'Heart of darkness': Current images of the DRC and their theoretical underpinning

Anthropological Theory

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 265-301

  Kabamba, Patience ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG   (South Africa)

Author keywords

African postcolonial states; Catholic church; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Nande; non state sovereignties; post national model; post state governance; statist fantasies

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956508138     PISSN: 14634996     EISSN: 17412641     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1463499610372248     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Abrams, P. (1988) 'Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State', Journal of Historical Sociology 1(1): 58-89.
2. Agamben, G. (1998[1995]) Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
3. Autesserre, S. (2005) 'Local Violence, International Indifference? Post-Conflict "Settlement" in the Eastern Congo (2003-2005)', unpublished PhD thesis, New York University.
4. Bates, R. (2001) Prosperity and Violence: The Political Economy of Violence. New York: W.W. Norton.
5. Bayart, J.-F. (1989) L'Etat en Afrique: La Politique du Ventre. Paris: Fayard.
6. Bayart, J.-F., S. Ellis and B. Hibou (1999) The Criminalization of the State in Africa. Oxford and Bloomington: James Currey and Indiana University Press.
7. Berger, M. (2000) 'Post-Cold War Condition? The Rise and Demise of National Development and the Origins of Post-Cold War Capitalism', Working paper.
8. Berger, M. (2001) 'Post-Cold War Condition?: The Rise and Demise of National Development and the Origins of Post-Cold War Capitalism', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30(2): 211-34.
9. Birmingham, D. (1992) Frontline Nationalism in Angola and Mozambique. Ewing, NJ: Africa World Press.
10. Bratton, M. (1989) 'Beyond the State: Civil Society and Associational Life in Africa', World Politics 41(3): 407-30.
11. Bush, C. and J. Seeds (2008) 'Apocalypse Found: Coltan, Cell Phones and Crisis in the Congo', Common Dreams, 19 April. Available at: http://eco-cell.com/news/details/ apocalypse-found (accessed June 2010).
12. Callaghy, T.M. (1984) The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press.
13. Callaghy, T.M. (2001) 'From Reshaping to Resizing a Failing State? The Case of Congo/Zaire', in B. O'Leary, I.S. Lustick and T. Callaghy (eds) Right-sizing the State: The Politics of Moving Borders. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14. Castells, M. (1998) End of Millennium, 3 vols. Oxford: Blackwell.
15. Castells, M. (2004) The Network Society: A Cross-cultural Perspective. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
16. Chabal, P. and J.P. Daloz (1999) Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
17. Clapham, C. (1996) Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18. Clapham, C. (2002) 'The Challenge to the State in a Globalized World', Development and Change 33(5): 775-95.
19. Comaroff, J.L. (2000) 'OfTotemism and Ethnicity: Consciousness, Practice and Signs of Inequality', in R.R. Grinker and C.B. Steiner (eds) Perspective on Africa. Oxford: Blackwell.
20. Conrad, J. (1999) Heart of Darkness. Plymouth: Broadview Press.
21. Cooper, N. (2002) State Collapse as Business: The Role of Conflict Trade and the Emerging Control Agenda. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
22. Das V. and D. Poole (2004) Anthropology in the Margins of the State. Oxford: James Currey.
23. De Genova, N. (2002) 'Migrant Illegality and Deportability in Everyday Life', Annual Revue of Anthropology 31: 419-47.
24. De Genova, N. (2005) Working the Boundaries: Race, Space, and 'Illegality' in Mexican Chicago. Durham: Duke University Press.
25. De Genova, N. (2007) 'The Production of Culprits: From Deportability to Detainability in the Aftermath of "Homeland Security"', Citizenship Studies 11(5): 421-48.
26. De Genova, N. (2010) 'Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and Freedom of Movement: Theoretical Overview', in Nicholas De Genova and Nathalie Peutz (eds) The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
27. De Villers, G. (1992) Le Pauvre, le hors-la-loi, le metis. La question de l'economie informelle en Afrique. Brussels: CEDAF.
28. Doombos, M. (2002) 'State Collapse and Fresh Starts: Some Critical Reflections', Development and Change 33(5): 797-815.
