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 28/29, 237-51.
43. Farrant, C., Hyde, K. D. & Jones, E. B. G. (1985). Further studies on lignicolous marine fungi from Danish sand dunes. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 85, 164-7.
44. Feeney, N., Curran, P. M. T. & O’Muircheartaigh, I. G. (1992). Biodeterioration of woods by marine fungi and Chaetomiumglobosum in response to an external nitrogen source. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 29, 123-33.
45. Flowers, T. J., Hajibagheri, M. A. & Clipson, N. J. W. (1986). Halophytes. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 6, 313-37.
46. Gadanho, M., Almeida, J. & Sampaio, J. P. (2003). Assessment of yeast diversity in a marine environment in the south of Portugal by microsatellite-primed PCR. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 84, 217-27.
47. Geiser, D. M., Taylor, J. W., Ritchie, K. B. & Smith, G. W. (1998). Cause of sea fan death in the West Indies. Nature, 394, 137-8.
48. Gessner, R. V. (1977). Seasonal occurrence and distribution of fungi associated with Spartina alterniflora from a Rhode Island estuary. Mycologia, 69, 477-91.
49. Gessner, R. V. & Kohlmeyer, J. (1976). Geographical distribution and taxonomy of fungi from salt marsh Spartina. Canadian Journal of Botany, 54, 2023-37.
50. Goodman, P. J., Braybrooks, E. M. & Lambert, J. M. (1959). Investigations into die-back of Spartina townsendii agg. I. The present status of Spartina townsendii in Britain. Journal of Ecology, 47, 651-77.
51. Grasso, S., Bruni, V. & Maio, G. (1997). Marine fungi in Terra Nova Bay. New Microbiology, 20, 371-6.
52. Hendrarto, I. B. & Dickinson, C. H. (1984). Soil and root micro-organisms in four salt marsh communities. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 83, 615-20.
53. Hernandez-Saavedra, N Y. & Romero-Geraldo, R. (2001).Cloning and sequencing the genomic encoding region of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase enzyme from several marine strains of the genus Debaryomyces (Lodder and Kreger-van Rij). Yeast, 18, 1227-38.
54. Hooley, P., Fincham, D. A., Whitehead, M. P. & Clipson, N. J. W. (2003). Fungal osmotolerance. Advances in Applied Microbiology, 53, 177-211.
55. Hutzinger, O. (Ed.) (1980). The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 1, Part A. The Natural Environment and the Biogeochemical Cycles. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
56. Jefferies, R. L., Davy, A. J. & Rudmik, T. (1979). The growth strategies of coastal halophytes. In Ecological Processes in Coastal Environments, ed. R. L. Jefferies & A. J. Davy. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 243-68.
57. Jennings, D. H. (1989). Some perspectives on nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in fungi. In Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur Utilization by Fungi, ed. L. Boddy, R. Marchant & D. J. Read. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-32.
58. Jennings, D. H. (1995). The Physiology of Fungal Nutrition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
59. Jennings, D. H. & Burke, R. M. (1990). Compatible solutes-the mycological dimension and their role as physiological buffering agents. New Phytolologist, 116, 277-83.
60. Johnson, T. W. & Sparrow, F. K. (1961). Fungi in Oceans and Estuaries. Weinhein: Cramer.
61. Jones, E. B. G. (1962). Marine fungi. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 45, 93-114.
62. Jones, E. B. G. (1982). Decomposition by basidiomycetes in aquatic environments. In Decomposer Basidiomycetes: Their Biology and Ecology, ed. J. C. Frankland, J. N. Hedger & M. J. Swift. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 192-212.
63. Jones, E. B. G. (1995). Ultrastructure and taxonomy of the aquatic ascomycetous order Halosphaeriales. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73 (Suppl. 1), S790-S801.
64. Jones, E. B. G. & Mitchell, J. I. (1996). Biodiversity of marine fungi. In Biodiversity, International Biodiversity Seminar, ed. A. Climerman & N. Gunde-Climerman. Ljublijana: National Institute of Chemistry and Slovenia National Commission for UNESCO, pp. 31-42.
