메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 27, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 692-701

Is it the H or the EMS in HEMS that has an impact on trauma patient mortality? A systematic review of the evidence

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EMERGENCY CARE; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; HELICOPTER; HUMAN; INJURY; MORTALITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT TRANSPORT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESCUE PERSONNEL; RESPIRATORY TRACT INTUBATION; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TIME;

EID: 77956197604     PISSN: 14720205     EISSN: 14720213     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/emj.2009.087486     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (101)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 42549164774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [internet]. (accessed 23 Sep 2009)
    • National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death [internet]. Trauma: who cares? c2007 (accessed 23 Sep 2009). http://www.ncepod.org.uk/ 2007t.htm.
    • (2007) Trauma: Who Cares?
  • 2
    • 0030742348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical costs and economic production losses due to injuries in the Netherlands
    • van Beek EF, van Roijen L, Mackenback JP. Medical costs and economic production losses due to injuries in the Netherlands. J Trauma 1997;42:1116-23.
    • (1997) J Trauma , vol.42 , pp. 1116-1123
    • Van Beek, E.F.1    Van Roijen, L.2    Mackenback, J.P.3
  • 3
    • 68949125990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • University of Oxford [internet]. (updated 14 Sep 2009, accessed 23 Sep 2009)
    • University of Oxford [internet]. Centre for evidence based medicined - Levels of Evidence; c2009 (updated 14 Sep 2009, accessed 23 Sep 2009). http://www.cebm. net/index.aspx?o=1025.
    • (2009) Centre for Evidence Based Medicined - Levels of Evidence
  • 4
    • 0031756587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of helicopter versus ground ambulance services for interfacility transport
    • Arfken CL, Shapiro MJ, Bessey PQ, et al. Effectiveness of helicopter versus ground ambulance services for interfacility transport. J Trauma 1998;45:785-90.
    • (1998) J Trauma , vol.45 , pp. 785-790
    • Arfken, C.L.1    Shapiro, M.J.2    Bessey, P.Q.3
  • 5
    • 0024324683 scopus 로고
    • Emergency interhospital transport of the major trauma patient: Air versus ground
    • discussion 793-4
    • Boyd CR, Corse KM, Campbell RC. Emergency interhospital transport of the major trauma patient: air versus ground. J Trauma 1989;29:789-93; discussion 793-4.
    • (1989) J Trauma , vol.29 , pp. 789-793
    • Boyd, C.R.1    Corse, K.M.2    Campbell, R.C.3
  • 6
    • 0034766277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of 2 patterns of prehospital care on the outcome of patients with severe head injury
    • Di Bartolomeo S, Sanson G, Nardi G, et al. Effects of 2 patterns of prehospital care on the outcome of patients with severe head injury. Arch Surg 2001;136:1293-300.
    • (2001) Arch Surg , vol.136 , pp. 1293-1300
    • Di Bartolomeo, S.1    Sanson, G.2    Nardi, G.3
  • 7
    • 33750832826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service on blunt trauma patient survival and prehospital care
    • Iirola TT, Laaksonen MI, Vahlberg TJ, et al. Effect of physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service on blunt trauma patient survival and prehospital care. Eur J Emerg Med 2006;13:335-9.
    • (2006) Eur J Emerg Med , vol.13 , pp. 335-339
    • Iirola, T.T.1    Laaksonen, M.I.2    Vahlberg, T.J.3
  • 8
    • 0033154691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in mortality rates among trauma patients transported by helicopter and ambulance in Maryland
    • Kerr WA, Kerns TJ, Bissell RA. Differences in mortality rates among trauma patients transported by helicopter and ambulance in Maryland. Prehosp Disaster Med 1999;14:159-64.
    • (1999) Prehosp Disaster Med , vol.14 , pp. 159-164
    • Kerr, W.A.1    Kerns, T.J.2    Bissell, R.A.3
  • 9
    • 0842343483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective use of the air ambulance for pediatric trauma
    • Larson JT, Dietrich AM, Abdessalam SF, et al. Effective use of the air ambulance for pediatric trauma. J Trauma 2004;56:89-93.
    • (2004) J Trauma , vol.56 , pp. 89-93
    • Larson, J.T.1    Dietrich, A.M.2    Abdessalam, S.F.3
  • 10
    • 0036307312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injury mortality following the loss of air medical support for rural interhospital transport
    • Mann NC, Pinkney KA, Price DD, et al. Injury mortality following the loss of air medical support for rural interhospital transport. Acad Emerg Med 2002;9:694-8.
