The food cold-chain and climate change

Food Research International

Volumn 43, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 1944-1956

  James, S J ^a   James, C ^a  

^a Food Refrigeration and Process Engineering Research Centre (FRPERC)   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chilling; Climate change; Cold chain; Energy usage; Food; Freezing; Refrigeration

Indexed keywords

AMBIENT TEMPERATURES; CLIMATIC CHANGES; COLD-CHAIN; ENERGY EFFICIENT; ENERGY USAGE; FOOD; FOOD POISONING; FOOD SPOILAGE; GLOBAL TEMPERATURES; REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY;

FREEZING; REFRIGERATION; SPOILAGE;

CLIMATE CHANGE;

EID: 77956449704     PISSN: 09639969     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.02.001     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. AA1car (2009). Future alternative refrigerants. http://www.aa1car.com/library/newac2k.htm.
2. AEA Technology (2004). Emissions and projections of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 for the UK and constituent countries, report no. AEAT/ED50090/R02.
3. AEA Technology (2005). The validity of food miles as an indicator of sustainable development - Final report for DEFRA. Didcot: AEA Technology, UK.
4. Altwies, J. E., & Reindl, D. T. (1999). Passive thermal energy storage in refrigerated warehouses. In 20th International congress of refrigeration, IIR/IIF, Sydney, Australia.
5. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) ASHRAE handbook - Refrigeration 2006, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta.
6. Anderson K., Ohlsson T., Olsson P. Screening life cycle assessment (LCA) of tomato ketchup: A case study. Journal of Cleaner Production 1998, 6:277-288.
7. Anon (2007). Final submission of the food industry sustainability strategy champions' group on energy and climate change, May 2007. London: Defra, UK.
8. Arroyo-Cabañas, F. E., Aguillón-Martínez, J. E., Ambríz-García, J. J., & Canizal, G. (2009). Electric energy saving potential by substitution of domestic refrigerators in Mexico. Energy Policy. doi: doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.06.032.
9. Bahaj A. S., & James, P. A. B. (2002). Economics of solar powered refrigeration transport applications. In Proceedings of the 29th IEEE PV specialists conference, New Orleans, USA, 21-24 May 2002 (pp. 1561-1564).
10. Bentham G. Food poisoning and climate change. Health effects of climate change in the UK - 2001/2002 2002, Department of Health, London, [Section 4.2, pp. 81-84].
11. Bentham G. Foodborne disease and climate change. Health effects of climate change in the UK 2008 - An update of the department of health report 2001/2002 2008, Department of Health, London, [Section 4, pp. 71-75].
12. Billiard, F. (2005). Refrigerating equipment, energy efficiency and refrigerants. Bulletin of the IIR [2005-1].
13. Blair, T. (2004). Speech by the Prime Minister at the launch of the climate group, sustainable development strategy, Norwich, The Stationary Office. Accessed 15.04.06. http://www.number-10.gov.uk/out-put/page5716.asp.
14. Brander, K. (2009). Impacts of climate change on fisheries. Journal of Marine Systems. doi: doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.015.
15. British Frozen Food Federation (BFFF) Improving the energy efficiency of the cold chain 2009, British Frozen Food Federation, London.
16. Brodt, S., Chernoh, E., & Feenstra, G. (2007). Assessment of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in the food system: A literature review. Agricultural Sustainability Institute, University of California Davis. http://asi.ucdavis.edu/Research/Literature_Review__Assessment_of_Energy_Use_and_Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_in_the_Food_system_Nov_2007.pdf.
17. Cairns S. Delivering alternatives: Success and failures of home delivery services for food shopping. Transport Policy 1996, 3:155-176.
18. Calm, J. M. (2008). The next generation of refrigerants. Bulletin of the IIR [2008-1].
19. Carbon Disclosure Project (2006). Carbon disclosure project report global FT500. London: Carbon Disclosure Project. http://www.cdproject.net/CDPResults/CDP5_FT500_Report.pdf.
20. Cardoso R.B., Nogueira L.A.H., Haddad J. Economic feasibility for acquisition of efficient refrigerators in Brazil. Applied Energy 2010, 87:28-37.
