Clinical application of image-guided radiotherapy in bladder and prostate cancer

Clinical Oncology

Volumn 22, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 698-706

  Button, M R ^a   Staffurth, J N ^b  

^a VELINDRE CANCER CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^b CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bladder cancer; IGRT; Image guided radiotherapy; Internal organ motion; Prostate cancer

Indexed keywords

CHOLINE; CISPLATIN;

ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; ARTICLE; BLADDER CANCER; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEVICE; EQUIPMENT; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE ADENOCARCINOMA; PROSTATE CANCER; RADIATION DOSE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; MALE; MOVEMENT; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RADIOTHERAPY; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS;

EID: 77956262648     PISSN: 09366555     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2010.06.020     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Staffurth J.N. A review of clinical evidence for IMRT. Clin Oncol 2010, 22:8.
2. Kotwal S., Choudhury A., Johnston C., Paul A.B., Whelan P., Kiltie A.E. Similar treatment outcomes for radical cystectomy and radical radiotherapy in invasive bladder cancer treated at a United Kingdom specialist treatment center. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 70(2):456-463.
3. Chahal R., Sundaram S.K., Iddenden R., Forman D.F., Weston P.M., Harrison S.C. A study of the morbidity, mortality and long-term survival following radical cystectomy and radical radiotherapy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer in Yorkshire. Eur Urol 2003, 43(3):246-257.
4. Shipley W.U., Kaufman D.S., Tester W.J., Pilepich M.V., Sandler H.M. Overview of bladder cancer trials in the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Cancer 2003, 97(Suppl. 8):2115-2119.
5. Harland S.J., Kynaston H., Grigor K., et al. A randomized trial of radical radiotherapy for the management of pT1G3 NXM0 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 2007, 178:807-813.
6. Cowan R.A., McBain C.A., Ryder W.D., et al. Radiotherapy for muscle-invasive carcinoma of the bladder: results of a randomized trial comparing conventional whole bladder with dose-escalated partial bladder radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004, 59(1):197-207.
7. Sanderson K.M., Stein J.P., Skinner D.G. The evolving role of pelvic lymphadenectomy in the treatment of bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2004, 22(3):205-211. discussion 212-213.
8. Efstathiou J.A., Zietman A.L., Kaufman D.S., Heney N.M., Coen J.J., Shipley W.U. Bladder-sparing approaches to invasive disease. World J Urol 2006, 24(5):517-529.
9. Choueiri T.K., Raghavan D. Chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy: persisting uncertainties. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2008, 5(8):444-454.
10. Zietman A.L., Sacco D., Skowronski U., et al. Organ conservation in invasive bladder cancer by transurethral resection, chemotherapy and radiation: results of a urodynamic and quality of life study on long-term survivors. J Urol 2003, 170(5):1772-1776.
11. De Jong I.J., Pruim J., Elsinga P.H., Jongen M.M., Mensink H.J., Vaalburg W. Visualisation of bladder cancer using (11)C-choline PET: first clinical experience. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002, 29(10):1283-1288.
12. Picchio M., Treiber U., Beer A.J., et al. Value of 11C-choline PET and contrast-enhanced CT for staging of bladder cancer: correlation with histopathologic findings. J Nucl Med 2006, 47(6):938-944.
13. Rodel C., Grabenbauer G.G., Kuhn R., et al. Combined-modality treatment and selective organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer: long-term results. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20(14):3061-3071.
14. Henningsohn L., Wijkstrom H., Dickman P.W., Bergmark K., Steineck G. Distressful symptoms after radical radiotherapy for urinary bladder cancer. Radiother Oncol 2002, 62(2):215-225.
15. Harris S.J., Buchanan R.B. An audit and evaluation of bladder movements during radical radiotherapy. Clin Oncol 1998, 10(4):262-264.
16. Pos F.J., Hulshof M., Lebesque J., et al. Adaptive radiotherapy for invasive bladder cancer: a feasibility study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 64(3):862-868.