    • (2002) Acad Emerg Med , vol.9 , pp. 694-698
    • Mann, N.C.1    Pinkney, K.A.2    Price, D.D.3
  • 11
    • 34248597403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Air versus ground transport of major trauma patients to a tertiary trauma centre: A province-wide comparison using TRISS analysis
    • Mitchell AD, Tallon JM, Sealy B. Air versus ground transport of major trauma patients to a tertiary trauma centre: a province-wide comparison using TRISS analysis. Can J Surg 2007;50:129-33.
    • (2007) Can J Surg , vol.50 , pp. 129-133
    • Mitchell, A.D.1    Tallon, J.M.2    Sealy, B.3
  • 12
    • 0029798259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helicopter transport of injured children: System effectiveness and triage criteria
    • discussion 1187-8
    • Moront M, Gotschall CS, Eichelberger MR. Helicopter transport of injured children: system effectiveness and triage criteria. J Pediatr Surg 1996;31:1183-6; discussion 1187-8.
    • (1996) J Pediatr Surg , vol.31 , pp. 1183-1186
    • Moront, M.1    Gotschall, C.S.2    Eichelberger, M.R.3
  • 13
    • 0023886470 scopus 로고
    • Factors improving survival in multisystem trauma patients
    • Moylan JA, Fitzpatrick KT, Beyer AJ 3rd, et al. Factors improving survival in multisystem trauma patients. Ann Surg 1988;207:679-85.
    • (1988) Ann Surg , vol.207 , pp. 679-685
    • Moylan, J.A.1    Fitzpatrick, K.T.2    Beyer III, A.J.3
  • 14
    • 0029072069 scopus 로고
    • Effects of London helicopter emergency medical service on survival after trauma
    • Nicholl JP, Brazier JE, Snooks HA. Effects of London helicopter emergency medical service on survival after trauma. BMJ 1995;311:217-22.
    • (1995) BMJ , vol.311 , pp. 217-222
    • Nicholl, J.P.1    Brazier, J.E.2    Snooks, H.A.3
  • 15
    • 0036070783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paramedic helicopter emergency service in rural Finland - Do benefits justify the cost?
    • Kurola J, Wangel M, Uusaro A, et al. Paramedic helicopter emergency service in rural Finland - do benefits justify the cost? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002;46:779-84.
    • (2002) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.46 , pp. 779-784
    • Kurola, J.1    Wangel, M.2    Uusaro, A.3
  • 16
    • 33745283999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helicopter scene transport of trauma patients with nonlife-threatening injuries: A meta-analysis
    • discussion 1265-6
    • Bledsoe BE, Wesley AK, Eckstein M, et al. Helicopter scene transport of trauma patients with nonlife-threatening injuries: a meta-analysis. J Trauma 2006;60:1257-65; discussion 1265-6.
    • (2006) J Trauma , vol.60 , pp. 1257-1265
    • Bledsoe, B.E.1    Wesley, A.K.2    Eckstein, M.3
  • 17
    • 0036847763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The utility of helicopter transport of trauma patients from the injury scene in an urban trauma system
    • Shatney CH, Homan SJ, Sherck JP, et al. The utility of helicopter transport of trauma patients from the injury scene in an urban trauma system. J Trauma 2002;53:817-22.
    • (2002) J Trauma , vol.53 , pp. 817-822
    • Shatney, C.H.1    Homan, S.J.2    Sherck, J.P.3
  • 18
    • 0030251784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cost and effectiveness of the London Helicopter Emergency Medical Service
    • Brazier JE, Nicholl JP, Snooks HA. The cost and effectiveness of the London Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. J Health Serv Res Policy 1996;1:232-7.
    • (1996) J Health Serv Res Policy , vol.1 , pp. 232-237
    • Brazier, J.E.1    Nicholl, J.P.2    Snooks, H.A.3
  • 19
    • 0036119864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of discontinuing a hospital-based air ambulance service on trauma patient outcomes
    • Chappell VL, Mileski WJ, Wolf SE, et al. Impact of discontinuing a hospital-based air ambulance service on trauma patient outcomes. J Trauma 2002;52:486-91.