65. Kathiresan, K. & Bingham, B. J. (2001). Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology, 40, 81-251.
66. Kimura, H., Harada, K., Hara, K. & Tamaki, A. (2002). Enzymatic approach to fungal association with arthropod guts: a case for the crustacean host, Nihonotrypaea harmandi, and its foregut fungus, Enteromyces callianassae. Marine Ecology-Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, I 23, 157-83.
67. Kirchner, M. (1995). Microbial colonization of copepod body surfaces and chitin degradation in the sea. Helgolander Meeresuntersuchingen, 49, 201-212.
68. Kobayashi, H., Maguro, S., Yoshimoto, T. & Namikoshi, M. (2003). Absolute structure, biosynthesis and anti-microtubule activity of phomopsidin, isolated from a marine derived fungus Phomopsis sp. Tetrahedron, 59, 455-9.
69. Kohlmeyer, J. (1967). Intertidal and phycophilous fungi from Tenerife (Canary Islands). Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 50, 137-47.
70. Kohlmeyer, J. & Kohlmeyer, E. (1979). Marine Mycology: The Higher Fungi. New York: Academic Press.
71. Kohlmeyer, J. & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B. (2003). Fungi from coral reefs: a commentary. Mycological Research, 107, 386-7.
72. Lorenz, R. & Molitoris, H.-P. (1997). Combined influence of salinity and temperature (Phoma-pattern) on growth of marine fungi. Canadian Journal of Botany, 70, 2111-15.
73. Lucas, M. T. & Webster, J. (1967). Conidial states of British species of Leptosphaeria. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 50, 85-121.
74. Lutley, M. & Wilson, I. M. (1972). Development and fine structure of ascospores in the marine fungus Ceriosporopsis halima. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 58, 393-402.
75. Lyons, J. I., Newell, S. Y., Buchan, A. & Moran, M. A. (2003). Diversity of ascomycete laccase gene sequences in a southeastern US saltmarsh. Microbial Ecology, 45, 270-81.
76. Martin, D. F. (1970). Marine Chemistry. New York: Marcel Dekker.
77. Mendelssohn, I. A. & Morris, J. T. (2000). Eco-physiological controls on the primary productivity of Spartina alterniflora. In Concepts and Controversies in Tidal Marsh Ecology, ed. M. P. Weinstein & D. A. Kreeger. Dortrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 59-80.
78. Meyers, S. P., Ahearn, D. G., Gunkel, W. & Roth, P. J. Jr. (1967). Yeasts from the North Sea. Marine Biology, 1, 118-23.
79. Molitoris, H.-P. & Schaumann, K. (1986). Physiology of marine fungi: a screening programme for growth and enzyme production. In The Biology Of Marine Fungi. ed. S. T. Moss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 35-48.
80. Money, N. P. (1997). Wishful thinking of turgor revisited: The mechanics of fungal growth. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 22, 173-87.
81. Nagahama, T., Hamamoto, M., Nakase, T., Takami, H. & Horikoshi, K. (2001). Distribution and identification of red yeasts in deep-sea environments around the northwest Pacific Ocean. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 80, 101-10.
82. Newell, S. Y. (1991). Phaeosphaeria spartinicola, a newspecies on Spartina.Mycotaxon, 41, 1-7.
83. Newell, S. Y. (1993a). Decomposition of shoots of a saltmarsh grass-methods and dynamics of microbial assemblages. Advances in Microbial Ecology, 13, 301-26.
84. Newell, S. Y. (1993b). Membrane containing fungal mass and fungal specific growth rate in natural samples. In Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology, ed. P. F. Kemp, B. F. Sherr, E. B. Sherr, & J. J. Cole. Boca Raton: Lewis publishers, pp. 579-86.
85. Newell, S. Y. (1996). Established and potential impacts of eukaryotic mycelial decomposers in marine-terrestrial ecotones. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 200, 187-206.
86. Newell, S. Y. (2001a). Multiyear patterns of fungal biomass dynamics and productivity within naturally decaying smooth cordgrass shoots. Limnology and Oceanography, 46, 573-83.
87. Newell, S. Y. (2001b). Spore-expulsion rates and extents of blade occupation by ascomycetes of the smooth cordgrass standing decay system. Botanica Marina, 44, 277-85.
88. Newell, S. Y. & Fell, J. W. (1982). Surface sterilization and the active mycoflora of leaves of a seagrass. Botanica Marina, 25, 339-46.