21. Carlsson-Kanyama, A., & Faist, M. (2000). Energy use in the food sector: A data survey. AFR report 291, Sweden, February 2000.
22. Charron D., Waltner-Toews D., Maarouf A.R. Zoonoses: Climate change affects the modes by which diseases are passed from animals to humans. Alternatives Journal 2005, 31(3):24.
23. Collett, P., & Gigiel, A. J. (1986). Energy usage and weight loss in beef and pork chilling. In Recent advances and development in the refrigeration of meat by chilling, proceedings of international institute of refrigeration, commission C2, Bristol, UK (pp. 171-177).
24. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Climate change projections for Australia 2001, Melbourne Climate Impact Group, CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research, Australia.
25. Coulomb D. Refrigeration and the cold chain serving the global food industry and creating a better future: Two key IIR challenges for improving health and environment. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2008, 19:413-417.
26. Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (DBERR) (2005). Electricity supply and consumption (DUKES 5.2). http://stats.berr.gov.uk/energystats/dukes5_2.xls.
27. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (defra) The validity of food miles as an indicator of sustainable development 2005, Defra, UK, London.
28. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (defra) Food industry sustainability strategy 2006, Defra, UK, London.
29. Department for Transport (2007). Personal travel factsheet. London: Department for Transport.
30. Department of Climate Change (2009). Climate change - Potential impacts and costs. Australian Government, Department of Climate Change Fact Sheet. http://www.climatechange.gov.au/impacts/publications/pubs/fs-national.pdf.
31. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002). Energy Consumption in the UK. London: National Statistics Publication. http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/publications/ecuk/ecuk.aspx.
32. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) (2007). Energy trends June 2007. London: National Statistics Publication.
33. Devres, Y. O., & Bishop, C. F. H. (1992). A computer model for weight loss and energy conservation in a fresh produce refrigerated store. Research memorandum 134. England: Faculty of Engineering Institute of Environmental Engineering, South Bank Polytechnic.
34. D'Souza R.M., Becker N.G., Hall G., Moodie K.B.A. Does ambient temperature affect foodborne disease?. Epidemiology 2003, 15:86-92.
35. Duiven, J. E., & Binard, P. (2002). Refrigerated storage: New developments. Bulletin of the IIR [2002-2].
36. Estrada-Flores, S. (2008). Chain of thought [Vol. 1, No. 2, April 2008]. http://www.food-chain.com.au/FCI_enews2.pdf.
37. Estrada-Flores S. Thermography - Saving energy in the cold chain. Australian Fruitgrower 2009, 3(2):14.
38. Estrada-Flores S., Platt G. Electricity usage in the Australian cold chain. Food Australia 2007, 58(8):382-394.
39. Evans J.A., Scarcelli S., Swain M.V.L. Temperature and energy performance of refrigerated retail display and commercial catering cabinets under test conditions. International Journal of Refrigeration 2007, 30:398-408.
40. Famarazi, R., Coburn, B. A., & Sarhadian, R. (2002). Showcasing energy efficiency solutions in a cold storage facility. Commercial buildings: Technologies, designs, performance analysis and building industry trends - 3.107.
41. Fleury M., Charron D., Holt J., Allen O., Maarouf A. A time series analysis of the relationship of ambient temperature and common bacterial enteric infections in two Canadian provinces. International Journal of Biometeorology 2006, 50:385-391.
42. Fox, G. (2009). Exploding fridges. http://www.acr-news.com/blog/view_entry.asp?id=152.
43. Fraser E.D.G. Food system vulnerability: Using past famines to help understand how food systems may adapt to climate change. Ecological Complexity 2006, 3:328-335.
44. Gac A. Refrigerated transport: What's new?. International Journal of Refrigeration 2002, 25:501-503.
45. Garnett, T. (2007). Food Refrigeration: What is the contribution to greenhouse gas emissions and how might emissions be reduced? FCRN working paper, Food Climate Research Network, University of Surrey, UK.