    • (2002) J Trauma , vol.52 , pp. 486-491
    • Chappell, V.L.1    Mileski, W.J.2    Wolf, S.E.3
  • 20
    • 0033835701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cost-benefit evaluation of helicopter transfers to the Beaumont neurosurgical unit
    • Dardis R, Roberts G, Phillips J. A cost-benefit evaluation of helicopter transfers to the Beaumont neurosurgical unit. Ir Med J 2000;93:50-1.
    • (2000) Ir Med J , vol.93 , pp. 50-51
    • Dardis, R.1    Roberts, G.2    Phillips, J.3
  • 21
    • 0035177695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-benefit of trained transport teams: Estimates for head-injured children
    • Macnab AJ, Wensley DF, Sun C. Cost-benefit of trained transport teams: estimates for head-injured children. Prehosp Emerg Care 2001;5:1-5.
    • (2001) Prehosp Emerg Care , vol.5 , pp. 1-5
    • Macnab, A.J.1    Wensley, D.F.2    Sun, C.3
  • 22
    • 0030005643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The costs and benefits of helicopter emergency ambulance services in England and Wales
    • Snooks HA, Nicholl JP, Brazier JE, et al. The costs and benefits of helicopter emergency ambulance services in England and Wales. J Public Health Med 1996;18:67-77.
    • (1996) J Public Health Med , vol.18 , pp. 67-77
    • Snooks, H.A.1    Nicholl, J.P.2    Brazier, J.E.3
  • 23
    • 27844510965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A follow-up analysis of factors associated with head-injury mortality after paramedic rapid sequence intubation
    • Davis DP, Stern J, Sise MJ, et al. A follow-up analysis of factors associated with head-injury mortality after paramedic rapid sequence intubation. J Trauma 2005;59:486-90.
    • (2005) J Trauma , vol.59 , pp. 486-490
    • Davis, D.P.1    Stern, J.2    Sise, M.J.3
  • 24
    • 0032850324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addition of physicians to paramedic helicopter services decreases blunt trauma mortality
    • Garner A, Rashford S, Lee A, et al. Addition of physicians to paramedic helicopter services decreases blunt trauma mortality. Aust N Z J Surg 1999;69:697-701.
    • (1999) Aust N Z J Surg , vol.69 , pp. 697-701
    • Garner, A.1    Rashford, S.2    Lee, A.3
  • 25
    • 0025859505 scopus 로고
    • Helicopter transport of trauma victims: Does a physician make a difference?
    • Hamann BL, Cué JI, Miller FB, et al. Helicopter transport of trauma victims: does a physician make a difference? J Trauma 1991;31:490-4.
    • (1991) J Trauma , vol.31 , pp. 490-494
    • Hamann, B.L.1    Cué, J.I.2    Miller, F.B.3
  • 26
    • 34848830768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of blunt trauma victims transported by HEMS from rural and urban scenes
    • McCowen CL, Swanson ER, Thomas F, et al. Outcomes of blunt trauma victims transported by HEMS from rural and urban scenes. Prehosp Emerg Care 2007;11:383-8.
    • (2007) Prehosp Emerg Care , vol.11 , pp. 383-388
    • McCowen, C.L.1    Swanson, E.R.2    Thomas, F.3
  • 27
    • 0026486216 scopus 로고
    • On-scene helicopter transport of patients with multiple injuriesecomparison of a German and an American system
    • discussion 553-5
    • Schmidt U, Frame SB, Nerlich ML, et al. On-scene helicopter transport of patients with multiple injuriesecomparison of a German and an American system. J Trauma 1992;33:548-53; discussion 553-5.
    • (1992) J Trauma , vol.33 , pp. 548-553
    • Schmidt, U.1    Frame, S.B.2    Nerlich, M.L.3
  • 28
    • 0027328044 scopus 로고
    • Helicopter mountain rescue of patients with head injury and/or multiple injuries in southern Switzerland 1980-1990
    • Malacrida RL, Anselmi LC, Genoni M, et al. Helicopter mountain rescue of patients with head injury and/or multiple injuries in southern Switzerland 1980-1990. Injury 1993;24:451-3.
    • (1993) Injury , vol.24 , pp. 451-453
    • Malacrida, R.L.1    Anselmi, L.C.2    Genoni, M.3
  • 29
    • 0032556801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Air medical scene response to blunt trauma: Effect on early survival
    • Bartolacci RA, Munford BJ, Lee A, et al. Air medical scene response to blunt trauma: effect on early survival. Med J Aust 1998;169:612-16.