89. Newell, S. Y., Arsuffi, T. L. & Palm, L. A. (1996a). Misting and nitrogen fertilization of shoots of a saltmarsh grass: effects upon fungal decay of leaf blades. Oecologia, 108, 495-502.
90. Newell, S. Y., Porter, D. & Lingle, W. L. (1996b). Lignocellulosis by ascomycetes (fungi) on a saltmarsh grass (smooth cordgrass). Microscopy Research and Technique, 33, 32-46.
91. Newell, S. Y., Blum, L. K., Crawford, R. E., Dai, T. & Dionne, M. (2000). Autumnal biomass and potential productivity of saltmarsh fungi from 298 to 438 North latitude along the United States Atlantic coast. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 180-185.
92. Nilsson, A. & Adler, L. (1990). Purification and characterisation of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADþ) in the salt tolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1034, 180-185.
93. Nybakken, J. W. (1997). Marine Biology-An Ecological Approach. Menlo Park: Addison-Wesley-Longman.
94. Packham, J. R. & Willis, A. J. (1997). Ecology of Dunes, Saltmarsh, and Shingle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
95. Paton, F. M. & Jennings, D. H. (1988). Effect of sodium and potassium chloride and polyols on malate and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from the marine fungus Dendryphiella salina. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 91, 205-15.
96. Peterson, K. R. L. & Koch, J. (1996). Ansiostigma rotundatum gen et sp. nov.: a lignicolous marine ascomycete from Svanemollen harbour, Denmark. Mycological Research, 100, 209-12.
97. Phae, C. G. & Shoda, M. (1991).Anew fungus which degrades hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide. Biotechnology Letters, 13, 375-80.
98. Porter, D. (1986). Mycoses of marine organisms: an overview of pathogenic fungi. In The Biology of Marine Fungi, ed. S. T. Moss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 141-54.
99. Pugh, G. J. F. (1962). Studies on fungi in coastal soils II. Fungal ecology in a developing salt marsh. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 45, 560-6.
100. Pugh, G. J. F. & Jones, E. B. G. (1986). Antarctic marine fungi: a preliminary account. In The Biology of Marine Fungi, ed. S. T. Moss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 323-30.
101. Raghukumar, C. & Raghukumar, S. (1998). Barotolerance of fungi isolated from deep-sea sediments of the Indian Ocean. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 15, 153-63.
102. Raghukumar, S., Sarma, S., Raghukumar, C., Sathe-Pathak, V. & Chandramohan, D. (1994). Thraustochytrid and fungal component of marine detritus IV. Laboratory studies on decomposition of leaves of the mangrove Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 183, 113-31.
103. Raybould, A. F., Gray, A. J. & Clarke, R. T. (1998). The long-term epidemic of Claviceps purpurea on Spartina anglica in Poole Harbour: pattern of infection, effects on seed production, and the role of fusarium heterosporum. New Phytologist, 138, 497-505.
104. Rees, G., Johnson, R. G. & Jones, E. B. G. (1979). Lignincolous marine fungi from Danish sand dunes. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 72, 99-106.
105. Rohrmann, S., Lorenz, R. & Molitoris, H. P. (1992). Use of natural and artificial seawater for the investigation of growth, fruit body production, and enzyme activities in marine fungi. Canadian Journal of Botany, 70, 2106-10.
106. Rozema, J., Arp, W., Van Diggelen, J. et al. (1986). Occurrence and ecological significance of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in the salt marsh environment. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 35, 457-67.
107. Salomons, W. & Fo¨ rstner, U. (1984). Metals in the Hydrocycle. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
108. Schaumann, K., Mulach, W. & Molitoris, H.-P. (1986). Comparative studies on growth and exoenzyme production of different Lulworthia isolates. In The Biology of Marine Fungi, ed. S. T. Moss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 49-60.
109. Schumann, G., Manz, W., Reitner, J. & Lustrino, M. (2004). Ancient fungal life in North Pacific eocene oceanic crust. Geomicrobiology Journal, 21, 241-6.
110. Sengupta, A. & Chaudhuri, S. (2002). Arbuscular mycorrhizal relations of mangrove plant community at the Ganges river estuary in India. Mycorrhiza, 12, 169-74.
