Media representations of British Muslims and hybridised threats to identity

Contemporary Islam

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 289-310

  Jaspal, Rusi ^a   Cinnirella, Marco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Identity; Identity process theory; Intergroup threat theory; Media representations; Muslims; Social psychology; Threat

Indexed keywords

EID: 77956344591     PISSN: 18720218     EISSN: 18720226     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11562-010-0126-7     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Ahmed, A. S. (1992). Postmodernism and Islam. London: Routledge.
2. Anthias, F. (1995). Cultural racism or racist culture? Rethinking racist exclusions. Economy and Society, 24(2), 279-301.
3. Archer, L. (2009). Race, 'face' and masculinity: The identities and local geographies of Muslim boys. In P. Hopkins & R. Gale (Eds.), Muslims in Britain: Race, place and identities. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
4. Barnes, L. (2005). The Islamic Manchurian Candidates. Retrieved from BNP. org web-site on 09/08/2005: http://www. bnp. org. uk/columnists/brimstone2. php?leeId=55.
5. Bar-On, D. (2008). The others within us: Constructing Jewish-Israeli identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. Breakwell, G. M. (1986). Coping with threatened identities. London: Methuen.
7. Breakwell, G. M. (1992). Processes of self-evaluation: Efficacy and estrangement. In G. M. Breakwell (Ed.), Social psychology of identity and the self concept (pp. 335-355). London: Academic Press/Surrey University Press.
8. Breakwell, G. M. (1993). Social representations and social identity. Papers on Social Representations, 2, 198-217.
9. Breakwell, G. M. (2001). Social representational constraints upon identity processes. In K. Deaux & G. Philogene (Eds.), Representations of the social: Bridging theoretical traditions (pp. 271-285). Oxford: Blackwell.
10. Breakwell, G. M., Collie, A., Harrison, B., & Propper, C. (1984). Attitudes towards the unemployed: effects of threatened identity. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 87-88.
11. Cinnirella, M. (1997). Ethnic and national stereotypes: A social identity perspective. In C. C. Barfoot (Ed.), Beyond Pug's Tour: National and ethnic stereotyping in theory and literary practice (pp. 253-274). Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi.
12. Cinnirella, M., Lewis, C. A., Ansari, H., Loewenthal, K., Brooke-Rogers, M., & Amlot, R. (in press). Social identity and beliefs about martyrdom and terrorism amongst British Muslims. In C. A. Lewis, M. B. Rogers, R. Amlot, C. M. Loewenthal, M. Cinnirella, & H. Ansari (Eds.), Aspects of terrorism and martyrdom: Dying for good, dying for God (Volumes 1, 2, 3). Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen Press.
13. Codol, J. P. (1981). Une approche cognitive du sentiment d'identité [A cognitive approach to the feeling of identity]. Social Science Information, 20, 111-136.
14. Corenblum, B., & Stephan, W. G. (2001). White fears and native apprehensions: an integrated threat theory approach to intergroup attitudes. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 33(4), 251-268.
15. Cottle, S. (2000). Introduction: Media research and ethnic minorities: Mapping the field. In S. Cottle (Ed.), Ethnic minorities and the media: Changing cultural boundaries (pp. 1-30). Buckingham: Open University Press.
16. Coyle, A. (1991). The construction of gay identity. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
17. Coyle, A., & Rafalin, D. (2000). Jewish gay men's accounts of negotiating cultural, religious and sexual identity: a qualitative study. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 12, 21-48.
18. Deaux, K., & Philogène, G. (Eds.). (2001). Representations of the social. Oxford: Blackwell.
19. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
20. Elmasry, M. (2002). The future of Muslims in Canada. Conference Paper October 20th 2002. Ottawa, Canada.
21. Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (1997). Prejudice as self-image maintenance: affirming the self through derogating others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 31-44.
22. Fekete, L. (2002). Racism, the hidden cost of September 11. London: Institute of Race Relations.
23. Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the news: Discourse and ideology in the press. London: Routledge.
24. Gecas, V. (1982). The self-concept. Annual Review of Sociology, 8, 1-33.
25. Greer, C., & Jewkes, Y. (2005). Extremes of otherness: media images of social exclusion. Social Justice, 32(1), 20-31.