46. Garnett, T. (2008a). Food and climate change - The world on a plate. CooLogistics conference, city conference centre, London, 1-2 July 2008.
47. Garnett T. Cooking up a storm - Food, greenhouse gas emissions and our changing climate 2008, Food Climate Research Network, University of Surrey, UK.
48. Gigiel A.J., Collett P. Energy consumption, rate of cooling and weight loss in beef chilling in UK slaughterhouses. Journal of Food Engineering 1989, 10:255-273.
49. Gill, C. O. (1986). The microbiology of chilled meat storage. In Proceedings of the 24th meat industry research conference, Hamilton, New Zealand. MIRINZ Publication 852 (pp. 210-213).
50. Greenpeace (2009). Cool technologies: Working without HFCs. http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/assets/binaries/cool-technology-report-2009.
51. Gregory, N. G. (2009). How climatic changes could affect meat quality. Food Research International. doi: doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2009.05.018.
52. Hall G.V., D'Souza R.M., Kirk M.D. Foodborne disease in the new millennium: Out of the frying pan and into the fire?. The Medical Journal of Australia 2002, 177:614-618.
53. Harrigan W.F., Park R.W.A. Making safe food 1991, Academic Press, London.
54. Heap, R. D. (2001). Refrigeration and air conditioning - The response to climate change. Bulletin of the IIR [No. 2001-5].
55. Heap, R. D. (2006). Cold chain performance issues now and in the future. Innovative equipment and systems for comfort and food preservation, meeting of IIR commissions B2, E1 with C2, D1, D2, Auckland, New Zealand. Paris: International Institute of Refrigeration.
56. International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) (2002). Report on refrigeration sector achievements and challenges [77 p.].
57. International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) (2003). How to improve energy efficiency in refrigerating equipment, 17th informatory note on refrigerating technologies. Paris, France: International Institute of Refrigeration.
58. International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) (2009). The role of refrigeration in worldwide nutrition - 5th Informatory note on refrigeration and food. Paris: International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR).
59. Jacxsens, L., Luning, P. A., van der Vorst, J. G. A. J., Devlieghere, F., Leemans, R., & Uyttendaele, M. (2009). Simulation modelling and risk assessment as tools to identify the impact of climate change on microbiological food safety - The case study of fresh produce supply chain. Food Research International. doi: doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2009.07.009.
60. James, S. J., & James, C. (2002). Meat refrigeration. Woodhead Publishing Limited [ISBN1 85573 442 7].
61. James, S. J., Swain, M. J., Brown, T., Evans, J. A., Tassou, S. A., Ge, Y. T., et al. (2009). Improving the energy efficiency of food refrigeration operations. In Proceedings of the institute of refrigeration [Session 2008-09, 5-1-5-8].
62. James, S. J., Senso, Y., & James, C. (2010). The energy saving potential of ambient cooling systems. Sustainability & the cold chain, meeting of IIR commissions B1, B2, C2, D1 and D2, Cambridge, UK.
63. James S.J., Evans J.A. Temperatures in the retail and domestic chilled chain. Chilled foods: The revolution in freshness 1990, Vol. 3:273-278. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London. P. Zeuthen (Ed.).
64. James S.J., Evans J., James C. A review of the performance of domestic refrigeration. Journal of Food Engineering 2008, 87:2-10.
65. Japan for Sustainability (2006). Jam maker first to introduce new geothermal cooling system. Information center database. http://www.japanfs.org/db/.
66. Jul M. The intricacies of the freezer chain. International Journal of Refrigeration 1982, 5:226-230.
67. Kolbe E. Refrigeration energy prediction for flooded tanks on fishing vessels. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 1990, 6(5):624-628.
68. Kolbe, E., Craven, C., Sylvia, G. & Morrissey, M. (2004). Chilling and freezing guidelines to maintain onboard quality and safety of Albacore tuna. Agricultural Experimental Station Oregon State University Special Report 1006.