    • (1998) Med J Aust , vol.169 , pp. 612-616
    • Bartolacci, R.A.1    Munford, B.J.2    Lee, A.3
  • 30
    • 0022194544 scopus 로고
    • Hospital-based rotorcraft aeromedical emergency care services and trauma mortality: A multicenter study
    • Baxt WG, Moody P, Cleveland HC, et al. Hospital-based rotorcraft aeromedical emergency care services and trauma mortality: a multicenter study. Ann Emerg Med 1985;14:859-64.
    • (1985) Ann Emerg Med , vol.14 , pp. 859-864
    • Baxt, W.G.1    Moody, P.2    Cleveland, H.C.3
  • 31
    • 0027374617 scopus 로고
    • Helicopter retrieval of primary trauma patients by a paramedic helicopter service
    • Cameron PA, Flett K, Kaan E, et al. Helicopter retrieval of primary trauma patients by a paramedic helicopter service. Aust N Z J Surg 1993;63:790-7.
    • (1993) Aust N Z J Surg , vol.63 , pp. 790-797
    • Cameron, P.A.1    Flett, K.2    Kaan, E.3
  • 32
    • 0033227203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helicopter air medical transport: Ten-year outcomes for trauma patients in a New England program
    • Jacobs LM, Gabram SG, Sztajnkrycer MD, et al. Helicopter air medical transport: ten-year outcomes for trauma patients in a New England program. Conn Med 1999;63:677-82.
    • (1999) Conn Med , vol.63 , pp. 677-682
    • Jacobs, L.M.1    Gabram, S.G.2    Sztajnkrycer, M.D.3
  • 33
    • 0030881536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpretation of the Ws statistic: Application to an integrated trauma system
    • Younge PA, Coats TJ, Gurney D, et al. Interpretation of the Ws statistic: application to an integrated trauma system. J Trauma 1997;43:511-15.
    • (1997) J Trauma , vol.43 , pp. 511-515
    • Younge, P.A.1    Coats, T.J.2    Gurney, D.3
  • 34
    • 0020504925 scopus 로고
    • The impact of a rotorcraft aeromedical emergency care service on trauma mortality
    • Baxt WG, Moody P. The impact of a rotorcraft aeromedical emergency care service on trauma mortality. JAMA 1983;249:3047-51.
    • (1983) JAMA , vol.249 , pp. 3047-3051
    • Baxt, W.G.1    Moody, P.2
  • 35
    • 0842300412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of helicopter transport and hospital level on mortality of polytrauma patients
    • Biewener A, Aschenbrenner U, Rammelt S, et al. Impact of helicopter transport and hospital level on mortality of polytrauma patients. J Trauma 2004;56:94-8.
    • (2004) J Trauma , vol.56 , pp. 94-98
    • Biewener, A.1    Aschenbrenner, U.2    Rammelt, S.3
  • 36
    • 0036772563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of air medical transport on survival after trauma in Johannesburg, South Africa
    • Buntman AJ, Yeomans KA. The effect of air medical transport on survival after trauma in Johannesburg, South Africa. S Afr Med J 2002;92:807-11.
    • (2002) S Afr Med J , vol.92 , pp. 807-811
    • Buntman, A.J.1    Yeomans, K.A.2
  • 37
    • 0344780876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One year's trauma mortality experience at Brooke Army Medical Center: Is aeromedical transportation of trauma patients necessary?
    • Phillips RT, Conaway C, Mullarkey D, et al. One year's trauma mortality experience at Brooke Army Medical Center: is aeromedical transportation of trauma patients necessary? Mil Med 1999;164:361-5.
    • (1999) Mil Med , vol.164 , pp. 361-365
    • Phillips, R.T.1    Conaway, C.2    Mullarkey, D.3
  • 38
    • 0025653840 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of ground paramedics and aeromedical treatment of severe blunt trauma patients
    • Schwartz RJ, Jacobs LM, Juda RJ. A comparison of ground paramedics and aeromedical treatment of severe blunt trauma patients. Conn Med 1990;54:660-2.
    • (1990) Conn Med , vol.54 , pp. 660-662
    • Schwartz, R.J.1    Jacobs, L.M.2    Juda, R.J.3
  • 39
    • 0024845213 scopus 로고
    • Impact of pre-trauma center care on length of stay and hospital charges
    • Schwartz RJ, Jacobs LM, Yaezel D. Impact of pre-trauma center care on length of stay and hospital charges. J Trauma 1989;29:1611-15.