26. Haselton, M. G., & Buss, D. M. (2003). Biases in social judgment: Design flaws or design features? In J. P. Forgas, K. D. Williams, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), Social judgments: Implicit and explicit processes (pp. 23-43). New York: Cambridge University Press.
27. Herriot, P. (2008). Religious fundamentalism and social identity. London: Routledge.
28. Hilton, D. J., Erb, H., Dermot, M., & Molian, D. J. (1996). Social representations of history and attitudes to European reunification in Britain, France and Germany. In G. M. Breakwell & E. Lyons (Eds.), Changing European identities: Social psychological analyses of social change (pp. 275-296). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
29. Hirschmann, N. J. (1997). Eastern veiling, western freedom? The Review of Politics, 59(3), 461-488.
30. Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (1990). Social motivation, self-esteem and social identity. In D. Abrans & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity theory: Constructive and critical advances (pp. 28-47). New York: Springer-Verlag.
31. Ivie, R. L. (1980). Images of savagery in American justifications for war. Communication Monographs, 47, 279-294.
32. Jacobson, J. (1997). Perceptions of Britishness. Nations and Nationalism, 3, 181-199.
33. Jaspal, R., & Cinnirella, M. (2010). The construction of ethnic identity: Insights from identity process theory. Manuscript submitted for publication.
34. Jaspal, R. & Cinnirella, M. (in press). Coping with potentially incompatible identities: accounts of religious, ethnic and sexual identities from British Pakistani men who identify as Muslim and gay. British Journal of Social Psychology.
35. Jaspal, R., & Coyle, A. (2009). Language and perceptions of identity threat. Psychology and Society, 2(2), 150-167.
36. Jaspal, R., & Coyle, A. (2010). "Arabic is the language of the Muslims-that's how it was supposed to be": exploring language and religious identity through reflective accounts from young British-born Asians. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 13(1), 17-36.
37. Jaspal, R. & Coyle, A. (in press). "My language, my people": language and ethnic identity among British-born South Asians. South Asian Diaspora.
38. Jaspal, R. & Yampolsky, M. (2010). Social representations of the Holocaust and Israeli Jewish identity construction: Insights from identity process theory. Paper presented at the Centre for Research in Political Psychology (CRiPP) conference, Queen's University Belfast, 14th-16th April 2010.
39. Johnson, D., Terry, D. J., & Louis, W. R. (2005). Perceptions of the intergroup structure and anti-Asian prejudice among White Australians. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8, 53-71.
40. Kavanagh, T. (2009). Will Muslims denounce the atrocities too? The Sun, 16th March 2009.
41. Lewis, J. (2001). Constructing public opinion. New York: Columbia University Press.
42. Lyons, E. (1996). Coping with social change: Processes of social memory in the reconstruction of identities. In G. M. Breakwell & E. Lyons (Eds.), Changing European identities: Social psychological analyses of social change (pp. 31-40). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
43. Manning, P. (2006). Australians imagining Islam. In E. Poole & J. E. Richardson (Eds.), Muslims and the news media (pp. 128-41). London: I. B. Tauris.
44. Markowe, L. A. (2002). Coming out as a lesbian. In A. Coyle & C. Kitzinger (Eds.), Lesbian and gay psychology: New perspectives (pp. 63-80). Oxford: BPS Blackwell.
45. Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. The American Psychologist, 41(9), 954-969.
46. Martin-Rojo, L. (1995). Division and rejection: from the personification of the Gulf conflict to the demonization of Saddam Hussein. Discourse and Society, 6(1), 29-80.
47. Mason, D. (2000). Race and ethnicity in modern Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
48. Modood, T. (1990). British Asian Muslims and the Rushdie affair. The Political Quarterly, 61(2), 143-160.
49. Modood, T., Beishon, S., & Virdee, S. (1994). Changing ethnic identities. London: Policy Studies Institute.
50. Moore, K., Mason, P., & Lewis, J. (2008). Images of Islam in the UK: The representation of British Muslims in the National Print News Media 2000-2008. Cardiff: Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies.
51. Moscovici, S. (1981). On social representations. In J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Social cognition: Perspectives on everyday understanding (pp. 181-209). London: Academic.
52. Moscovici, S. (1988). Notes towards a description of social representations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18(3), 211-250.