69. Kovats R.S., Edwards S., Hajat S., Armstrong B., Ebi K.L., Menne B. The effect of temperature on food poisoning: A time-series analysis of salmonellosis in ten European countries. Epidemiology & Infection 2004, 132:443-453.
70. Le Pierrès N., Stitou D., Mazet N. New deep-freezing process using renewable low-grade heat: From the conceptual design to experimental results. Energy 2007, 32:600-608.
71. Legett, J. A., Peebles, R. W., Patoch, J. W., & Reinemann, D. J. (1997). USDA DMRY forage research center milking system improvements. Paper no. 973037. Presented at the ASAE annual international meeting, Minneapolis Convention Center Minneapolis. Minnesota August 10-14, 1997.
72. March Consulting Group (1998). Opportunities to minimize emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in the European union. March Consulting Group.
73. Market Transformation Programme (2006). Sustainable products 2006: Policy analysis and projections. Dicot: Market Transformation Programme, AEA Technology.
74. Masanet E., Worrell E., Graus W., Galitsky C. Energy efficiency improvement and cost saving opportunities for the fruit and vegetable processing industry - An ENERGY STAR guide for energy and plant managers. Environmental energy technologies division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 2007, University of California, US.
75. Mattarolo, L. (1990). Refrigeration and food processing to ensure the nutrition of the growing world population. Progress in the science and technology of refrigeration in food engineering, proceedings of meetings of commissions B2, C2, D1, D2-D3, September 24-28, 1990, Dresden, Germany. Paris, France: Institut International du Froid (pp. 43-54).
76. McKinnon, A., & Campbell, J. (1998). Quick-response in the frozen food supply chain: The manufacturers' perspective. Christian Salvesen logistics research paper no. 2, Heriot-Watt University, UK.
77. Meurer, C., & Schwarz, W. (2003). The " fish cold chain" - Basic ecological evaluations. In Proceedings of the international congress of refrigeration 2003, Washington DC.
78. Milk Development Council (1995). Bulk milk tanking cooling efficiency. Project no. 95/R1/19 report.
79. Miller G.T. Environmental science 2001, Brook/Cole. 8th ed.
80. Miraglia M., Marvin H.J.P., Kleter G.A., Battilani P., Brera C., Coni E., et al. Climate change and food safety: An emerging issue with special focus on Europe. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2009, 47:1009-1021.
81. Mitchell, S. (2006). Fiber optic lighting in low temperature reach-in refrigerated display cases. Design & engineering services report ET 05.04, Southern California Edison.
82. Mohanraj M., Jayaraj S., Muraleedharan C. Comparative assessment of environment-friendly alternatives to R134a in domestic refrigerators. Energy Efficiency 2008, 1:189-198.
83. Nieboer, H. (1988). Distribution of dairy products. Cold-chains in economic perspective, meeting of IIR commission C2, Wageningen, The Netherlands (pp. 16.1-16.9).
84. Patterson, R.R.M., & Lima, N. (2010). How will climate change affect mycotoxins in food? Food Research International. doi: doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2009.07.010.
85. Pearce, F. (2009). Supermarkets get cold feet over fridge doors. The Guardian, Thursday 1st October.
86. Pedersen, R. (1979). Advantages and disadvantages of various methods for the chilling of poultry. Landbrugsministeriets Slagteri-og Konserveslaboratorium, Copenhagen, Denmark, report no. 189.
87. Ramirez C.A., Patel M., Blok K. How much energy to process one pound of meat? A comparison of energy use and specific energy consumption in the meat industry of four European countries. Energy 2006, 31:2047-2063.
88. Refrigeration Technology & Test Centre (RTTC) (2009a). Vending machine energy guide. Irwinsale, California: Refrigeration Technology and Test Center, Southern California Edison. http://www.sce.com/NR/rdonlyres/A152092A-9FC5-410C-80DC-F19257EC19EA/0/Refrigerated_Vending_Machine_Fact.pdf.
89. Refrigeration Technology & Test Centre (RTTC) (2009b). The energy impact of the food and drug administration's code for reduced storage temperature of food. Irwinsale, California: Refrigeration Technology and Test Center, Southern California Edison. http://www.sce.com/NR/rdonlyres/0794D879-6F9F-487A-841A-5925146C82B2/0/FDA_Code_Reduced_Temp_Fact.pdf.