29. Duffield, M. (1998) 'Post-modern Conflict: Warlords, Post-adjustment States and Private Protection', Civil Wars 1(1): 65-102.
30. Duffield, M. (2000) Global Governance and New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security. London: Zed.
31. Evans, P. (1995) Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
32. Ferguson, J. (1992) 'The Cultural Topography of Wealth: Commodity Paths and Structure of Property in Rural Lesotho', American Anthropologist (N.S.) 94(1): 55-73.
33. Ferguson, J. (2006) Global Shadow: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order. Durham: Duke University Press.
34. Ferme, M.C. (2004) 'Deterritorialized Citizenship and the Resonances of the Sierra Leonean State', in V. Das and V. Poole (eds) Anthropology in the Margins of the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
35. Foucault, M. (1996[1980]) Power/Knowledge. New York: Pantheon Books.
36. Ghani, A. and C. Lockhart (2008) Fixing Failed States: A Framework of Rebuilding a Fractured World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
37. Hannerz, U. (2003) 'Flows, Boundaries and Hybrids: Keywords in International Anthropology', Working Paper.
38. Hansen, T.B. and F. Stepputat (2006) Sovereign Bodies: Citizens, Migrants, and States in the Postcolonial World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
39. Hardt, M. and A. Negri (2000) Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40. Harvey, D. (2000) Spaces of Hope. Berkeley: University of California Press.
41. Hobbes, T. (1999) Leviathan. Hamilton, ONT: McMaster University.
42. Holloway, J. (1994) 'Global Capital and National State', Capital and Class 52.
43. Igue, O.J. (1983) 'L'officiel, le parallele et le clandestine. Commerce et integration en Afrique de l'Ouest', Politique Africaine 9: 29-51.
44. Jackson, M. (1990) Quasi-States, Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
45. Jackson, S. (2002) 'Making a Killing: Criminality and Coping in the Kivu War Economy', Review of African Political Economy 29(93/94): 517-36.
46. Johnson, C.W. and A. Weinstein (2004) Superior Customer Value in the New Economy: Concepts and Cases. London: Taylor & Francis.
47. Kabamba, P. (forthcoming 2010) The Business of Civil War: Transnational Trade from the Debris of the Congolese State.
48. Kant, I. (1996[1781-87]) Critique of Pure Reason (trans. W.S. Pluhar). Indianapolis: Hachett Publishing.
49. Kaplan, R.D. (1994) 'The Coming of Anarchy: How Scarcity, Crime, Overpopulation, Tribalism, and Disease Are Rapidly Destroying the Social Fabric of our Planet', The Atlantic Monthly, February.
50. Kaplan, R.D. (1998) The Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century. New York: Vintage.
51. Kassimir, R. (2001) 'Producing Local Politics: Governance, Representation, and Nonstate Organizations in Africa', in T. Callaghy, R. Kassimir and R. Latham (eds) Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa: Global-Local Networks of Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52. Larsen, N. (1997) 'Poverties of Nation: The Ends of the Earth: Monetary Subjects without Money and Postcolonial Theory', Cultural Logic 1(1). Available at: http://clogic.eserver.org/1-1/larsen.html.
53. Levy, A., E. Cadava and G. Agamben (eds) (2005[2003]) Cities without Citizens. Philadelphia: Slought Books.
54. Leys, C. (1996) Learning from the Kenya Debate: The Rise and Fall of Development Theory. London: James Currey.
55. MacGaffey, J. (1987) Entrepreneurs and Parasites: The Struggle for Indigenous Capitalism in Zaire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
56. MacGaffey, J. and R. Bazenguissa-Ganga (2000) Congo-Paris: Transnational Traders on the Margin of the Law. Oxford and Bloomington: James Currey and Indiana University Press.
57. Mamdani, M. (1996) Citizen and Subject. Princeton: Princeton University Press
58. Marx, K. (1978) 'The Grundrisse', in R. Tucker (ed.) The Marx-Engels Reader. New York: Norton.
59. Marysse, S. (2004) Guerre et pillage en Republique Democratique du Congo. Paris: Harmattan.
60. Masquelier, A. (2000) 'Of Headhunters and Cannibals: Migrancy, Labor and Consumption in the Mawri Imagination', Cultural Anthropology 15(1): 84-126.
61. Mbembe, A. (1992) Afrique Indocile. Paris: Karthala.
62. Mbembe, A. (2000) Postcolony. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
63. Migdal, J.S. (1988) Strong Societies and Weak States: State Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