    • (1989) J Trauma , vol.29 , pp. 1611-1615
    • Schwartz, R.J.1    Jacobs, L.M.2    Yaezel, D.3
  • 40
    • 0031865013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical analysis of on-scene helicopter transport on survival in a statewide trauma system
    • discussion 144-6
    • Brathwaite CE, Rosko M, McDowell R, et al. A critical analysis of on-scene helicopter transport on survival in a statewide trauma system. J Trauma 1998;45:140-4; discussion 144-6.
    • (1998) J Trauma , vol.45 , pp. 140-144
    • Brathwaite, C.E.1    Rosko, M.2    McDowell, R.3
  • 41
    • 22844438550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of aeromedical response to patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury
    • Davis DP, Peay J, Serrano JA, et al. The impact of aeromedical response to patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Ann Emerg Med 2005;46:115-22.
    • (2005) Ann Emerg Med , vol.46 , pp. 115-122
    • Davis, D.P.1    Peay, J.2    Serrano, J.A.3
  • 42
    • 8744273690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beneficial effect of helicopter emergency medical services on survival of severely injured patients
    • Frankema SP, Ringburg AN, Steyerberg EW, et al. Beneficial effect of helicopter emergency medical services on survival of severely injured patients. Br J Surg 2004;91:1520-6.
    • (2004) Br J Surg , vol.91 , pp. 1520-1526
    • Frankema, S.P.1    Ringburg, A.N.2    Steyerberg, E.W.3
  • 43
    • 0035221618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of medical care by a helicopter trauma team on the probability of survival and the quality of life of hospitalised victims
    • Oppe S, De Charro FT. The effect of medical care by a helicopter trauma team on the probability of survival and the quality of life of hospitalised victims. Accid Anal Prev 2001;33:129-38.
    • (2001) Accid Anal Prev , vol.33 , pp. 129-138
    • Oppe, S.1    De Charro, F.T.2
  • 44
    • 34547872411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS): Impact on on-scene times
    • Ringburg AN, Spanjersberg WR, Frankema SP, et al. Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS): impact on on-scene times. J Trauma 2007;63:258-62.
    • (2007) J Trauma , vol.63 , pp. 258-262
    • Ringburg, A.N.1    Spanjersberg, W.R.2    Frankema, S.P.3
  • 45
    • 0036156160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helicopter transport and blunt trauma mortality: A multicenter trial
    • Thomas SH, Harrison TH, Buras WR, et al. Helicopter transport and blunt trauma mortality: a multicenter trial. J Trauma 2002;52:136-45.
    • (2002) J Trauma , vol.52 , pp. 136-145
    • Thomas, S.H.1    Harrison, T.H.2    Buras, W.R.3
  • 46
    • 0023178508 scopus 로고
    • The impact of advanced prehospital emergency care on the mortality of severely brain-injured patients
    • Baxt WG, Moody P. The impact of advanced prehospital emergency care on the mortality of severely brain-injured patients. J Trauma 1987;27:365-9.
    • (1987) J Trauma , vol.27 , pp. 365-369
    • Baxt, W.G.1    Moody, P.2
  • 47
    • 0031406841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe head trauma. Review of the factors influencing the prognosis
    • Celli P, Fruin A, Cervoni L. Severe head trauma. Review of the factors influencing the prognosis. Minerva Chir 1997;52:1467-80.
    • (1997) Minerva Chir , vol.52 , pp. 1467-1480
    • Celli, P.1    Fruin, A.2    Cervoni, L.3
  • 48
    • 0031473087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the association of helicopter and ground ambulance transport with the outcome of injury in trauma patients transported from the scene
    • Cunningham P, Rutledge R, Baker CC, et al. A comparison of the association of helicopter and ground ambulance transport with the outcome of injury in trauma patients transported from the scene. J Trauma 1997;43:940-6.
    • (1997) J Trauma , vol.43 , pp. 940-946
    • Cunningham, P.1    Rutledge, R.2    Baker, C.C.3
  • 49
    • 23244455198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HEMS vs. Ground-BLS care in traumatic cardiac arrest
    • Di Bartolomeo S, Sanson G, Nardi G, et al. HEMS vs. Ground-BLS care in traumatic cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 2005;9:79-84.