90. Refrigeration Technology & Test Centre (RTTC) (2009c). Exploring efficiency and retrofit benefits of refrigerated display cases. Irwinsale, California: Refrigeration Technology and Test Center, Southern California Edison. http://www.sce.com/NR/rdonlyres/A7011DF6-4DC9-423B-A23D-D5B384AE44E2/0/Meat_DisplayCase_Fact.pdf.
91. Refrigeration Technology & Test Centre (RTTC) (2009d). Proper product loading in display cases impacts food safety and energy efficiency. Irwinsale, California: Refrigeration Technology and Test Center, Southern California Edison. http://www.sce.com/NR/rdonlyres/E6200C3B-E684-4908-BB02-80B8911E86A3/0/Product_Loading_Report.pdf.
92. SAE International (2008). Industry evaluation of low global warming potential refrigerant HFO 1234yf. SAE report CRP1234.
93. Sarhadian, R. P. E. (2004). Small grocery store integrated energy efficiency improvements. Refrigeration and Thermal Test Centre Project PY 2002, RTTC Project #: R02ET01, ET Project #: ET02.05, Refrigeration and Thermal Test Center, Southern California Edison. http://www.sce.com/NR/rdonlyres/24069C7C-CBE2-4E71-99C5-E5EEC9EFC7F3/0/LKMarket_Case_Report.pdf.
94. Sarhadian, R. P. E. (2005). Small sit-down restaurant integrated energy efficiency improvements. Refrigeration and Thermal Test Centre Project PT 2002, RTTC Project #: R02ET02, ET Project #: ET02.10, Refrigeration and Thermal Test Center, Southern California Edison. http://www.sce.com/NR/rdonlyres/98CB7204-3CE4-4B82-AAF2-557645AC9315/0/SmallRestaurantCaseStudyReport.pdf.
95. Saunders, C., Barber, A., & Taylor, G. (2006). Food miles - Comparative energy/emissions performance of New Zealand's agriculture industry. Research report 285, agribusiness & economics research unit, Lincoln University, New Zealand.
96. Schmidhuber J., Tubiello F.N. Global food security under climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS) 2007, 104(50):19703-19708.
97. Semenza J.C., Menne B. Climate change and infectious diseases in Europe. The Lancet 2009, 9:365-375.
98. Sharp, A. K. (1988). Air freight of perishable product. Refrigeration for food and people, meeting of IIR commissions C2, D1, D2/3, E1, Brisbane, Australia (pp. 219-224).
99. Smith, B. K. (1986). Liquid nitrogen in-transit refrigeration. Recent advances and developments in the refrigeration of meat chilling, meeting of IIR commission C2, Bristol, UK (pp. 383-390).
100. Solpac (2009). Solkane 507. http://www.solpac.com.cn/products/Refrigerant/Solkane_507en.
101. Spence S.W.T., Doran W.J., Artt D.W. Design, construction and testing of an air-cycle refrigeration system for road transport. International Journal of Refrigeration 2004, 27(5):503-510.
102. Stera, A. C. (1999). Long distance refrigerated transport into the third millennium. 20th International congress of refrigeration, IIF/IIR Sydney, Australia, paper 736.
103. Swain M.J., Evans J.E., James S.J. Energy consumption in the UK food chill chain - Primary chilling. Food Manufacturing Efficiency 2009, 2(2):25-33.
104. Tassou S.A., De-Lille G., Ge Y.T. Food transport refrigeration - Approaches to reduce energy consumption and environmental impacts of road transport. Applied Thermal Engineering 2008, 29(8-9):1467-1477.
105. Tassou, S. A., Lewis, J., Ge, Y. T., Hadawey, A., & Chae, I. (2009). A review of emerging technologies for food refrigeration applications. Applied Thermal Engineering. doi: doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2009.09.001.
106. Tubb, N. (2001). The commercialisation of solar powered transport refrigeration. ETSU S/P2/00317/REP, DTI/Pub URN 01/1017.
107. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2002). 2002 Report of the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumps technical options committee. Nairobi [197 p.].
108. Waitrose (2009). Waitrose becomes first supermarket to launch 'breakthrough' refrigeration technology. Waitrose Press Centre, June 29, 2009. http://www.waitrose.presscentre.com/content/detail.aspx?ReleaseID=994&NewsAreaID=2.
109. Werner, S. R. L, Vaino, F., Merts, I., & Cleland, D. J. (2006). Energy use in the New Zealand cold storage industry. IIR-IRHACE conference, The University of Auckland.