64. Mirembe, O.K. (2005) 'Echange transnationaux, reseaux informels et development local. Une etude au Nord-Est de la Republique Democratique du Congo', unpublished PhD thesis, Universite Catholique de Louvain.
65. Moore, D. (2001) 'Neoliberal Globalization and the Triple Crisis of Modernization in Africa: Zimbabwe, The Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Africa', Third World Quarterly 22(6): 909-29.
66. Moore, D. (2004) 'The Second Age of the Third World: From Primitive Accumulation to Global Public Good?', Third World Quarterly 25(1): 87-109.
67. Morris, M. and M. Newman (1989) 'Official and Parallel Cereals Markets in Senegal: Empirical Evidence', World Development 17: 1895-1906.
68. Nelson, J. (1992) Christian Missionizing and Social Transformation: A History of Change and Conflict in Eastern Zaire. New York: Praeger.
69. Ottaway, M. (2002) 'Rebuilding State Institutions in Collapsed States', Development and Change 33(5): 1000-23.
70. Pottier, J. (2007) 'Rights Violations, Rumour, and Rhetoric: Making Sense of Cannibalism in Mambasa, Ituri (Democratic Republic of Congo)', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 13: 825-43.
71. Prunier, G. (1989) Les Ethnies ont une histoire. Paris: Karthala.
72. Raeymaekers, T. (2005) 'Collapse or Order? Questioning State Collapse in Africa', Conflict Research Group Working Paper No. 1, May.
73. Raeymaekers, T. (2007) 'The Power of Protection: Governance and Transborder Trade on the Congo-Uganda Frontier', unpublished PhD thesis, University of Ghent.
74. Renard, J.P. and P. Picouet (2007) Les Frontieres mondiales: Origines et dynamiques. Pornic: Editions du Temps.
75. Reno, W. (1999) Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner.
76. Reno, W. (2003) 'Political Networks in a Failing State: The Roots and Future of Violent Conflict in Sierra Leone', IPG 2: 44-66.
77. Reno, W. (2006) 'Congo: From Collapse to Absolutism to State Failure', Third World Quarterly 25(4): 607-24.
78. Rey, P.P. (1973) Sur l'articulation des modes de production. Paris: F. Maspero.
79. Roitman, J. (2001) 'New Sovereigns? Regulatory Authority in the Chad Basin', in T. Callaghy, R. Kassimir and R. Latham (eds) Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa: Global-Local Networks of Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
80. Roitman, J. (2005) Fiscal Disobedience: An Anthropology of Economic Regulation in Central Africa. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
81. Scott, J.C. (1985) Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.
82. Scott, J.C. (1998) Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
83. Sethuraman, S.V. (1976) 'The Urban Informal Sector: Concept, Measurement and Policy', International Labor Review 114(1).
84. Sklair, L. (1995) Sociology of the Global System. London: Prentice Hall.
85. Simone, A. (2004) 'People as Infrastructure: Intersecting Fragments in Johannesburg', Public Culture 16(3): 407-29.
86. Sundstrom, L. (1974) The Exchange Economy of Pre-colonial Tropical Africa. London: Hurst.
87. Tilly, C. (2006) Regimes and Repertoires. Chicago and London: Chicago University Press.
88. Tull, D.M. (2003) 'A Configuration of Political Order? The State of the State in North Kivu (DR Congo)', African Affairs 102: 429-46.
89. Vwakyanakazi, M. (1982) 'African Traders in Butembo, Eastern Zaire (1960-1980): A Case Study of Informal Entrepreneurship in a Cultural Context of Central Africa', unpublished PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
90. Vwakyanakazi, M. (1987) 'Import and Export in the Second Economy in North Kivu', in J. MacGaffey (ed.) The Real Economy of Zaire: The Contribution of Smuggling and Other Unofficial Activities to National Wealth. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
91. Weber, M. (1978) From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. London: Routledge.
92. Young, C. (1965) Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
93. Young, C and T. Turner (1985) The Rise and the Decline of the Zairian State. Madison: Wisconsin University Press.
94. Young, M.B. (2004) 'Still Stuck in the Big Muddy', in E. Schrecker (ed.) Cold War Triumphalism: The Misuse of History after the Fall of Communism, pp. 262-73. New York: The New Press.
95. Zartman, W.I. (1995) Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Authority. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.