Cacophonies of Aid, Failed State Building and NGOs in Haiti: Setting the stage for disaster, envisioning the future

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 31, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 755-771

  Zanotti, Laura ^a  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AID FLOW; CATASTROPHIC EVENT; DISASTER MANAGEMENT; EMPLOYMENT; NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION; SOCIAL CAPITAL; STATE ROLE;

ARTICLE; CIVIL DISORDER; DISASTER PLANNING; EARTHQUAKE; ECONOMICS; EDUCATION; ETHNOLOGY; HAITI; HISTORY; HUMAN RIGHTS; LEGAL ASPECT; ORGANIZATION; POVERTY; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PUBLIC HEALTH; RELIEF WORK; SANITATION; SOCIAL CARE; SOCIAL PROBLEM; SOCIOECONOMICS; URBAN POPULATION;

CIVIL DISORDERS; DISASTER PLANNING; EARTHQUAKES; HAITI; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMAN RIGHTS; ORGANIZATIONS; POVERTY AREAS; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PUBLIC ASSISTANCE; PUBLIC FACILITIES; PUBLIC HEALTH; RELIEF WORK; SOCIAL PROBLEMS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; URBAN POPULATION;

HAITI;

EID: 77956256603     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: 13602241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2010.503567     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. International Crisis Group, Haiti: Stabilization and Reconstruction after the Quake, Latin America and Caribbean Report no 32, 31 March 2010.
2. For a dated but still interesting review of these attributions of causality, see R Lawless, Haiti's Bad Press, Rochester, VT: Schenkman, 1992. For a position that also emphasises 'political culture' as a reason for UN failure
3. UN General Assembly, A/55/618, 9 November 2000
4. L Zanotti, 'Imagining democracy, building unsustainable institutions: the UN peacekeeping operation in Haiti', Security Dialogue, 39(5), 2008, pp 539-561.
5. For a critique of neoliberal conceptions that separate the institutional from the economic sphere in Haiti, see J Cockaine, 'Winning Haiti's protection competition: organized crime and peace operations past, present and future', International Peacekeeping, 16(1), 2009, pp 77-99.
6. For a debate on NGOs and civil society, see B Badie, The Imported State: The Westernization of the Political Order, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000
7. MR Duffield, Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples, Cambridge: Polity, 2007
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13. B Richard & C Mcloughin, 'Engagement with non-state service providers in fragile states: reconciling state-building and service delivery', Development Policy Review, 28(2), 2010, pp 131-154
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16. Rose, Supporting Non-state Providers in Basic Education Service Delivery, Report prepared for DFID Policy Division, Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transition and Equity, Sussex University, 2007
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19. T Vaux & E Wisman, Service Delivery in Countries Emerging from Conflict, final report for DFID, Centre for International Co-operation and Security, University of Bradford, 2005.
20. The argument that NGOs are part of broader assemblages of occupation has been made by Duffield, Development, Security and Unending War. Both Duffield and O Richmond, 'Becoming liberal, unbecoming liberalism: liberal-local hybridity via the everyday as a response to the paradoxes of liberal peacebuilding', Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 3(3) 2009, pp 324-344 have advocated solidarity as an alternative to international interventionism.
21. This article does not argue that this support should be provided instead of funding the state, but as an alternative to other types of NGOs. An analysis of the role of the Haitian state in reconstruction is beyond the scope of this work.
22. O Richmond, The Transformation of Peace, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
23. JS Sorensen, 'Aid policy, civil society and ethnic polarisation', in Sorensen (ed), Challenging the Aid Paradigm: Western Currents and Asian Alternatives, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, pp 78-104.
24. L Zanotti, 'Governmentalizing the post cold-war international regime: the United Nations debate on democratization and good governance in the 1990s', Alternatives, 30(4), 2005, pp 461-487.
25. United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), Manual of Integrated Missions, New York: DPKO, 2008.
