Evaluating the child who presents with an acute limp

BMJ (Online)

Volumn 341, Issue 7770, 2010, Pages 444-449

  Perry, Daniel C ^a   Bruce, Colin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANAMNESIS; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CHILDHOOD INJURY; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; GAIT DISORDER; HIP DISEASE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ACUTE DISEASE; ADOLESCENT; ARTHRITIS, INFECTIOUS; CHILD; GAIT; HIP DISLOCATION, CONGENITAL; HUMANS; INFANT; LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES DISEASE; MEDICAL HISTORY TAKING; MOVEMENT DISORDERS; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; SYNOVITIS; TIBIAL FRACTURES;

EID: 77956237766     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17561833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c4250     Document Type: Review

References (29)

1. Fischer SU, Beattie TF. The limping child: epidemiology, assessment and outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1999;81:1029-34.
2. Mattick A, Turner A, Ferguson J, Beattie T, Sharp J. Seven year follow up of children presenting to the accident and emergency department with irritable hip. J Accid Emerg Med 1999;16:345-47. (Pubitemid 29419771)
3. Krul M, van der Wouden JC, Schellevis FG, van Suijlekom-Smit LWA, Koes BW. Acute non-traumatic hip pathology in children: incidence and presentation in family practice. Fam Pract 2010;27:166-70.
4. Reed L, Baskett A, Watkins N. Managing children with acute non-traumatic limp: the utility of clinical findings, laboratory inflammatory markers and X-rays. Emerg Med Australas 2009;21:136-42.
5. Landin LA, Danielsson LG, Wattsgård C. Transient synovitis of the hip. Its incidence, epidemiology and relation to Perthes' disease. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1987;69:238-42.
6. Hall AJ, Barker DJ. The age distribution of Legg-Perthes disease. An analysis using Sartwell's incubation period model. Am J Epidemiol 1984;120:531-6.
7. Wiig O, Terjesen T, Svenningsen S, Lie SA. The epidemiology and aetiology of Perthes' disease in Norway. A nationwide study of 425 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2006;88:1217-23.
8. Lehmann CL, Arons RR, Loder RT, Vitale MG. The epidemiology of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: an update. J Pediatr Orthop 2006;26:286-90.
9. Sharpe P, Mulpuri K, Chan A, Cundy PJ. Differences in risk factors between early and late diagnosed developmental dysplasia of the hip. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2006;91:F158-62.
10. Blyth MJ, Kincaid R, Craigen MA, Bennet GC. The changing epidemiology of acute and subacute haematogenous osteomyelitis in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2001;83:99-102. (Pubitemid 32170970)
11. Goergens ED, McEvoy A, Watson M, Barrett IR. Acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children. J Paediatr Child Health 2005;41:59-62. (Pubitemid 40223148)
12. Tenenbein M, Reed MH, Black GB. The toddler's fracture revisited. Am J Emerg Med 1990;8:208-11.
13. Loder RT, Feinberg JR. Orthopaedic injuries in children with nonaccidental trauma: demographics and incidence from the 2000 kids' inpatient database. J Pediatr Orthop 2007;27:421-6.
14. Kemp AM, Dunstan F, Harrison S, Morris S, Mann M, Rolfe K, et al. Patterns of skeletal fractures in child abuse: systematic review. BMJ 2008;337:a1518.
15. Jandial S, Myers A, Wise E, Foster HE. Doctors likely to encounter children with musculoskeletal complaints have low confidence in their clinical skills. J Pediatr 2009;154:267-71.
16. Foster HE, Kay LJ, Friswell M, Coady D, Myers A. Musculoskeletal screening examination (pGALS) for school-age children based on the adult GALS screen. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55:709-16.
17. Tolat V, Carty H, Klenerman L, Hart CA. Evidence for a viral aetiology of transient synovitis of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993;75:973-4.
18. Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH, Hall DJ, Vernon CL, Harrison MH. Perthes' disease. An anthropometric study revealing impaired and disproportionate growth. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1978;60-B:461-77.
19. Herring JA, Kim HT, Browne R. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Part II: Prospective multicenter study of the effect of treatment on outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86-A:2121-34. (Pubitemid 39349945)
20. Loder RT, Wittenberg B, DeSilva G. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis associated with endocrine disorders. J Pediatr Orthop 1995;15:349-56.
21. Matava MJ, Patton CM, Luhmann S, Gordon JE, Schoenecker PL. Knee pain as the initial symptom of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: an analysis of initial presentation and treatment. J Pediatr Orthop 1999;19:455-60.
22. Rahme D, Comley A, Foster B, Cundy P. Consequences of diagnostic delays in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop B 2006;15:93-7.
23. Lowndes S, Khanna A, Emery D, Sim J, Maffulli N. Management of unstable slipped upper femoral epiphysis: a meta-analysis. Br Med Bull 2009;90:133-46.
24. Vijlbrief AS, Bruijnzeels MA, van der Wouden JC, van Suijlekom-Smit LW. Incidence and management of transient synovitis of the hip: a study in Dutch general practice. Br J Gen Pract 1992;42:426-8.
25. Ferguson LP, Beattie TF. Lesson of the week: osteomyelitis in the well looking afebrile child. BMJ 2002;324:1380-1.
26. Bienvenu-Perrard M, de Suremain N, Wicart P, Moulin F, Benosman A, Kalifa G, et al. [Benefit of hip ultrasound in management of the limping child]. J Radiol 2007;88:377-83.
27. Kocher MS, Zurakowski D, Kasser JR. Differentiating between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children: an evidence-based clinical prediction algorithm. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1999;81:1662-70.
28. Kocher MS, Mandiga R, Zurakowski D, Barnewolt C, Kasser JR. Validation of a clinical prediction rule for the differentiation between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86-A:1629-35. (Pubitemid 39014305)
29. Luhmann SJ, Jones A, Schootman M, Gordon JE, Schoenecker PL, Luhmann JD. Differentiation between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in children with clinical prediction algorithms. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86-A:956-62.