China's rise in Antarctica?

Asian Survey

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 759-785

  Brady, Anne Marie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Antarctica; China's rise; Foreign policy; Resource conflict

Indexed keywords

FOREIGN POLICY; LEADERSHIP; POLITICAL CONFLICT; POLITICAL SYSTEM;

ANTARCTICA; CHINA;

EID: 77956436424     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: 1533838X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/as.2010.50.4.759     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. 1, Antarctica's "resources" include minerals, meteorites, intellectual property of Antarctic bio-prospecting (the quest to find commercial uses for bioresources), locations for scientific bases, marine living resources, and preferred access to the continent for tourism.
2. Zou Keyuan, "China's Interests in and Policy toward Antarctica", in Bruce Davis and Richard Herr (eds.), Asia in Antarctica (Canberra: Australian National University Center for Resource and Environmental Studies, 1994), p. 95.
3. See, for example, Guo Peiqlng, "The Hidden Process of China's Accession to the Antarctic Treaty", Contemporary China History Studies, no. 4 (2004), pp. 30-49.
4. Dian Olson Belanger, Deep Freeze: The United States, the International Geophysical Year, and the Origins of Antarctica's Age of Science (Boulder, Colo.: University Press of Colorado, 2006), pp. 38, 373. Belanger's information on the U. S.'s attitude toward China and Antarctica in the 1950s is based on U. S. State Department files from the period.
5. Wei-chin Lee, "China and Antarctica: So Far and Yet So Near", Asian Survey 30:6 (June 1990), p. 580.
6. Wang Qian, "Twenty Years of Antarctic Research", November 3, 2004, china.org.cn, .
7. SCAR is a committee of the International Committee for Science, providing advice to the ATS on scientific matters; its advice has been incorporated into Antarctic Treaty instruments on numerous occasions.
8. Lee, "China and Antarctica", p. 585.
9. "Report of 21st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition, 2004-05" (Beijing: Chinese Advisory Committee for Polar Research, 2005).
10. Wang Qian, "Twenty Years of Antarctic Research."
11. "Report of 21st Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition, 2004-05."
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27. The previous amount was "roughly 20 million. " See "China Takes Bold Steps into Antarctic's Forbidding Interior", Science 306 (October 29, 2004), p. 803.
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29. Discussions with senior officials of the Department of Land and Resources, Christchurch, January 2010.
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33. Dian Olson Belanger, Deep Freeze, pp. 38, 373.
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36. CCAMLR manages marine living resources in the seas around Antarctica. It is part of the body of international law governing Antarctica. A total of 32 nations have signed the convention.
37. CCAMLR, meeting notes, 2007, .
38. Megha Bahree, "Blue Waters, Gray Areas", Forbes, November 12, 2007; email, Antarctic Policy Unit (APU), New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (NZ MFAT), September 14, 2007, APU/CHN, Part 3.
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43. Email, APU, NZ MFAT, September 14, 2007, APU/CHN, Part 3. However, the following article demonstrates that some in the Chinese fishing sector were sympathetic to requests to control IUU fishing: Lin Zhifeng and Zhang Mei, "Nanji Haiyang Shengwu Ziyuan Yanghu Gongyue dui Woguo Nan Dayang Yuye de Yingxiang" [The effect of CCAMLR on Chinese distant water fisheries in the Southern Ocean], Haiyang yuye [Ocean Fishing] 28:1 (2006). The 2007 contretemps is more likely to be related to different branches of the Chinese government having conflicting interests over the issue of IUU.
44. Yuan Hua, Tang jianhua, and Huang Shuolin, "Aodaliya Kongzhi IUU Bulao de Guojia Cuoshi ji qi dui Woguo Yuye Guanli de Qishi" [Analyses on Australian national action to deter IUU fishing and its illumination for China's fisheries management], Shanghai shuichan daxue xuehao [Shanghai Fisheries University Journal] 17:3 (2008)
45. Guo Peiqing, "Jidi Zhengduo Weihe Xiaoyan zai Qi" [Polar conflict: Why the smell of gunsmoke has returned], Liaoivang 45 (November 2007); .
46. Guo Peiqing, "Nanji Bainian de Zhengduo" [A hundred years of fighting over Antarctica], August 1, 2007, Huanqiu [Global]. This newspaper is part of the Peoples Daily publishing group.
47. Yu, "Nanji 'Sanji Tiao'."
48. Yan Qide and Hu Lingtai, "Nanji Zhou Zhengzhi Qianjing Qianxi" [Analyzing the political future of Antarctica], Jidi yanjiu 17:3 (September 2005), pp. 157-64.
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50. Guo Peiqing, "Nanji Luyou Guanli Zhidu Xingcheng Milu" [An outline of Antarctic tourism management], Zhonggong Qingdao Shiwei Dangxiao Qingdao Xingzheng Xueyuan Xuebao [Qingdao Party School Journal] 6 (2006), pp. 45-48.
51. Discussions with Chinese polar officials and scholars in Wuhan, Shanghai, and Qingdao, December 2009, and Christchurch, January 2010.
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53. See, for example, Yan Qide, "Nanji Ziyuan yu Guoji Fenzheng" [The international struggle for Antarctic resources], Kexue [Science] 43:4 (1991), pp. 261-72;