    • (2005) Prehosp Emerg Care , vol.9 , pp. 79-84
    • Di Bartolomeo, S.1    Sanson, G.2    Nardi, G.3
  • 50
    • 0028457205 scopus 로고
    • Impact of emergency medical helicopter service on mortality for trauma in north-east Italy. A regional prospective audit
    • Nardi G, Massarutti D, Muzzi R, et al. Impact of emergency medical helicopter service on mortality for trauma in north-east Italy. A regional prospective audit. Eur J Emerg Med 1994;1:69-77.
    • (1994) Eur J Emerg Med , vol.1 , pp. 69-77
    • Nardi, G.1    Massarutti, D.2    Muzzi, R.3
  • 51
    • 0023751259 scopus 로고
    • Effect of helicopter transport of trauma victims on survival in an urban trauma center
    • Schiller WR, Knox R, Zinnecker H, et al. Effect of helicopter transport of trauma victims on survival in an urban trauma center. J Trauma 1988;28:1127-34.
    • (1988) J Trauma , vol.28 , pp. 1127-1134
    • Schiller, W.R.1    Knox, R.2    Zinnecker, H.3
  • 52
    • 0023178508 scopus 로고
    • The impact of a physician as part of the aeromedical prehospital team in patients with blunt trauma
    • Baxt WG, Moody P. The impact of a physician as part of the aeromedical prehospital team in patients with blunt trauma. JAMA 1987;27:365-9.
    • (1987) JAMA , vol.27 , pp. 365-369
    • Baxt, W.G.1    Moody, P.2
  • 53
    • 0033770283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advanced or basic life support for trauma: Metaanalysis and critical review of the literature
    • Liberman M, Mulder D, Sampalis J. Advanced or basic life support for trauma: Metaanalysis and critical review of the literature. J Trauma 2000;49:584-99.
    • (2000) J Trauma , vol.49 , pp. 584-599
    • Liberman, M.1    Mulder, D.2    Sampalis, J.3
  • 54
    • 0000267183 scopus 로고
    • Advanced life support training is associated with decreased trauma death rates: An analysis of 12,417 trauma deaths
    • Messick J, Rutledge R, Meyer AA. Advanced life support training is associated with decreased trauma death rates: an analysis of 12,417 trauma deaths. J Trauma 1990;30:1621.
    • (1990) J Trauma , vol.30 , pp. 1621
    • Messick, J.1    Rutledge, R.2    Meyer, A.A.3
  • 55
    • 0029001590 scopus 로고
    • Standardized comparison of performance indicators in trauma: A new approach to case-mix variation
    • Hollis S, Yates DW, Woodford M, et al. Standardized comparison of performance indicators in trauma: a new approach to case-mix variation. J Trauma 1995;38:763-6.
    • (1995) J Trauma , vol.38 , pp. 763-766
    • Hollis, S.1    Yates, D.W.2    Woodford, M.3
  • 56
    • 0025205127 scopus 로고
    • The major trauma outcome study: Establishing national norms for trauma care
    • Champion H, Copes WS, Sacco WJ, et al. The major trauma outcome study: establishing national norms for trauma care. J Trauma 1990;30:1356-65.
    • (1990) J Trauma , vol.30 , pp. 1356-1365
    • Champion, H.1    Copes, W.S.2    Sacco, W.J.3
  • 57
    • 0027650530 scopus 로고
    • True cost of air medical vs ground ambulance systems
    • Bruhn JD, Williams KA, Aghababian R. True cost of air medical vs ground ambulance systems. Air Med J 1993;12:262-68.
    • (1993) Air Med J , vol.12 , pp. 262-268
    • Bruhn, J.D.1    Williams, K.A.2    Aghababian, R.3
  • 58
    • 61749090231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of air ambulance doctors on on-scene times, clinical interventions, decision making and independent paramedic practice
    • Roberts K, Blethyn K, Foreman M, et al. Influence of air ambulance doctors on on-scene times, clinical interventions, decision making and independent paramedic practice. Emerg Med J 2009;26:128-34.
    • (2009) Emerg Med J , vol.26 , pp. 128-134
    • Roberts, K.1    Blethyn, K.2    Foreman, M.3
  • 59
    • 33846235523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The experience of Teeside helicopter emergency services: Doctors do not prolong prehospital on-scene times
    • Dissmann PD, Le Clerc S. The experience of Teeside helicopter emergency services: doctors do not prolong prehospital on-scene times. Emerg Med J 2007;24:59-62.
    • (2007) Emerg Med J , vol.24 , pp. 59-62
    • Dissmann, P.D.1    Le Clerc, S.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.