17. Lotz H.T., Remeijer P., van Herk M., et al. A model to predict bladder shapes from changes in bladder and rectal filling. Med Phys 2004, 31(6):1415-1423.
18. Fokdal L., Hoyer M., von der Maase H. Radical radiotherapy for urinary bladder cancer: treatment outcomes. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2005, 6(2):269-279.
19. Henry A.M., Stratford J., McCarthy C., et al. X-ray volume imaging in bladder radiotherapy verification. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 64(4):1174-1178.
20. Burridge N., Amer A., Marchant T., et al. Online adaptive radiotherapy of the bladder: small bowel irradiated-volume reduction. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 66(3):892-897.
21. Meijer G.J., Rasch C., Remeijer P., Lebesque J.V. Three-dimensional analysis of delineation errors, setup errors, and organ motion during radiotherapy of bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003, 55(5):1277-1287.
22. Muren L.P., Smaaland R., Dahl O. Organ motion, set-up variation and treatment margins in radical radiotherapy of urinary bladder cancer. Radiother Oncol 2003, 69(3):291-304.
23. McBain C.A., Green M.M., Stratford J. Ultrasound imaging to assess inter- and intra-fraction motion during bladder radiotherapy and its potential as a verification tool. Clin Oncol 2009, 21:385-393.
24. Betgen A., Van Herk M., Lotz H., Pos F., Remeijer P., Sonke J. Changes in patient setup and bladder volume during irradiation of bladder cancer patients. Radiother Oncol 2005, 76(S2):S104.
25. Lotz H.T., Pos F., Hulshof M., et al. Tumor motion and deformation during external radiotherapy of bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 64(5):1551-1558.
26. McBain C.A., Khoo V., Buckley D.L. Assessment of bladder motion for clinical radiotherapy practice using cine-magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 75:664-671.
27. Mangar S.A., Miller N.R., Khoo V., et al. Evaluating inter-fractional changes in volume and position during bladder radiotherapy and the effect of volume limitation as a method of reducing the internal margin of the planning target volume. Clin Oncol 2008, 20:698-704.
28. Foroudi F., Haworth A., Pangehel A., et al. Inter-observer variability of clinical target volume delineation for bladder cancer using CT and cone beam CT. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2009, 53(2):100-106.
29. Lalondrelle S., Thompson A., Khoo V. Fiducial markers in external beam radiotherapy for bladder cancer. Radiother Oncol 2007, 85(2):324.
30. Mangar S., Thompson A., Miles E., Huddart R., Horwich A., Khoo V. A feasibility study of using gold seeds as fiducial markers for bladder localization during radical radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2007, 20:279-283.
31. Hulshof M., van Andelb G., Bela A., Gangela P., van de Kamera J.B. Intravesical markers for delineation of target volume during external focal irradiation of bladder carcinomas. Radiother Oncol 2007, 84:49-51.
32. Pos F., Bex A., Dees-Ribbers H.M., Betgen A., van Herk M., Remeijer P. Lipiodol injection for target volume delineation and image guidance during radiotherapy for bladder cancer. Radiother Oncol 2009, 93(2):364-367.
33. Lalondrelle S., Hansen V., Aitken A., Khoo V. Adaptive-predictive organ localisation (A-POLO): evaluation of a novel adaptive planning methodology. Radiother Oncol 2008, 88(Suppl. 2):S32.
34. Lalondrelle S., Huddart R. Improving radiotherapy for bladder cancer: an opportunity to integrate new technologies. Clin Oncol 2009, 21(5):380-384.
35. Muren L.P., Redpath A.T., Lord H., McLaren D.B. Image-guided radiotherapy of bladder cancer: bladder volume variation and its relation to margins. Radiother Oncol 2007, 84(3):307-313.
36. Pos F.J., van Tienhoven G., Hulshof M.C., Koedooder K., Gonzalez Gonzalez D. Concomitant boost radiotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer. Radiother Oncol 2003, 68(1):75-80.