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56. Zou Keyuan, Nanji Kuanwu Ziyuan yu Guoji Fa [Antarctic mineral resources and international law] (Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 1996).
57. Guo Peiqing, "Nanji Ziyuan yu qi Ziyuan Zhengzhi" (Antarctic resources and the politics of their management), Haiyang Shijie, no. 3 (2007), p. 71.
58. Zhu et al., "Nanji Ziyuan Fenzheng ji Woguo de Xiangying Duice", p. 215.
59. See, for example, "Beiji Bingrong dui Zhongguo Yiweizhe Shenme" [What the melting of the North Pole means for China], cippe.net, July 28, 2008, (this website collates news for the Chinese petroleum industry), accessed February 19, 2009;
60. "Yingguo Shuaixian Daoxiang Nanji zhi Zheng" [U. K. fires the first shot in Antarctic conflict], Xinhua, October 22, 2007.
61. See David Zweig and Bi Jianhai, "China's Global Hunt for Energy", Foreign Affairs 84:5 (September/October 2005), pp. 25-38.
62. Zhu et al., "Nanji Ziyuan Fenzheng ji Woguo de Xiangying Duice", p. 220.
63. See, for example, "Wo zai Nanji shang kong fei hang" [I flew in Antarctica], Ba-Yi Fengcai (August 1 Color), ;
64. Junshi kongjian [Military Airspace], ;
65. Tiexue shequ [Iron Blood District], .
66. Antarctic Treaty Electronic Exchange Information: China 2008/2009, .
67. "Yingguo Shuaixian Daoxiang Nanji zhi Zheng."
68. 61, Chen Junhong (ed.), Jiaqiang he Gaijin Sixiang Zhengzhi Gongzuo Xuexi Duhen [A reader of strengthening and reforming political thought work] (Beijing: Zhonggong Zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe, 1999), p. 169.
69. "Xianggang Wenhui bao: Zhongguo junshi 'geng you zuo wei"' (Hong Kong's Wen Wei Po newspaper: The Chinese military is "doing more of what it can"), January 4, 2009, , Bonnie Glaser also notes that Chinese foreign policy has recently become more "proactive" on selective issues, especially resource-related ones, and that Deng's dictum has been adjusted to emphasize the latter section rather than the former.
70. See Glaser, "China's nth Ambassadorial Conference Signals Continuity and Change in Chinese Foreign Policy", China Brief 9:22 (November 4, 2009), .
71. See, for example, Elizabeth Economy, "Chinas Rise in Southeast Asia: Implications for the United States", Journal of Contemporary China 14:44 (August 2005), pp. 409-25.
72. See Ian Taylor, China's New Role in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2009).
73. See Robert Devlin, Antoni Estevadeordal, and Andres Rodriguez-Clare (eds.), The Emergence of China: Opportunities and Challenges for Latin America and the Caribbean (Washington, D. C.: Interdevelopment Bank, 2006).
74. See Anne-Marie Brady (ed.), Looking North, Looking South: China, Taiwan, and the South Pacific (Singapore: World Scientific, 2010).
75. "China Bolsters Antarctic Posts", November 6, 2007, BBC;
76. see also "China to Finish Interior Antarctic Station in 2009", Reuters, April 20, 2008.
77. See, for example, Nature News, ;
78. The Register,
79. Socialist Courier, .
80. Zheng Bijian, "China's 'Peaceful Rise' to Great-Power Status", Foreign Affairs (September/October 2005), pp. 18-24.
81. Antarctic Treaty, 1959, .
82. Interview with Trevor Hughes, New Zealand delegate to the 30th ATCM, Wellington, February 2, 2009.
83. "Antarctic Treaty: Final Report of the Thirtieth Consultative Meeting", New Delhi (April 30-May 11, 2007), p. 21.
84. Interview with Trevor Hughes
85. An electronic version of this report is available on the ATS site, at .
86. Wang Qian, "Twenty Years of Antarctic Research."
87. Prabir G. Dastidar and Olle Persson, "Mapping rhe Global Structure of Antarctic Research Vis-à-vis Antarctic Treaty System", Current Science 89:9 (2004), pp. 1552-54.
88. Zou Keyuan, "Chinas Interests in and Policy toward Antarctica", p. 97.
89. Yu, "Nanji 'Sanji Tiao'."
90. "China Takes Bold Steps into Antarctic's Forbidding Interior", Polar Science 306 (October 29, 2004), p. 803.
91. Guo Peiqing, "Nanji Ziyuan yu qi Ziyuan Zhengzhi", p. 70.
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93. Jean de Pomereu, "So Near, Yet So Far", December 11, 2008, International Polar Foundation,
94. Phone interview with Jean de Pomereu, January 15, 2009. Polar journalist Jean de Pomereu spent six weeks with the Chinese Antarctic Expedition in the austral summer of 2008-09.
95. There are already plans in place to establish an air bridge between Zhongshan Station and the Kunlun Base, but it is estimated to take many years to achieve. See Yu, "Nanji 'Sanji Tiao'."
96. Discussions with senior officials of the Ministry of Land Resources and CAA, Christchurch, January 2010.
97. See Anne-Marie Brady, "The Beijing Olympics as a Campaign of Mass Distraction", China Quarterly 197 (March 2009), pp. 1-24.
98. State Bureau of Survey and Mapping, "Zhongguo Nanji cehui kexue kaocha 22 nian chengjiu yu gongxian" [22 years of achievements of China's Antarctic mapping], 2007, .
99. See Xuanchuan wenhua zhengce fagui bianweihui, ed., Xuanchuan Wenhua Zhengce Fagui [Policies and regulations on propaganda and culture] (Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubanshe, 1999), p. 10.
100. See Anne-Marie Brady, Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008), p. 79.
101. Jean de Pomereu, "Dome A Traverse and Kunlun Station", International Polar Foundation, December 18, 2008, .