26. P Hallward, Damming the Flood: Haiti, Aristide, and the Politics of Containment, London: Verso, 2007
27. interviews with UN officials, Port au Prince, November 2009.
28. P Farmer, Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues, Berkley, CA: University of California Press, 2001.
29. International Crisis Group, Haiti, p 2.
30. Ibid, p 8
31. International Crisis Group, Haiti: Stability at Risk, Latin America and Caribbean Briefing Report no 19, Port au Prince/Brussels, 3 March 2009; and interviews with MINUSTAH officials.
32. The first UN peacekeeping operation with a mandate to reform the police (the United Nations Mission in Haiti-UNMIH) was deployed in 1995, after the elected president Jean Bertrand Aristide, who had been ousted by a coup, was brought back into office by the UN. UN peacekeepers withdrew from Haiti in 2000, only to redeploy in 2004 after Aristide was ousted for the second time. 21 At the same time MINUSTAH also included international civilian personnel: 1212 local civilian staff and 214 UN volunteers. After the quake, by its resolution no 1908 of 19 January 2010, the Security Council authorised an increase in its strength to 8940 military personnel and 3711 police. See www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/facts.shtml
33. www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/facts.shtml.
34. Interview with the MINUSTAH Special Representative of the Secretary General, Mr Hedi Annabi, Port au Prince, 13 November 2009.
35. L Zanotti, 'Imagining democracy, building unsustainable institutions: the UN peacekeeping operation in Haiti', Security Dialogue, 39(5), 2008, pp 519-541.
36. Hallward, Damming the Flood, p 91.
37. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Report of the Economic and Social Council Advisory Report on Haiti, E/2006/ 69, 2006.
38. Interview with FAO representative (who spoke on conditions of anonymity), Port au Prince, 9 November 2009.
39. DPKO, Manual of Integrated Missions.
40. P Collier, From Natural Catastrophe to Economic Security: A Report for Secretary-General of the United Nations, January 2009.
41. Hallward, Damming the Flood, p 178.
42. TT Schwartz, Travesty in Haiti: A True Account of Christian Missions, Orphanages, Fraud, Food Aid, and Drug Trafficking, Charleston, SC: BookSurge Publishing, 2008, pp 79-106.
43. International Crisis Group, Haiti: Stabilization and Reconstruction after the Quake, p 8.
44. I am not aware of what happened now to that hospital in the light of the emergency created by the January earthquake.
45. Conversation with World Health Organisation representative (who spoke on conditions of anonymity), Port Au Prince, 9 November 2009.
46. www.PIH.org, accessed 20 March 2010.
47. http://www.PIH.org/who/vision.html, accessed 20 March 2010.
48. Farmer, Infections and Inequalities.
49. JI Dugan, 'Quake has Haiti relying on agricultural roots: farm assistance program, Zanmi Agrikol, expands its sweep to include Port au Prince refugees settling in rural areas', Wall Street Journal, 13 February 2010, at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703494404575081744058479892. html, accessed 20 March 2010.
50. http://www.PIH.org/what/PIHmodel.html, accessed 20 March 2010.
51. http://PIH.org/who/director.html, accessed 20 March 2010.
52. PIH e-Bulletin, June 2010.
53. http://www.PIH.org/what/PIHmodel.htm, accessed 20 March 2010.
54. http://www.haitianalysis.com/2009/9/28/build-back-better-says-dr-paul-farmer-un-deputy-special-en- voy-for-haiti-part-i, accessed 20 March 2010.
55. http://www.PIH.org, accessed 20 March 2010.
56. After the quake PIH and Fonkoze have worked in partnership to provide emergency services, such as a mobile clinic for an orphanage-located at a temporary settlement called Tabarre 27. See http:// standwithhaiti.org/haiti/news-entry/pihs-mobile-clinics-hit-their-stride/, accessed 20 March 2010
57. Fonkoze, 'The Fonkoze family',undated, pp 3-4.
58. http://www.fonkoze.org/aboutfonkoze/whoweare/ourmission.html, accessed 20 March 2009
59. Ibid, p 7.
60. Ibid. During a conversation held in Port au Prince in November 2009, Anne Hastings, director of Fonkoze, pointed out that there were some cases where one member of the group took the money to migrate to the Dominican Republic and let down her partners.
61. This programme has been launched in partnership with Zanmi Lasante, UNICEF, the Catholic Medical Mission Board and the Children's Nutrition Programme.
62. Fonkoze, Nouvel Fonkoze, Spring 2009
63. Ibid, p 4.