37. Foroudi F., Wong J., Haworth A., et al. Offline adaptive radiotherapy for bladder cancer using cone beam computed tomography. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2009, 53(2):226-233.
38. http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/.
39. Dearnaley D.P., Khoo V.S., Norman A.R., et al. Comparison of radiation side-effects of conformal and conventional radiotherapy in prostate cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999, 353(9149):267-272.
40. Zietman A.L., DeSilvio M.L., Slater J.D., et al. Comparison of conventional-dose vs high-dose conformal radiation therapy in clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005, 294(10):1233-1239.
41. Dearnaley D.P., Hall E., Lawrence D., et al. Phase III pilot study of dose escalation using conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer: PSA control and side effects. Br J Cancer 2005, (92):488-492.
42. Kuban D.A., Tucker S.L., Dong L., et al. Long-term results of the M.D. Anderson randomized dose-escalation trial for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 70(1):67-74.
43. Peeters S.T., Heemsbergen W.D., Koper P.C., et al. Dose-response in radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: results of the Dutch multicenter randomized phase III trial comparing 68 Gy of radiotherapy with 78 Gy. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24(13):1990-1996.
44. Dearnaley D.P., Sydes M.R., Graham J.D., et al. Escalated-dose versus standard-dose conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer: first results from the MRC RT01 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2007, 8(6):475-487.
45. Nutting C.M., Corbishley C.M., Sanchez-Nieto B., Cosgrove V.P., Webb S., Dearnaley D.P. Potential improvements in the therapeutic ratio of prostate cancer irradiation: dose escalation of pathologically identified tumour nodules using intensity modulated radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2002, 75(890):151-161.
46. Testa C., Schiavina R., Lodi R., et al. Prostate cancer: sextant localization with MR imaging, MR spectroscopy, and 11C-choline PET/CT. Radiology 2007, 244:797-806.
47. Piert M., Park H., Khan A., et al. Detection of aggressive primary prostate cancer with 11C-choline PET/CT using multimodality fusion techniques. J Nucl Med 2009, 50(10):1585-1593.
48. Farsad M., Schiavina R., Castellucci P., et al. Detection and localization of prostate cancer: correlation of 11C-choline PET/CT with histopathologic step-section analysis. J Nucl Med 2005, 46(10):1642-1649.
49. Roach M., DeSilvio M., Lawton C., et al. Phase III trial comparing whole-pelvic versus prostate-only radiotherapy and neoadjuvant versus adjuvant combined androgen suppression: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9413. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21(10):1904-1911.
50. Harisinghani M.G., Barentsz J., Hahn P.F., et al. Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2003, 348(25):2491-2499.
51. de Jong I., Jan Pruim J., Elsinga P., Vaalburg W., Mensink H. Preoperative staging of pelvic lymph nodes in prostate cancer by 11C-choline PET. J Nucl Med 2003, 44(3):331-335.
52. de Crevoisier R., Tucker S.L., Dong L., et al. Increased risk of biochemical and local failure in patients with distended rectum on the planning CT for prostate cancer radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 62(4):965-973.
53. Heemsbergen W.D., Hoogeman M.S., Witte M.G., Peeters S.T., Incrocci L., Lebesque J.V. Increased risk of biochemical and clinical failure for prostate patients with a large rectum at radiotherapy planning: results from the Dutch trial of 68 Gy versus 78 Gy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007, 67(5):1418-1424.
54. Engels B., Soete G., Verellen D., Storme G. Conformal arc radiotherapy for prostate cancer: increased biochemical failure in patients with distended rectum on the planning computed tomogram despite image guidance by implanted markers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 74(2):383-391.
55. Willoughby T., Kupelian P., Pouliot J., et al. Target localization and real-time tracking using the Calypso 4D localization system in patients with localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 65(2):528-534.
56. Padhani A.R., Khoo V.S., Suckling J., Husband J.E., Leach M.O., Dearnaley D.P. Evaluating the effect of rectal distension and rectal movement on prostate gland position using cine MRI. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999, 44(3):525-533.