53. Nelson, T. (2002). The psychology of prejudice. Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon.
54. Pearce, J. M., & Stockdale, J. E. (2009). UK responses to the asylum issue: a comparison of lay and expert views. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19, 142-155.
55. Phillips, M. (2006). Londonistan. London: Gibson Square.
56. Poole, E. (2002). Reporting Islam: Media representations of British Muslims. London: I. B. Tauris.
57. Poole, E. (2006). The effects of September 11 and the war in Iraq on British newspaper coverage. In E. Poole & J. E. Richardson (Eds.), Muslims in the News Media (pp. 89-102). London: I. B Tauris.
58. Poole, E.,& Richardson J. E. (2006). Muslims in the News Media. London: I. B Tauris.
59. Richardson, J. E. (2004). (Mis)representing Islam: The racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
60. Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: a meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 336-353.
61. Rothbart, D., & Korostelina, K. V. (2006). Moral denigration of the other. In D. Rothbart & K. V. Korostelina (Eds.), Identity, morality and threat (pp. 29-58). Lanham: Lexington.
62. Saeed, A. (2004). 9/11 and the consequences for British-Muslims. In J. Carter & D. Morland (Eds.), Anti-capitalist Britain (pp. 70-81). Cheltenham: New Clarion.
63. Saeed, A. (2007). Media, racism and Islamophobia: the representation of Islam and Muslims in the media. Sociology Compass, 1(2), 443-462.
64. Saeed, A., & Drainville, E. (2006). Beyond orientalism: Why Palestine is still the issue. Paper presented at the AMPE/MECSA joint conference, Leeds Metropolitan University, 13-15 January 2006.
65. Saeed, A., Blain, N., & Forbes, D. (1999). New ethnic and national questions in Scotland: post-British identities amonst Glasgow Pakistani teenagers. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(5), 821-844.
66. Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. London: Penguin.
67. Said, E. W. (1981). Covering Islam: How the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world. New York City: Pantheon Books.
68. Simon, B. (2004). Identity in modern society: A social psychological perspective. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
69. Solomos, J. (1993). Race and racism in Britain. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
70. Speller, G. M. (2000). A community in transition: A longitudinal study of place attachment and identity processes in the context of an enforced relocation. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
71. Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23-46). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
72. Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Morrison, K. R. (2009). Intergroup threat theory. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Handbook or prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination (pp. 43-59). New York: Taylor & Francis.
73. Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
74. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
75. Timotijevic, L., & Breakwell, G. M. (2000). Migration and threat to identity. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 10(5), 355-372.
76. Triandafyllidou, A. (2001). Immigrants and National Identity in Europe. London: Routledge.
77. van Dijk, T. A. (1991). Racism and the press. London: Routledge.
78. Verkuyten, M. (2001). 'Abnormalization' of ethnic minorities in conversation. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(2), 257-278.
79. Vignoles, V. L., Chryssochoou, X., & Breakwell, G. M. (2000). The distinctiveness principle: identity, meaning, and the bounds of cultural relativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(4), 337-354.
80. Vignoles, V. L., Chryssochoou, X., & Breakwell, G. M. (2002). Evaluating models of identity motivation: self-esteem is not the whole story. Self and Identity, 1, 201-218.
81. Vignoles, V. L., Regalia, C., Manzi, C., Golledge, J., & Scabini, E. (2006). Beyond self-esteem: influence of multiple motives on identity construction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 308-333.
82. Werbner, P. (1994). Diaspora and millennium: British Pakistani global-local fabulations of the Gulf War. In A. Ahmed & H. Donnan (Eds.), Islam, globalization and postmodernity (pp. 209-232). London: Routledge.
83. Werbner, P. (2000). Divided loyalties, empowered citizenship? Muslims in Britain. Citizenship Studies, 4(3), 307-324.
84. Wood, C., & Finlay, W. M. L. (2008). British National Party representations of Muslims in the month after the London bombings: homogeneity, threat, and the conspiracy tradition. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 707-726.