111. Sguros, P. L. & Simms, J. (1963). Role of marine fungi in biochemistry of oceans 2. Effect of glucose, inorganic nitrogen, and tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane on growth and pH changes in synthetic media. Mycologia, 55, 728-41.
112. Shinano, H. (1962). Studies on yeasts isolated from various areas in the north Pacific. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 28, 1113-22.
113. Sieburth, J. M. (1979). Sea Microbes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
114. Sivanesan, A. & Manners, J. G. (1970). Fungi associated with Spartina townsendii in healthy and die back sites. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 55, 191-204.
115. Slaughter, J. C. (1989). Sulphur compounds in fungi. In Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur Utilization by Fungi, ed. L. Boddy, R. Marchant & D. J. Read. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 91-106.
116. Smith, G. W., Ives, L. D., Nagelkerken, I. A. & Ritchie, K. B. (1996). Caribbean sea-fan mortalities. Nature, 383, 487.
117. Smith, S. E. & Read, D. J. (1997). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. 2nd Edn. San Diego: Academic Press.
118. Suresh, P. V. & Chandra-Sekaran, M. (1998). Utilization of prawn waste for chitinase production by the marine fungus Beauveria bassiana by solid state fermentation. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 14, 655-60.
119. Tani, Y., Miyata, N., Iwahori, K. et al. (2003). Biogeochemistry of manganese oxide coatings on pebble surfaces in the Kikukawa river system, Shizuoka, Japan. Applied Geochemistry, 18, 1541-54.
120. Torzilli, A. P. (1982). Polysaccharidase production and cell wall degradation by several salt marsh fungi. Mycologia, 74, 297-302.
121. Torzilli, A. P. & Andrykovitch, G. (1986). Degradation of Spartina lignocellulose by individual and mixed cultures of salt-marsh fungi. Canadian Journal of Botany, 64, 2211-15.
122. Turner, S. M., Harvey, M. J., Law, C. S., Nightingale, P. D. & Liss, P. S. (2004). Iron-induced changes in oceanic sulfur biogeochemistry. Geophysical Research Letters, 31, Art. No. L14307.
123. Vala, A. K., Vaidya, S. Y. & Dube H. C. (2000). Siderophore production by facultative marine fungi. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 29, 339-40.
124. van Uden, N. & Fell, J. W. (1968). Marine yeasts. In Advances in the Microbiology of the Sea, Vol. 1., ed. M. R. Droop & E. J. F. Wood. London: Academic Press, pp. 167-202.
125. Van Wambeke, F., Christaki, U., Giannakourou, A., Moutin, T. & Souvemerzoglou, K. (2002). Longitudinal and vertical trends of bacterial limitation by phosphorus and carbon in the Mediterranean Sea. Microbial Ecology, 43, 119-33.
126. Venkateswara-Sarma, V, Hyde, K. D. & Vittal, B. P. R. (2001). Frequency of occurrence of mangrove fungi from the east coast of India. Hydrobiologia, 455, 41-53.
127. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, J & Kohlmeyer, J. (1993). Biogeographic observations on pacific marine fungi. Mycologia, 85, 337-46.
128. Wainwright, M. (1989). Inorganic sulphur oxidation by fungi. In Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulphur Utilization by Fungi, ed. L. Boddy, R. Marchant, & D. J. Read. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73-90.
129. Wangersky, P. J. (1980). Chemical oceanography. In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 1, Part A. The Natural Environment and the Biogeochemical Cycles, ed. O. Hutzinger. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 51-68.
130. Wilson, I.M. (1954). Ceriosporopsis halima Linder and C. cambrensis sp. Nov.: two marine pyrenomycetes on wood. Transactions of the BritishMycological Society, 37, 272-85.
131. Wilson, I. M. (1965). Development of the perithecium and ascospores of Ceriosporosis halima. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 48, 19-33.
132. Yale, J. & Bohnert, H. J. (2001). Transcript expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at high salinity. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 15 996-6007.
133. Zande, J. M. (1999). An ascomycete commensal on the gills of Bathynerita naticoidea, the dominant gastropod at Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon seeps. Invertebrate Biology, 118, 57-62.
134. Zehnder, A. J. B. & Zinder, S. H. (1980). The sulphur cycle. In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 1, Part A. The Natural Environment and the Biogeochemical Cycles, ed. O. Hutzinger. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 105-46.