57. Kupelian P., Willoughby T., Mahadevan A., et al. Multi-institutional clinical experience with the Calypso system in localization and continuous, real-time monitoring of the prostate gland during external radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007, 67(4):1088-1098.
58. Lerma F., Liu B., Wang Z., et al. Role of image-guided patient repositioning and online planning in localized prostate cancer IMRT. Radiat Oncol 2009, 93(1):18-24.
59. Frank S., Dong L., Kudchadker R., et al. Quantification of prostate and seminal vesicle interfraction variation during IMRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 71(3):813-820.
60. Chen J., Lee R.J., Handrahan D., Sause W. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy using implanted fiducial markers with daily portal imaging: assessment of prostate organ motion. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007, 68(3):912-919.
61. Trichter F., Ennis R.D. Prostate localization using transabdominal ultrasound imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003, 56:1225-1233.
62. Chandra A., Dong L., Huang E., et al. Experience of ultrasound based daily prostate localization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003, 56:436-447.
63. Antolak J.A., Rosen, Childress C.H., Zagars G.K., Pollack A. Prostate target volume variations during a course of radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998, 42(3):661-672.
64. Craig T., Satkusagingham J., Chan K., et al. Advanced image guidance allows margin reduction in radiation therapy of prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 72(Suppl. 1):S551.
65. McNair H., Hansen V., Parker C., et al. A comparison of the use of bony anatomy and internal markers for offline verification and an evaluation of the potential benefit of online and offline verification protocols for prostate radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 71(1):41-50.
66. Drabik D.M., MacKenzie M., Fallone G.B. Quantifying appropriate PTV setup margins: analysis of patient setup fidelity and intrafraction motion using post-treatment megavoltage computed tomography scans. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007, 68(4):1222-1228.
67. Kotte A., Hofman P., Lagendijk J.J., van Vulpen M., van der Heide U.A. Intrafraction motion of the prostate during external beam radiation therapy: analysis of 427 patients with implanted fiducial markers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007, 69(2):419-425.
68. van Herk M., Remeijer P., Rasch C., Lebesque J.V. The probability of correct target dosage: dose-population histograms for deriving treatment margins in radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000, 47(4):1121-1135.
69. Langen K., Willoughby T., Meeks S., et al. Observations on real-time prostate gland motion using electromagnetic tracking. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 71(4):1084-1090.
70. Li H., Chetty I., Enke C., et al. Dosimetric consequences of intrafraction prostate motion. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 71:801-812.
71. O'Doherty U., McNair H., Norman A., et al. Variability of bladder filling in patients receiving radical radiotherapy to the prostate. Radiother Oncol 2006, 79(3):335-340.
72. Smitsmans M., Pos F., de Bois J., et al. The influence of a dietary protocol on cone beam CT-guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 71(4):1279-1286.
73. Nichol AM, Warde PR, Lockwood GA, et al. A cinematic magnetic resonance imaging study of milk of magnesia laxative and an antiflatulent diet to reduce intrafraction prostate motion. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys (in press).
74. Stasi M., Munoz F., Fiorino C., et al. Emptying the rectum before treatment delivery limits the variations of rectal dose-volume parameters during 3DCRT of prostate cancer. Radiat Oncol 2006, 80(3):363-370.
75. Ogino I., Uemura H., Inoue T., Kubota Y., Nomura N. Reduction of prostate motion by removal of gas in rectum during radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 72(2):456-466.
76. Fiorino C., Di Muzio N., Broggi S., et al. Evidence of limited motion of the prostate by carefully emptying the rectum as assessed by daily MVCT image guidance with helical tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 71(2):611-617.
77. Stillie A.L., Krony T., Foxy C., et al. Rectal filling at planning does not predict stability of the prostate gland during a course of radical radiotherapy if patients with large rectal filling are re-imaged. Clin Oncol 2009, 21:760-767.
78. Teh B.S., Lu H.H., Sobremonte S., et al. The potential use of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in women with pectus excavatum desiring breast-conserving therapy. Breast J 2001, 7(4):233-239.
79. Ronson B.B., Yonemoto L.T., Rossi C.J., Slater J.M., Slater J.D. Patient tolerance of rectal balloons in conformal radiation treatment of prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 64(5):1367-1370.
80. Gerstner N., Wachter S., Dorner D., Goldner G., Colotto A., Pötter R. Significance of a rectal balloon as internal immobilization device in conformal radiotherapy of prostatic carcinoma. Strahlenther Onkol 1999, 175(5):232-238.
81. Crook J., Raymond Y., Salhani D., Yang Y. Prostate motion during standard radiotherapy as assessed by fiducial markers. Radiat Oncol 1995, 37(1):35-42.
82. Wu J., Haycocks T., Alasti H., Ottewell G. Positioning errors and prostate motion during conformal radiotherapy using on-line isocentre set-up verification and implanted prostate markers. Radiat Oncol 2001, 61(2):127-133.
83. Poggi M., Gant D., Sewchand W., Warlick W. Marker seed migration in prostate localization. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003, 56(5):1248-1251.
84. Carl J., Nielsen J., Holmberg M., Højkjaer Larsen E., Fabrin K., Fisker R.V. A new fiducial marker for image-guided radiotherapy of prostate cancer: clinical experience. Acta Oncol 2008, 47(7):1358-1366.
85. Pouliot J., Aubin M., Langen K., et al. (Non)-migration of radiopaque markers used for on-line localization of the prostate with an electronic portal imaging device. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003, 56(3):862-866.
86. Adamson J., Wu Q. Inferences about prostate intrafraction motion from pre- and posttreatment volumetric imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 75(1):260-267.
87. Nichol A., Brock K., Lockwood G., et al. A magnetic resonance imaging study of prostate deformation relative to implanted gold fiducial markers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007, 67:48-56.
88. Miralbell R., Ozsoy O., Pugliesi A., et al. Dosimetric implications of changes in patient repositioning and organ motion in conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Radiat Oncol 2003, 66(2):197-202.
89. Bergstrom P., Lofroth P.O., Widmark A. High-precision conformal radiotherapy (HPCRT) of prostate cancer-a new technique for exact positioning of the prostate at the time of treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998, 42(2):305-311.
90. Poulsen P.R., Fokdal L., Petersen J., Høyer M. Accuracy of image-guided radiotherapy of prostate cancer based on the BeamCath urethral catheter technique. Radiother Oncol 2007, 83(1):25-30.
91. Scarbrough T.J., Golden N.M., Ting J.Y., et al. Comparison of ultrasound and implanted seed marker prostate localization methods: implications for image-guided radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 65(2):378-387.
92. Artignan X., Smitmans M., Lebesque J. Online ultrasound image guidance for radiotherapy of prostate cancer: impact of image acquisition on prostate displacement. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004, 59(2):595-601.
93. Langen K., Pouliot J., Anezinos C., et al. Evaluation of ultrasound-based prostate localization for image-guided radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003, 57(3):635-644.
94. McNair H., Mangar S., Coffey J., et al. A comparison of CT- and ultrasound-based imaging to localize the prostate for external beam radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 65(3):678-687.
95. Smitsmans M., de Bois J., Sonke J., et al. Automatic prostate localization on cone-beam CT scans for high precision image-guided radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 63(4):975-984.
96. Wong J., Grimm L., Uematsu M., et al. Image-guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer by CT-linear accelerator combination: prostate movements and dosimetric considerations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 61(2):561-569.
97. Pouliot J., Bani-Hashemi A., Chen J., et al. Low-dose megavoltage cone-beam CT for radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 61(2):552-560.
98. Keiler L., Dobbins D., Kulasekere R., Einstein D. Tomotherapy for prostate adenocarcinoma: a report on acute toxicity. Radiother Oncol 2007, 84(2):171-176.
99. Ding G., Coffey C. Radiation dose from kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography in an image-guided radiotherapy procedure. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 73(2):610-617.
100. Letourneaue D., Wong J., Oldham M., et al. Cone-beam CT guided radiation therapy: technical implementation. Radiat Oncol 2005, 75:279-286.
101. Martinez A.A., Yan D., Lockman D., et al. Improvement in dose escalation using the process of adaptive radiotherapy combined with three-dimensional conformal or intensity-modulated beams for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001, 50(5):1226-1234.
102. Cheung J., Aubry J., Yom S., Gottschalk A., Celi J., Pouliot J. Dose recalculation and the dose-guided radiation therapy (DGRT) process using megavoltage cone-beam CT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 74(2):583-592.
103. Sorcini B., Tilikidis A. Clinical application of image-guided radiotherapy, IGRT (on the Varian OBI platform). Cancer Radiother 2006, 10(5):252-257.
104. Owen R., Kron T., Foroudi F., et al. Comparison of CT on rails with electronic portal imaging for positioning of prostate cancer patients with implanted fiducial markers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 74(3):906-912.
105. Varadhan R., Hui S., Way S., Nisi K. Assessing prostate, bladder and rectal doses during image guided radiation therapy-need for plan adaptation?. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2009, 10(3):2883.
106. Sterzing F., Kalz J., Sroka-Perez G., et al. Megavoltage CT in helical tomotherapy - clinical advantages and limitations of special physical characteristics. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2009, 8(5):343-352.
107. Hossain S., Xia P., Chuang C., et al. Simulated real time image guided intrafraction tracking-delivery for hypofractionated prostate IMRT. Med Phys 2008, 35(9):4041-4048.
108. Townsend N, Huth B, Ding W, et al. Acute toxicity after CyberKnife-delivered hypofractionated radiotherapy for treatment of prostate cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2010 (in press), doi:10.1097/COC.0b013e3181c4c7c4.
109. Friedland J., Freeman D., Masterson-McGary M., Spellberg D. Stereotactic body radiotherapy: an emerging treatment approach for localized prostate cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2009, 8(5):387-392.
110. King C., Brooks J., Gill H., Pawlicki T., Cotrutz C., Presti J. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: interim results of a prospective phase II clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 75(2):632.
111. Jin J., Yin F., Tenn S., Medin P., Solberg T. Use of the BrainLAB ExacTrac X-ray 6D system in image-guided radiotherapy. Med Dosim 2008, 33(2):124-134.
112. Soete G., Van de Steene J., Verellen D., Vinh V. Initial clinical experience with infrared-reflecting skin markers in the positioning of patients treated by conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002, 52(3):694-698.
113. Yoon M., Kim D., Shin D.H. Inter- and intrafractional movement induced dose reduction of prostate target volume in proton beam treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 71:1091-1102.
114. Song W., Schaly B., Bauman G., Battista J., Van Dyk J. Impact on the outcomes of hypofractionated prostate cancer treatments: a radiobiologic analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 64(1):289-300.
115. Litzenberg D., Balter J., Hadley S., et al. Influence of intrafraction motion on margins for prostate radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 65(2):548-553.
116. Tang C.I., Loblaw D.A., Cheung P., et al. Phase I/II study of a five fraction hypofractionated accelerated radiotherapy treatment for low-risk localised prostate cancer: early results of pHART3. Clin Oncol 2008, 20:729-737.
117. Khoo V.S., Dearnaley D.P. Question of dose, fractionation and technique: ingredients for testing hypofractionation in prostate cancer-the CHHiP trial. Clin Oncol 2008, 20(1):12-14.
118. Hoskin P.J. Hypofractionation in prostate cancer: how far can we go?. Clin Oncol 2008, 20:727.
119. National Radiotherapy Advisory Group Radiotherapy: developing a world class service for England. Report to Ministers from the National Radiotherapy Advisory Group 2007, Available at. http://www.cancer.nhs.uk/nrag.htm.
120. Maughan T.S. A new opportunity for radiotherapy research in the UK. Clin Oncol 2009, 21(3):157-158.
121. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Cancer/Treatment/index.htm.